In pyroprocessing, the residual salts (LiCl containing Li and Li2O) in the metallic fuel produced by the oxide reduction (OR) process are removed by salt distillation and fed into electrorefining. This study undertook an investigation into the potential viability of employing a separate LiCl salt rinsing process as an innovative alternative to conventional salt distillation techniques. The primary objective of this novel approach was to mitigate the presence of Li and Li2O within the residual OR salt of metallic fuel, subsequently facilitating its suitability for electrorefining processes. The process of rinsing the metallic fuel involved immersing it in a LiCl salt environment at a temperature of 650°C. During this immersion process, the residual OR salt contained within the fuel underwent dissolution, thereby reducing the concentrations of Li2O and Li generated during the OR process. Furthermore, the Li and Li2O dissolved within the LiCl salt were effectively consumed through chemical reactions with ZrO2 particles present within the salt. Importantly, even after the metallic fuel had been subjected to rinsing in a conventional LiCl salt solution, the concentration of Li and Li2O within the salt remained consistent with its initial levels, due to the utilization of ZrO2. Moreover, it was observed that the Li- Li2O content within the metallic fuel was significantly diluted as a result of the rinsing process.

Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) projects in South Korea starts with permanent shutdown of Kori unit 1 and Wolsung unit 1. It is important to establish a treatment and disposal method for radioactive waste generated during the decommissioning of the nuclear power plants. Large quantities of the wastes during decommissioning of NPP are generated in a short period of time and the wastes have various types and characteristics. For efficient decommissioning of NPP process, the radioactive waste is classified by types and each treatment method and packaging concept is presented respectively in this paper. Radioactive waste generated during decommissioning of NPP is classified into reactor vessel, reactor internals, metals, Dry Active Waste (DAW), concreate, spent fuel storage rack, spent resin and spent filter, etc., and the packaging concept for each type should be established to meet the waste acceptance criteria. Major waste acceptance criteria requirements include nuclides concentration, filling rate, free water, surface radiation does rate and weight. Radioactive waste containers can be classified into packaging containers, transport containers, and disposal containers. The packaging container is used to contain, transport, and store radioactive waste within the radiation control area, and a control number has been assigned as a radioactive waste drum after the final treatment has been completed. The transport container is used for transporting radioactive waste filled-containers from a radiation control area through an uncontrolled area. In this paper, the concept of disposal of dismantled radioactive waste and packaging methods were reviewed in comprehensive consideration of domestic radioactive waste transport and storage regulations, permanent disposal environment, and development status of large containers.

Pyroprocessing is a promising technique for the treatment of damaged fuel debris (corium) generated by severe nuclear accidents. The debris typically consists of (U, Zr)O2 originating from the UO2 fuel and Zr alloy-based cladding. By converting the corium to a metallic form, the principal components of the fuel can be recovered through subsequent electrorefining, allowing for long-term storage or final disposal. A study investigated the reduction of zirconium oxide compounds by Li metal as a reductant in molten LiCl salt. This research explored the feasibility of treating damaged nuclear fuel debris, which mainly consists of (U, Zr)O2. The results showed that ZrO2 was successfully reduced to Zr metal by Li metal in LiCl salt at 650C without the formation of Li2ZrO3. In particular, Zr metal was produced without the formation of Li2ZrO3 when LiCl salt containing a high concentration of Li metal was used. However, Zr metal was produced with Li2ZrO3 when LiCl salt containing both Li metal and Li2O was added. This suggests that the concentration of Li metal in the LiCl salt is an important factor in determining the formation of Li2ZrO3. The study also demonstrated that Li2ZrO3 was partially reduced to Zr metal by Li metal in LiCl salt. This finding suggests that Li metal may be effective in reducing other oxide compounds in molten LiCl salt, which could be useful in the treatment of corium. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the feasibility of using pyroprocessing for the treatment of corium. The ability to recover and store the principal components of the fuel through electrorefining could have important implications for the long-term management of nuclear waste.

