Tricholoma matsutake, one of the most famous edible mushroom in Asia, has been cultivated in red pine forest. Because of its difficulty in artificial cultivation, T. matsutake cultivation has relied on foraging in the forest. Under certain environmental conditions, T. matsutake form the Shiro, the condensed mycelium, and develop into fruiting bodies. Among the certain environmental conditions, fungal communities play a major role in the mushroom development. Therefore, fungal community investigations for Bonghwa and Yangyang have been conducted on soil with fairy rings in the past, soil with existing fairy rings, and soil with presumptive fairy rings developing in the future. From the six soil samples, total 163 genera of fungi were detected and species diversity and species abundance of each sample were also analyzed. In result, the species diversity and species abundance of the fairy rings in Yangyang were lower than those in Bonghwa. In comparison with the fairy rings in Yangyang and Bonghwa, the dominance of the genus Tricholoma was higher and that of the genus Motilella was lower in Yangyang. Through the continuous study, establishment of optimal environmental conditions to promote the T. matsutake cultivation is highly expected.

Despite their historical use, studies on the genetic functions of mushrooms and varietal improvement via biomolecular techniques are limited compared to other organisms. Recent advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 have enabled precise genetic modifications in mushrooms, with RNP-based systems offering high editing efficiency without foreign gene insertion. In this study, we optimized gene-editing conditions for Ganoderma lucidum (Yongji 2) by utilizing RNP/nanoparticle complexes to enhance efficiency. The optimal conditions included a 0.2 M sorbitol buffer (pH 7.0) and a protoplast-to-complex ratio of 10:1. Among eight gRNAs designed for the catA gene, three were identified with high activity, and PEG-mediated transformation resulted in successful gene edits, primarily involving 1 bp deletions. The editing efficiency reached 7–8%, demonstrating that nanoparticle-supported RNP systems are effective for marker-free gene editing in mushrooms. These findings highlight a promising approach for advancing genetic research and varietal improvement in G. lucidum and other mushroom species.

In order to develop a stable production and delicious unique cultivar of beech mushrooms, we generated hybrids using wild resources collected domestically, and we developed excellent strains by identifying the mycelial cultivability of the hybrid strains. The developed strains were cultivated according to the type of spawn and incubation time, and strains with excellent yield and shape were first selected, and second strains with less bitterness and excellent taste were selected through quantitative descriptive analysis. This was verified in farms, and ‘HM6-6’, which had a good reputation in the field, was directly developed cultivars as ‘Maruking’. In addition, the yield was high overall in the 90-day culture of the growth substrate inoculated with solid spawn, and the ‘Maruking’ cultivar, was also best in the 90-day culture. The yield was high overall in the 75-day culture of the liquid spawn, but ‘Maruking’ showed excellent yield when cultured for 70 days.

Oyster mushroom is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms in Korea, and mechanization and automation of cultivation systems have enabled mass production. Many cultivars have been developed to replace the old ones such as ‘Suhan‘ and ‘Chunchuneutari 2 ho,‘ which have been cultivated for over 20 years. Among these, ‘Soltari‘ was developed in 2015. Although it has excellent quality, its cultivation is challenging and the productivity is somewhat lower. To address these issues, the Mushroom Division at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science selected the genetic resource KMCC05165 and attempted hybridization between monokaryons from KMCC05165 and ‘Soltari(KMCC04940)’. Through repeated cultivation tests and evaluation of fruiting body characteristics, the superior strain ‘Po-2019-smj22’ was selected and finally named ‘Otari‘. The optimal mycelial growth temperature of ‘Otari’ was between 25 and 30°C and optimal fruiting body growth temperature was between 13 and 18°C. Mycelial growth on PDA medium was best at 25°C, and at the same temperature, mycelial growth was similar across four media: PDA, MEA, MCM, and YM. In 1,100 mL bottle cultivation, the yield was approximately 174 g, which is about 5% higher than the control cultivar ‘Soltari‘, and the number of valid individuals was also higher at about 25. The diameter and height of the pileus were 29.8 mm and 17.6 mm, respectively, slightly smaller than ‘Soltari‘, and the stipe was thin and long with a thickness of 12.2 mm. Additionally, the pileus’ lightness index (L index) was 30.7, indicating a darker brown color compared to 'Soltari.' With excellent mycelial growth, ease of cultivation, and high yield, the new cultivar ‘Otari‘ is expected to be widely adopted by domestic oyster mushroom farms.

