산업, 농업 및 생활계 화학물질의 사용 확대에 따라 수계 환경에서 신종미량오염물질(Emerging Micropollutants, EMPs)의 검출 빈도가 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따라 장기적인 생태계 및 수돗물 안전성에 대한 시민들의 우려가 커지고 있다. EMPs는 많은 경우 기존 정수 및 하⋅폐수처리 공정에서 완전히 제거되지 않아, 사후적 대응 중심의 기존 수질관리 방식의 한계를 드러내고 있다. 본 총설에서는 EMPs 관리를 위한 위해성 기반 우선순위 설정 방법으로서 위해지수와 가중평균 위해지수를 검토하고, 대한민국과 더불어 수질관련 주요 국가인 일본, 미국, 유럽연합의 EMPs 관리체계를 비교 분석하였다. 공공수역과 수돗물을 대상으로 규제 및 비규제 단계의 감시, 관리 제도를 중심으로 분석을 수행하였다. 비교 결과, 주요 국가들은 EMPs를 규제 이전 단계에서 감시 및 위해성 평가한 후 단계적으로 규제에 포함하는 관리 전략을 공통적으로 채택하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 국가 간 공통적으로 관리 또는 감시되고 있는 EMPs는 총 103종으로 확인되었으며, 이 중 산업용 화학물질과 농약류가 다수를 차지하였고, 의약물질 및 조류기인 독소에 대한 관리 중요성도 점차 증가하고 있었다. 본 총설의 분석 결과는 배출원 관리, 감시, 단계적 규제를 연계한 선제적이고 위해성 기반의 EMPs 관리체계 구축 필요성을 강조하며, 국내 EMPs 관리 전략 고도화를 위한 과학적 근거를 제공한다.

In this study, the development of a new white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) cultivar, ‘Baekmaru24’, is described, and its growth characteristics and field adaptability are evaluated. ‘Baekmaru24’ was bred from the parent strains, KMCC05528 and KMCC05529, through controlled crossing and multi-stage line selection, resulting in the final elite line, ‘HWD-22-116’. Mycelial growth tests demonstrated that the cultivar had superior growth under low temperatures (10–15 °C) and on YM medium, with optimal growth at 20–25 °C. In indoor bottle cultivation, the per-bottle yield was 146 g per 850 mL, which was 8% higher than that of the control cultivar (135 g). The fruiting bodies had stipes with a mean of 70.5 mm, which is approximately 10 mm longer than that of the control, and they had highly uniform clusters, enhancing marketability. Field trials at two farms confirmed a significant increase in yield of approximately 11 % over existing commercial cultivars, together with a generally superior morphology, including larger caps, longer stipes, and greater tissue firmness. Somatic incompatibility testing revealed a distinct demarcation zone between ‘Baekmaru24’ and its parent strains, indicating that it is a genetically independent cultivar. Overall, these results demonstrate that ‘Baekmaru24’ has stable growth, high productivity, and favorable fruiting-body characteristics under both controlled and farm conditions, supporting its potential as a high-quality commercial mushroom cultivar.

CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated gene editing has recently been applied to Ganoderma lucidum as a promising tool for functional genomics and strain improvement. However, the multinuclear nature of this basidiomycete can result in genetic mosaicism, raising concerns about the long-term stability of edited strains. In this study, we report the occurrence of revertant phenotypes in CRISPR/Cas9-edited transformants of G. lucidum. Although the edited colonies initially exhibited the expected phenotype, repeated subculturing led to the reappearance of wild-type phenotypes. PCR and sequencing analyses revealed the coexistence of edited and non-edited nuclei, and the progressive loss of edited genotypes over successive generations. These findings demonstrate that multinuclearity is a key factor contributing to the instability of CRISPR/Cas9-based edits in G. lucidum. This brief report provides the first direct documentation of revertant occurrence in edited G. lucidum strains and underscores the need for rigorous selection strategies and novel approaches to secure stable homokaryotic transformants in mushroom genetic engineering.

This study reports the development of a new pure white Flammulina velutipes variety, ‘Seoldan’. The breeding process involved a primary cross between a brown strain (KMCC02267) collected by the Rural Development Administration and a white cultivar ‘Baekwoon’ (KMCC05472). From this cross, a white line ‘Fv-23-553’ was selected and subsequently crossed with a superior pure white resource (KMCC05474), resulting in the novel cultivar Seoldan. Mycelial growth tests showed that both varieties grew best at 25°C; however, Seoldan exhibited faster mycelial growth than the control variety under four temperature conditions except at 20°C. In media tests, Seoldan also demonstrated superior growth on three media types, with the exception of YM medium. In sawdust bottle cultivation, The time from scratching to the first fruiting was 2 days shorter in Seoldan than in the control variety, contributing to an overall reduction in cultivation time. The most distinct morphological trait of Seoldan is its pure white cap color. The average yield was 218.8 ± 10.6 g per bottle, comparable to that of the control. Morphologically, Seoldan produced smaller pileus and thinner stipes than the control. Furthermore, somatic incompatibility tests confirmed that Seoldan is genetically distinct from the control variety. These results indicate that Seoldan is a promising pure white variety with stable productivity, improved cultivation efficiency, and clear genetic differentiation from existing varieties.