Separation of high heat generating-radioactive isotopes from spent nuclear fuel is an important issue because it can reduce the final disposal area. As one of the technologies that can selectively separate only high heat generating-radioactive isotopes without dissolving spent fuel, the methods using molten salt have recently attracted attention. Although studies on chemical changes of Sr oxides in molten salts have been reported, they have limitation in that alternative oxide reagents rather than oxide fuel were used. In this study, the separation behaviors of Sr from simulated oxide fuel using various molten salts were investigated. A powder type containing 95.7wt% of U and 0.123wt% of Sr was used as the simulated oxide fuel. LiCl, LiCl-CaCl2, MgCl2, LiCl-KCl-MgCl2 and NaCl-MgCl2 were used as molten chloride salts. The separation of Sr from the simulated oxide fuel was conducted by loading it in porous alumina basket and immersing it in a salt. The concentration of Sr in the salt was measured by ICP analysis after sampling the salt outside the basket using dip-stick technique. The separation efficiencies of Sr from simulated oxide fuel using the salts were compared. Furthermore, the causes of their separation efficiency were systematically investigated.

This study showcases an International Learning Exchange (ILE) program between North Korean (NK) refugee students in South Korea and American university students from the US. ILE programs connect two or more linguistic/ cultural groups for intercultural awareness, which provide authentic communicative environments. However, the prevalent use of English and research focus mostly on non-native English-speaking students reflect the ideology of native-speakerism embedded in ILE programs. The purpose of this study was to develop an ILE program that resists native-speakerism and to investigate its influences on native as well as non-native English-speaking students. Adopting a case-study approach, data were collected from video-taping, fieldnotes, student documents, surveys, and interviews. Findings show how the authors designed and implemented a principle-based ILE program. The responses of NK students show their growing motivation and communication ability. The responses of American students show their critical reflections on their native-speaker identities. This study offers insights into designing ILE programs based on multilingualism and translanguaging.

본 연구는 반밀폐형 토마토 재배 온실에서 광합성율 극대화를 위한 적정 탄산가스 시비 농도를 구명하고자 광합성 모델을 이용하여 잎의 최대 카복실화율(Vcmax), 최대 전자전달속도(Jmax), 열파괴, 잎 호흡 등을 계산하고 실제 측정값과 비교하였다. 다양한 광도(PAR 200μmol·m -2 ·s -1 to 1500μmol·m -2 ·s -1 )와 온도(20°C to 35°C) 조건에서 CO2 농도에 대한 A-Ci curve는 광합성 측정 기기를 사용하여 측정하였고, 모델링 방정식으로 아레니우스 함수값 (Arrhenius function), 순광합성율(net CO2 assimilation, An), 열파괴(thermal breakdown), Rd(주간의 잎호흡)를 계산 하였다. 엽온이 30°C 이상으로 상승하였을 때 Jmax, An 및 thermal breakdown 예측치가 모두 감소하였고, 예측 Jmax의 가장 최고점은 엽온 30°C였으며 그 이상의 온도에서는 감소하였다. 생장점 아래 5번째 잎의 광합성율은 PAR 200－ 400μmol·m -2 ·s -1 수준에서는 CO2 600ppm, PAR 600－800μmol·m -2 ·s -1 수준에서는 CO2 800ppm, PAR 1000μmol·m -2 ·s -1 수 준에서는 CO2 1000ppm, PAR 1200－1500μmol·m -2 ·s -1 수준에서는 CO2 1500ppm을 공급했을 때 포화점에 도달하였다. 앞으로 광합성 모델식을 활용하여 과채류 온실 재배 시 광합성을 높일 수 있는 탄산시비 농도를 추정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Background: Uncontrolled lumbopelvic movement leads to asymmetric symptoms and causes pain in the lumbar and pelvic regions. So many patients have uncontrolled lumbopelvic movement. Passive support devices are used for unstable lumbopelvic patient. So, we need to understand that influence of passive support on lumbopelvic stability. It is important to examine that using the pelvic belt on abdominal muscle activity, pelvic rotation and pelvic tilt. Objects: This study observed abdominal muscle activity, pelvic rotation and tilt angles were compared during active straight leg raise (ASLR) with and without pelvic compression belt. Methods: Sixteen healthy women were participated in this study. ASRL with and without pelvic compression belt was performed for 5 sec, until their leg touched the target bar that was set 20 ㎝ above the base. Surface electromyography was recorded from rectus abdominis (RA), internal oblique abdominis (IO), and external oblique abdominis (EO) bilaterally. And pelvic rotation and tilt angles were measured by motion capture system. Results: There were significantly less activities of left EO (p=.042), right EO (p=.031), left IO (p=.039), right IO (p=.019), left RA (p=.044), and right RA (p=.042) and a greater right pelvic rotation angle (p=.008) and anterior pelvic tilt angle (p<.001) during ASLR with pelvic compression belt. Conclusion: These results showed that abdominal activity was reduced while the right pelvic rotation angle and anterior pelvic tilt angle were increased during ASLR with a pelvic compression belt. In other words, although pelvic compression belt could support abdominal muscle activity, it would be difficult to control pelvic movement. So pelvic belt would not be useful for controlled ASLR.

