Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most popular ornamental species in the world due to the great diversity of inflorescence form and color. There has been increasing demands for various types of chrysanthemums, such as cut flowers, potted plants and bedding plants. However, the genomic studies of this species have been not extensively conducted relative to other ornamental species due to high levels of polyploidy (2n = 4x =36 or 2n = 6x = 54) and heterozygosity as well as large genome size. In this work, we developed a molecular tool for cultivar identification using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and investigated genetic diversity in 127 chrysanthemum cultivars. Of the 150 SSR primer pairs tested in this study, 62 primers were obtained from previous studies, while 88 primers were designed using the unigene sequences of C. nankingense and the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequences of C. morifolium in the NCBI database. Thirty SSR primers were selected based on polymorphism and banding patterns in a subset of 8 cultivars and used to amplify the DNA of 127 chrysanthemum cultivars. The UPGMA dendrogram based on these 30 SSR markers showed that most of chrysanthemum cultivars were divided into five clusters. These results will benefit chrysanthemum research community to develop elite cultivars.

Chrysanthemums (Asteraceae) are important ornamental crops in worldwide that are well known as commercial valuable cultivars for cut flowers, potted plants, and garden flowering plants. Genus chrysanthemum consisted of 41 species that are mostly distributed in East Asia. Chrysanthemum has diverse ploidy levels with the basic chromosome number of x=9 from 2n=2x=18 (diploid) to 2n=10x=90 (decaploid). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a useful tool for studying the distribution of ribosomal DNAs. In this study, we have confirmed ploidy level by chromosome counting method. The somatic metaphase chromosome numbers were observed 2n=2x=18 in Chrysanthemum boreale, and 2n=6x=54 in C. indicum and C. zawadskii. More detailed Karyotype was constructed based on FISH method using 5S and 45S rDNA probes. Two (2) loci of 5S rDNA signals were detected in interstitial region of long arm chromosome in C. boreale and six (6) loci were in C. indicum and C. zawadskii. All of 45S rDNAs were located in terminal region of short arm chromosome which were visualize in six (6) loci in C. boreale and C. indicum and twelve(12) loci in C. zawadskii. In this study, it was the main topic to perform physical mapping of the location of 5S and 45S rDNA. Three of wild chrysanthemum showed variations in number of ribosomal DNAs. In the present investigation will help to further study of genome sequencing project in chrysanthemum.

Although much effort has been made to find agronomically important loci in the soybean plant, extensive linkage disequilibrium and genome duplication have limited efficient genome-wide linkage analyses that can identify important regulatory genes. In this respect, recombination block-based analysis of cultivated plant genomes is a potential critical step for molecular breeding and target locus screening. We propose a new three-step method of detecting recombination blocks and comparative genomics of bred cultivars. It utilizes typical reshuffling features of their genomes, which have been generated by the recombination processes of breeding ancestral genomes. To begin with, mutations were detected by comparing genomes to a reference genome. Next, sequence blocks were examined for likenesses and difference with respect to the reference genome. The boundaries between the blocks were taken as recombination sites. All recombination sites found in the cultivar set were used to split the genomes, and the resulting sequence fragments were named as core recombination blocks (CRBs). Finally, the genomes were compared at the CRB level, instead of at the sequence level. In the genomes of the five Korean soybean cultivars used, the CRB-based comparative genomics method produced long and distinct CRBs that are as large as 22.9 Mb. We also demonstrated efficiency in detecting functionally useful target loci by using indel markers, each of which represents a CRB. We further showed that the CRB method is generally applicable to both monocot and dicot crops, by analyzing publicly available genomes of 31 soybeans and 23 rice accessions.

The effects of ovulation induction in ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, were investigated by treating ussurian bullhead with hCG, LHRHa, GnRHa, ovaprim, and pimozide. hCG was injected to ussurian bullhead at 0.75% NaCl, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 IU, respectively. The ovulation inducement rates were 100% in 20,000 and 30,000 IU. Fertilization rates were 82.7% and 79.8%. Hatching rates were 59.4% and 57.2%. Ovulation time was between 16-19 hr The concentrations of LHRHa injected were 0.75 NaCl, 50, 100, 200, 300, and . The ovulation inducement rates were 100% in 300 and . Fertilization and hatching rates were 84.9% and 68.4% at . The times to ovulation were between 23 hr and 34 hr. Ovaprim of 0.75% NaCl, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 ml/kg were injected to the abdominal cavity. The ovulation inducement rate was highest at 2.0 and 3.0 ml/kg to 92% and ovulation time was between 27-38 hr. LHRHa concentrations of 0.75% NaCl, 50, 100, 200, 300 and were injected with pimozide (). Ovulation inducement rate was 100% from 200 to 400 IU with pimozide. Ovulation time was 22-36 h. Fertilization and hatching rates were 88.9% and 70.4% in with pimozide.

The goal of ecotourism is the conservation of nature, creating benefits for local residents, and providing high quality tourism for visitors. This study investigated: (1) visitors' satisfaction about festival activities and (2) the contribution of ecotourism to the region, specifically visitors' understanding of the local culture and visitors' consumption at this festival. The results of this study were as follows. First, spending time with family was the major reason of visiting this festival. The major visiting pattern of this festival was family, too. Developing family oriented experience programs were required. Second, visitors were quite satisfied with the programs of this festival. Visitors were the most satisfied the International Butterfly Room where visitors can see live butterflies. Third, visitors could understand the local culture in this festival and the county's development strategy is related to butterflies. Visitors could see butterflies even on blankets and pillows of motels, and designs at the bus terminal in Hampyeong county. Fourth, in terms of visitors' consumption at this festival, visitors spent more money on lodging, traffic, entrance fees. Finally, managerial implications for the festival staff were suggested.

A new soybean cultivar for soy-paste, “Mansu”, was developed from the cross between ‘Suwon 192’, which was tolerant to disease, late maturing and high yielding, and ‘Suwon 196’ which was early maturing and large seed by soybean breeding team in the Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute (YARI) to make new variety having large seed and high yielding. A promising line, SS97213-2B-3SSD-39-1-1, was selected and designated as the name of ‘Suwon 236’. It was characterized by regional yield trials (RYT) for three years from 2004 to 2006 and released as the name of “Mansu”. It has a determinate growth habit, purple flower, grey pubescence, pale green seed coat, yellow cotyledon, large spherical seed (26.5 grams per 100 seeds). Maturity date is 4 days later than the check cultivar, Taekwang. The average yield of Mansu was 2.93 ton per hectare in the regional yield trials (RYT) carried out for three years from 2004 to 2006 which was 7 percent higher than that of the check cultivar, Taekwang.

A new soybean cultivar for tofu and soy-paste, "Daemang 2", was developed from the cross between 'Shinpaldal 2' and'Seokryang' by soybean breeding team in the Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute (YARI) in 2005. A promising line,SS93205-2B-8-3-2-1-1-1