Recently, active research in Korea and worldwide has begun to focus on gene function and cultivar development using gene editing tools. This research, in addition to studies on edible mushroom, aims to enhance the physical and biochemical characteristics of mushrooms for applications in materials and substance production. For these studies, efficient isolation of protoplasts from the target mushroom is critical. However, several commercial cell wall-lysing enzyme cocktails, including Novozyme234, Glucanex, and Lysing enzymes, have recently been discontinued. In this study, we aimed to identify alternative enzyme systems to replace the discontinued cell wall-lysing enzymes for stable isolation of protoplasts from Ganoderma lucidum. To select an optimal osmotic buffer, enzyme function in 0.6 and 1.2 M Sorbitol, Sucrose, Mannitol, and KCl was assessed. The effect of reaction time was also evaluated. Protoplast isolation efficiency of each alternative enzyme was tested using lysing enzymes from Trichoderma harzianum, Chimax-N, and Yatalase, either individually or in combination. This matrix of studies identified enzymes and optimal conditions that could replace the discontinued lysing enzymes.

Background: Osteoarthritis is a common condition with an increasing prevalence and is a common cause of disability. Osteoarthritic pain decreases the quality of life, and simple gait training is used to alleviate it. Knee osteoarthritis limits joint motion in the sagittal and lateral directions. Although many recent studies have activated orthotic research to increase knee joint stabilization, no study has used patellar tendon straps to treat knee osteoarthritis. Objects: This study aimed to determine the effects of patellar tendon straps on kinematic, mechanical, and electromyographic activation in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Patients with knee osteoarthritis were selected. After creating the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), leg length difference, Q-angle, and thumb side flexion angle of the foot were measured. Kinematic, kinetic, and muscle activation data during walking before and after wearing the orthosis were viewed. Results: After wearing the patellar tendon straps, hip adduction from the terminal stance phase, knee flexion from the terminal swing phase, and ankle plantar flexion angle increased during the pre-swing and initial swing phases. The cadence of spatiotemporal parameters and velocity increased, and step time, stride time, and foot force duration decreased. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the increase in plantar flexion after strap wearing is inferred by an increase due to neurological mechanisms, and adduction at the hip joint is inferred by an increase in adduction due to increased velocity. The increase in cadence and velocity and the decrease in gait speed and foot pressure duration may be due to joint stabilization. It can be inferred that joint stabilization is increased by wearing knee straps. Thus, wearing a patellar tendon strap during gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis influences kinematic changes in the sagittal plane of the joint.

The present study aimed at selecting a cost-effective substrate for king oyster mushroom based on the growth characteristics of fruiting body for use as a basic resource to ensure stable production on farms. Compositional analysis of substrates manufactured with different materials in each process revealed that the total carbon content was 42.24–48.22% higher and the total nitrogen content was 1.7–2.29% higher in the processed lot than in the control (i.e., substrate used by the farmhouse; 40.86% and 1.39%, respectively). Meanwhile, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was the highest in the control (27.9% vs. 19.12–27.88% in the processed lot). When cultured for 28 days, the mycelium growth was 11.5 and 11.3 mm in substrates 1 and 6, respectively, indicating the fastest growth; meanwhile, the values were 10.1–10.3 mm in the control and substrate 11, showing a similar tendency. Mycelial density did not differ significantly among the processed lots. Yield per bottle was higher in substrates 8 (205.95 g/bottle), 7 (178.51 g/bottle), and 11 (170.63 g/bottle) than in the control (152.2 g/bottle). Fruiting body quality was comparable to controls in all processed lots. Overall, economic effects, such as substrate material prices, should be analyzed, and stability evaluations, such as residual pesticide and harmful microorganisms, should be undertaken along with further detailed examination to ensure safe and stable production on farms.

본 연구는 조사료 원료인 마늘 껍질의 사료적 가치와 메탄 발생량을 조사하기 위해 in vitro 발효 실험을 수행하였다. Garlic husk를 제외하고 국내에서 널리 사용되는 4가지 조사료 원료(Oat hay, Annual ryegrass, Timothy, Tall fescue)를 실험의 처리구로 구성하였다. In vitro 48 시간 발효 후 건물 소화율, 섬유소 소화율, 암모니아태 질소, 휘발성 지방산, pH, 메탄 발생량을 평가하였다. 가스 발생량은 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 및 48 시간에 각각 측정되었다. 최종 가스 발생량에서 Oat hay가 유의적으로 가장 높았다(p<0.01). Garlic husk는 처리구 중 가장 높은 메탄 발생량을 나타내었다(p<0.01). Garlic husk의 건물 소화율은 Oat hay보다 유의적으로 낮았지만 Annual ryegrass, Timothy, Tall fescue보다 높았다(p<0.01). 섬유소 소화율은 Annual ryegrass에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.01). 총 휘발성 지방산 생성량은 Oat hay에서 가장 높았고(p<0.01), Garlic husk, Timothy, Tall fescue는 유사하였다. 본 연구의 in vitro 발효 성상과 메탄 발생량을 고려할 때, Garlic husk는 국내 주요 조사료를 대체할 영양적 가치를 포함하고 있으나 메탄 저감 효과는 미미할 것으로 추정된다.