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are ancient house-keeping enzymes that catalyze the ligation of tRNAs to their cognate amino acids in the first step of protein synthesis. During the evolution of higher eukaryotes, cytoplasmic ARSs have undergone significant changes including the addition of new domains that are not part of the enzymatic core. These additional regions have been found to be associated with a broad range of biological functions beyond protein synthesis. The non-translational functions of ARSs appear to be regulated by their presence within a cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), which is assembled through the appended domains. We recently reported that the MSC member glutamylprolyl- tRNA synthetase (EPRS) promotes antiviral gene expression through its infection-specific phosphorylation and release from the MSC. Here, we conducted transcriptome analysis of influenza A virusinfected cells. We particularly focused on the analysis of chemokine-related gene expression, in combination with chemokine array analysis against virus infection. Moreover, the correlation between chemokine expression pattern and EPRS function in response to different stimuli was assessed. The results showed that viral infection increases interferon-response and pro-inflammatory chemokine expression. In contrast, the level of chemokine expression was suppressed in interferon-γ treated cells. Thus, these results further demonstrate the previously reported stimulus-specific EPRS functions in immune responses.

This study examined a timed cloze test for evaluating English proficiency in second language (L2) experimental research. Forty-five Korean college students were randomly assigned to either a timed or untimed condition. In the timed condition, the participants read the sentences of the text one phrase at a time, using the self-paced, cumulative, moving-window reading paradigm, and their reading time (RT) and accuracy were measured. In an untimed condition, the participants carried out a typical pencil-and-paper cloze test. Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the data. Although the accuracy data did not indicate any significant results, the RT data showed that the participants responded faster when they selected accurate answers and they answered function words rather than content words; also, as the participants’ TOEIC scores increased, a marginally significant RT difference was observed. A significant correlation was also found between the cloze test and high TOEIC scores in the timed condition. The results showed that the timed cloze test used in the study can provide useful data for L2 experimental research in measuring L2 proficiency.

Previously, we performed de novo RNA sequencing of Scolopendra subpinipes mutilans using high-throughput sequencing technology and identified several AMP candidates. Among them, a synthetic peptide (CP112) was designed based on the physicochemical properties of antimicrobial peptide such as length, charge, isoelectric point. Here, we have assessed the antimicrobial activities of CP112 against various microbes and the antioxidative effects. The results showed that CP112 had antimicrobial activities in radial diffusion assay and colony count assay. In addition, we found that CP112 bound to the surface of microorganisms via a specific interaction with lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, which is one of bacteria cell wall components. Furthermore, CP112 has shown significant DPPH radical scavenging activity. Taken together, the results would be provided the basis for developing of peptide antibiotics and antioxidants.