Despite their historical use, studies on the genetic functions of mushrooms and varietal improvement via biomolecular techniques are limited compared to other organisms. Recent advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 have enabled precise genetic modifications in mushrooms, with RNP-based systems offering high editing efficiency without foreign gene insertion. In this study, we optimized gene-editing conditions for Ganoderma lucidum (Yongji 2) by utilizing RNP/nanoparticle complexes to enhance efficiency. The optimal conditions included a 0.2 M sorbitol buffer (pH 7.0) and a protoplast-to-complex ratio of 10:1. Among eight gRNAs designed for the catA gene, three were identified with high activity, and PEG-mediated transformation resulted in successful gene edits, primarily involving 1 bp deletions. The editing efficiency reached 7–8%, demonstrating that nanoparticle-supported RNP systems are effective for marker-free gene editing in mushrooms. These findings highlight a promising approach for advancing genetic research and varietal improvement in G. lucidum and other mushroom species.

Oyster mushroom is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms in Korea, and mechanization and automation of cultivation systems have enabled mass production. Many cultivars have been developed to replace the old ones such as ‘Suhan‘ and ‘Chunchuneutari 2 ho,‘ which have been cultivated for over 20 years. Among these, ‘Soltari‘ was developed in 2015. Although it has excellent quality, its cultivation is challenging and the productivity is somewhat lower. To address these issues, the Mushroom Division at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science selected the genetic resource KMCC05165 and attempted hybridization between monokaryons from KMCC05165 and ‘Soltari(KMCC04940)’. Through repeated cultivation tests and evaluation of fruiting body characteristics, the superior strain ‘Po-2019-smj22’ was selected and finally named ‘Otari‘. The optimal mycelial growth temperature of ‘Otari’ was between 25 and 30°C and optimal fruiting body growth temperature was between 13 and 18°C. Mycelial growth on PDA medium was best at 25°C, and at the same temperature, mycelial growth was similar across four media: PDA, MEA, MCM, and YM. In 1,100 mL bottle cultivation, the yield was approximately 174 g, which is about 5% higher than the control cultivar ‘Soltari‘, and the number of valid individuals was also higher at about 25. The diameter and height of the pileus were 29.8 mm and 17.6 mm, respectively, slightly smaller than ‘Soltari‘, and the stipe was thin and long with a thickness of 12.2 mm. Additionally, the pileus’ lightness index (L index) was 30.7, indicating a darker brown color compared to 'Soltari.' With excellent mycelial growth, ease of cultivation, and high yield, the new cultivar ‘Otari‘ is expected to be widely adopted by domestic oyster mushroom farms.

Recently, active research in Korea and worldwide has begun to focus on gene function and cultivar development using gene editing tools. This research, in addition to studies on edible mushroom, aims to enhance the physical and biochemical characteristics of mushrooms for applications in materials and substance production. For these studies, efficient isolation of protoplasts from the target mushroom is critical. However, several commercial cell wall-lysing enzyme cocktails, including Novozyme234, Glucanex, and Lysing enzymes, have recently been discontinued. In this study, we aimed to identify alternative enzyme systems to replace the discontinued cell wall-lysing enzymes for stable isolation of protoplasts from Ganoderma lucidum. To select an optimal osmotic buffer, enzyme function in 0.6 and 1.2 M Sorbitol, Sucrose, Mannitol, and KCl was assessed. The effect of reaction time was also evaluated. Protoplast isolation efficiency of each alternative enzyme was tested using lysing enzymes from Trichoderma harzianum, Chimax-N, and Yatalase, either individually or in combination. This matrix of studies identified enzymes and optimal conditions that could replace the discontinued lysing enzymes.

배관 세정 공정은 조선소 선박 건조과정에서 배관 설치 후 장비를 시운전하는 단계로 넘어가기 전에 최종적으로 배관 내부의 이물질을 제거하는 매우 중요한 공정이다. 만약에 배관 내에 이물질이 있는 상태에서 장비를 시운전하는 단계로 넘어갈 경우 이물질이 고가의 장비에 유입되어 펌프 및 기어, 베어링 등이 파손되는 요인이 된다. 특히 펌프나 유압 밸브 같은 경우는 아주 작은 이물질이라도 장비 속으로 유입이 되면 대형 사고로 이어지며, 이런 장비 사고는 주변에 장비 운전을 하는 작업자의 인명사고까지 연계되어 중대 재해 의 잠재 원인이 되므로 조선소 고객인 선주들도 매우 집중적으로 확인하고 관리하는 공정이다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 본 연구 에서 기존의 배관 세정 공법에서 유세정 효과를 증가시킬 수 있도록 배관 내 세정 유체의 흐름을 증가할 수 있는 시스템을 제안한다.

We aimed to develop outstanding domestic varieties suitable for both columnar and cylindrical-shape substrates, aiming to replace foreign varieties. and bred a high-quality new strain named ‘Charmjon’, using genetic resources collected from Japan and China. The optimal cultivation temperature for Charmjon’s mycelial growth was found to be 25°C, and its mycelial growth at 15°C and 25°C was superior to the control variety. In terms of mycelial growth characteristics based on the substrate, Charmjon exhibited excellent mycelial strength on PDA medium compared to the control variety. Through columnar and cylindrical-shape substrates cultivation, we assessed the quantity and morphological characteristics of the fruiting bodies. The results confirmed that Charmjon can be produced stably using both cultivation methods, and it showed higher yields and individual weights than the control variety. In addition, the color of the pileus was notably darker, and the shape of the pileus varied depending on the cultivation method. The test of genetic diversity revealed that Charmjon has distinct genetic characteristics compared to the control varieties.