본 시험은 재배과정 중 배지에서 분리한 미생물의 특성을 조사하여 이들 미생물과 버섯균의 생육과 연관관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 짚, 계분 등 배지 재료에서 분리한 미생 물의 양송이 균주에 대한 억제 정도는 국내 육성 양송이 균주가 외국에서 수입한 양송이 균주 보다 생육 억제 정도가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 양송이 배지 발효 단계별 분리 미생물의 양송이 품종간 균사 생육 억제 정도는 국내 육성 품종인 새도가 다른 품종보다는 생육이 좋았다. 그리고 발효과정이 진행됨에 따라 버섯균에 대한 억제 정도는 약해지는 경향을 보였다. 양송이 배지에서 분리한 미생물을 합성배지(CDA)에 도말한 뒤 버섯균사를 접종하여 균사의 생육을 조사한 결과와 분리균을 도말하고 항온기에서 2일간 배양한 후 배지를 완전히 뒤집어 배지의 뒷면 중앙에 버섯 균사를 접종하여 균사 생육을 조사한 결과를 비교 분석한 결과 양송이균의 생육 정도가 비슷한 경향을 보이는 것으로 보아 양송이 배지에서 분리한 미생물은 분비성 물질을 통해서 버섯균의 생육과 증식에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 양송이 균의 생육을 촉진하는 미생물을 분리한 결과 21균주가 선발되었고 대부분 4차 뒤집기 이후에서 많이 선발되었다. 대표적인 균주로는 Alcaligenes faecalis B-4-28, Comamonas testosteroni B- 4-31, Acinetobacter soli B-4-40 등이 있다.

버섯은 대부분 시설에서 재배되기 때문에 안전하게 고품질의 버섯 생산을 위해서는 재배사 내 환경에 대한 정보가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 헤파필터 교체에 따른 큰느타리 재배사 대기중 미생물상 변화를 분석하여 헤파필터 적정 교체기간을 설정하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 헤파필터 교체 전 재배단계별 대기중 세균 및 진균 밀도는 배지제조과정에서 세균 169.7 cfu/m 3 , 진균 570 cfu/m 3 , 균 긁기과정에서 세균 126.3 cfu/m 3 , 진균 560cfu/m 3로 부유균 의 밀도가 가장 높았다. 헤파필터 교체 후 세균의 밀도는 배양실에서 가장 낮아졌고, 진균의 밀도는 냉각실에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 헤파필터 교체전 Cladosporium sp. 등 7속 7종이었고, 교체 후 1개월은 Penicillium sp. 등 6속 6종, 2개월은 Cladosporium cladosporioides 등 4속 7종, 3 개월차는 Mucor plumbeus 등 5속 7종, 4개월에서 6개월까지는 Penicillium brevicompactum 등 각각 5속 12종, 5속 10종, 5속 10종으로 교체 후 기간이 지날수록 종이 다양해지고 증가하였다. 부유균의 밀도는 헤파필터 교체 후 2개월 후 가장 낮았고 차츰 증가하다가 6개월에는 교체전 밀도와 비슷해지거나 높아지는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 헤파필터는 6개월마다 교체하는 것이 오염저감을 위해 효율적인 것으로 판단된다.

본 실험은 농가 관행인 굴삭기 뒤집기와 자주식교반기를 이용한 뒤집기 비교 시험을 통해 발효단계별 배지의 특성을 조사하였다. 야외발효배지의 온도는 자주식교반기 처리에서 뒤집기 후 온도 상승이 빨라지는 경향을 보였다. 후발효배지의 온도는 농가관행인 굴삭기 처리구에서 온도가 높게 유지되면서 후발효과 진행되었다. 야외발효 단계에서 배지에는 고온성 세균 (Bacillus spp.), 방선균, 형광성 Pseudomonas 속, 사상균 등 다양한 미생물들이 분포 하였고, 특히 배지발효 과정에서 배지의 분해와 발열에 관여하는 호기성 세균의 밀도는 자주식교반기 처리구에서 상대적으로 높았고, 고온성 발효과정 중 푸른곰팡이균과 중온성 방선균은 생육이 억제되거나 사멸되는 양상을 보였다. 유기물을 분해하는데 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 고온성 방선균은 자주식교반기 처리에서 농가관행보다 높은 밀도를 보였다. 처리별 볏짚의 길이는 자주식교반기를 사용하였을 경우 조금 짧았고, 수분함량은 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. pH와 EC는 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았고, a, b값은 자주식교반기에 의한 뒤집기가 진행될수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 발효 단계별 배지의 CN율을 조사한 결과 농가관행인 굴삭기의 경우 23.1에서 시작하여 5차 뒤집기에서는 16.2까지 낮아 졌고, 자주식교반기의 경우 23.3에서 16.9로 낮아 졌다. 따라서 처리간에는 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 처리별 수확량을 조사한 결과 1주기에서는 자주식교반기 처리에서 20% 의 증수효과가 있었고, 2주기에서는 28%, 3주기에서는 26%의 증수효과가 있었으며, 전체적으로 23%의 수량 증대효과가 있었다.