As a part of a study on insect food, the nutritional and harmful components in the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) were analyzed. In addition, due to a recent introduction of live Chinese mealworm in the Korea market, those components between the Korean and Chinese mealworms were compared. Analysis of the composition of the general components (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrates) showed that abundant crude protein (50.32– 52.79%) was present in both Korean and Chinese mealworm powders, and the protein content in the Chinese mealworm powder was higher than that in the Korean mealworm powder by 2.67%. The amino acid compositions were similar, but the fatty acid composition differed with respect to each component in the Korean and Chinese mealworm powders. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were 76.80-80.55% of the total fatty acid content in the mealworms. The linoleic acid contents in the Korean and Chinese mealworms were 20.8±1.1% and 34.69±1.9%; the linolenic acid contents, 0.47% and 1.31%; and the oleic acid contents, 51.40±0.9% and 40.20±1.5%, respectively. With respect to harmful components such as heavy metals and bacteria that cause food poisoning, bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in both Korean and Chinese mealworms, and the mercury content was below the standard value for common food (Korea, 0.03 mg/kg; China, 0.08 mg/kg).

본 연구는 토마토 수경재배에서 Frequency Domain Reflectometry(FDR) 센서를 활용한 무배액 시스 템에 적합한 코이어 배지의 chip과 dust 비율을 구명하기 위한 기초 실험으로 chip 함량에 따른 일일 급액량, 배액량, 배지의 용적당 수분함량 및 전기전도도, 식물생육, 과실 수량과 수분이용효율 측정을 목적으로 수행되었다. 시판 코이어 슬라브 중 chip과 dust 부피비율이 0 : 100%, 30 : 70%, 50 : 50%, 70 : 30%인 것과 대조구로 시판 rockwool 배지와 2층 슬라브, 즉 1층에 chip함량과 2층에 dust함량이 15 : 85%, 25 : 75%, 35 : 65%인 것을 사용하여 실험하였다. 실험에 사용된 배지 중 0 : 100%와 rockwool 배지는 전 생육기간 동안 배액이 배출 되지 않았고 나머지 모든 배지에서도 극소량의 배액이 배출되었다. 일일 평균 급액량은 시판 슬라브와 2층 슬라브 배지 모두에서 chip 함량에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 식물 생육, 상품과 수량 및 수분이용효율은 chip과 dust의 비율이 0 : 100%인 시판 슬라브에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서, FDR센서에 의한 자동급액 방식으로 토마토 작물을 재배 할 때 chip과 dust 부피비율이 0 : 100%인 코이어 배지를 사용할 경우 식물이 더욱 효과적으로 수분을 이용하여 생산량이 증가되면서도 배액을 최소화하거나 배액을 창출하지 않아 환경오염을 감소시킬 수 있다. FDR 센서에 의해 자동 급액되는 시스템에서 1회 급액량과 급액간격 기능을 생육단계별로 조정하여 배지의 물리성에 따른 급액 일정에 대한 세밀한 실험이 앞으로 수행될 계획이다.

To examine the expression profile of oxidative stress responsive genes in Spodoptera litura, we constructed a cDNA library from S. litura injected with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using a microarray chip composed of 2,964 cDNAs, we screened gene expression at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 h post H2O2 injection. Data were clustered into 15 groups of genes that behave similarly across each time course. Seventy-three genes were identified as being at least 2-fold up- or downregulated after treatment with H2O2 in S. litura. We constructed expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for genes that changed at least 2-fold after treatment with H2O2. The functional classification of these ESTs based on Gene Ontology showed that the ESTs are rich in genes involved in oxidoreductase activity (5.7%), defense (14.3%), cellular process (22.9%), and development (17.1%).