In order to use as a new functional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and Vitamin C of sorbus and acacia honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 77% of sorbus honey and it was 93.06% of acacia honey. In the case of sorbus honey, main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were trichloromethane, propylcarbinol, cyclopentane, acetoxyethane, tetrasol, aziridine etc. and main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were Skelly solve, Benzaldehyde, Hyacinthin, Dodecanal, Lauraldehyde etc. Also, in occasion of acacia honey, main organic compounds were trichloromethan, Acetoxyethane, Hexanaphthene, acetidin etc. and main aromatic compounds were Hydrazomethan, Azulene, Cyclotrisiloxane, Hydrazine etc. Proximate composition was crude protein 0.54%, crude fat 0.44%, crude ash 0.25% in sorbus honey and crude protein 0.10%, crude fat 0.29%, crude ash 0.06% in acacia honey. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC was fructose 26.81%, glucose 20.42%, total sugars 47.23% in sorbus honey and fructose 48.52%, glucose 24.29%, total sugars 72.81% in acacia honey. Vitamin C was not detected in two sample honeys. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 18 kinds in sorbus honey, K 11.715 ppm>Na 7.857 ppm>Si 4.407 ppm>Ca 3.673 ppm etc. and total 22 kinds in acacia honey, Na 4.527 ppm>Si 3.420 ppm>K 3.091 ppm>Zn 1.482 ppm etc.

In order to use as a new functional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and vitamin C of canola honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 90.5% and main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were propyl carbinol, cyclopentane, trichloromethane, vinegar naphtha and so on. Also, main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were diisooctyl adipate, furole, furaldehyde, cyclotetrasiloxane, trisulfide and many more. As proximate composition, crude ash content was lower than acacia honey (0.06%) and manuka honey (0.24%) by 0.01%, and crude protein was higher than acacia honey (0.10%) by 0.23%, but the crude fat of canola and manuka honey was lower content than acacia honey (0.44%) by 0.10%. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC consisted of fructose 44.11%, glucose 22.72%, and total sugars was 66.83%. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 15 kinds, Na 7.157 ppm>Ca 5.934 ppm>Si 4.049 ppm>K 1.443 ppm>Mg 1.218 ppm etc. Vitamin C was not detected.

Several Mites are currently the most serious threat to the world bee industry. The ectoparasitic honey bee mites was originally confined to the Asian honey bee(Apis cerana etc.). Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps clareae has plagued European honey bees, Apis mellifera. Differences in mite tolerance are reported between two honey bee species A. mellifera and A. cerana. We were amplified antimicrobial peptide cDNA genes (Defencin, Abaecin, Royalisin, Apidaecin and Hymenoptaecin) by RT-PCR. We explored the transcriptional response to mite parasitism in A. mellifera 4th instars larvae which differ in susceptibility to V. destructor and T. clareae, comparing parasitized and non-parasitized 4th instars larvae (worker and Drone) from same hive. Differential gene expression of worker bees and Drone bees induced by mites (V. destructor and T. clareae) infection was investigated by northern blot. Mites (V. destructor and T. clareae) parasitism caused changes in the expression of genes related to sex distinction. Bees tolerant to mites (V. destructor and T. clareae) were mainly characterized by differences in the expression of genes regulating antimicrobial gene expression. It provides a first step toward better understanding molecular expression involved in this differential sex distinction host-parasite relationship. We were detected bee virus in A. mellifera, comparing parasitized and non-parasitized 4th instars larvae (worker and Drone). Therefore, this result was demonstrated that mites were another possible route of horizontal transmission, as several viruses were detected in mites and their hosts.

The ectoparasitic honey bee mites was originally confined to the Asian honey bee(Apis cerana etc.), mites had become widely established in the world and have continued to cause extensive bee colony deaths. Mites attach to adults and developing brood, where they feed on their blood. If left untreated, mites can deform bees and eventually kill the colony. Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps clareae has plagued European honey bees, Apis mellifera. Differences in mite tolerance are reported between two honey bee species A. mellifera and A. cerana. We were counted number of mites(V. destructor and T. clareae) form 20 colonies. V. destructor and T. clareae has very similar behavior in honeybee colony. When behaviorally close, two competing species may populational interfere, and thereby affect their population dynamics. We tested for populational interference (PI) between two populational competing honeybee mites, V. destructor and T. clareae, by investigating their population dynamics when they competed on the same colony.

South Korea has over 38 millions of managed honey bee (Apis cerana) colonies before 2009 years ago, which produce the highest quantity of honey in the Korea; however, almost colony (99%) were collapsed by Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) in South Korea. Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) is the pathogen of A. cerana Sacbrood disease, which poses a serious threat to honeybee A. cerana, and tends to cause bee colony and even the whole apiary collapse. Colony collapse of A. cerana was first reported on the Pyeong-Chang of the South Korea in 2009. Symptoms of KSBV include the rapid transmission of larval stage honeybees (A. cerana), many dead larvae found in the bottom of hive and comb. Honeybees (A. cerana) are a very important species because they provide a number of pollination services for various ecosystems in some provinces (ex. jeon-nam, jeon-buk province). They are also extremely important organisms within human society, both agriculturally and economically. The fact that a direct cause has been determined suggests that colony collapse is a complex problem with a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Possible instigators of colony collapse include: wax moth, viral and fungal diseases, increased population, decreased genetic diversity, climate changing and a variety of other factors. The interaction among these potential causes may be resulting in immunity loss for honeybees and the increased likelihood of collapse.

Sacbrood disease is a viral disease on honey bee larvae Apis cerana. Diseased larvae fail to pupae and to be dead at old larvae and pre-pupae stage. Currently, there is no remedy to control sacbrood disease. In this study we conducted to observe sacbrood disease on Apis cerana colonies from June to September, 2014 at the A. cerana apiary of NAAS, and using biological measure to treat this disease. Our study results were showed that sacbrood disease infected A. cerana colonies in all months of observation. The percentage of infected colonies was from 33.3% up to 100%. Controlling sacbrood disease by requeen measure, the percentage of recovered colonies was 57.1 % while of this by cage queen measure was only 28.6 %.

In this study we conducted to rear worker honey bee (Apis cerana) from larvae to adult stage in the laboratory by using plastic well plates. Our study results were showed that honey bee larvae Apis cerana could be reared in the laboratory. The adult worker bee started to emerge on day 17 from grafting. The emergence of worker bee peak on day 18 and declined thereafter. The average survival rate from larvae to pre-pupae stage was 74.6%. The average survival rates from pre-pupae to adult stage and from larvae to adult stage were 40.7 % and 30.4 % respectively.

Asian is rich in honey bee species and genetic diversity. Among the difference native honey bee species, Apis cerana is very diversity of subspecies and distribution as well. Until now, nine A. cerana subspecies have been named. However, natural diversity of this species is being declined by threats such as pest, disease, deforestation, pesticide positioning and climate change. Therefore, the understanding of morphological characteristics of A. cerana is viral for maintaining biological diversity. In this paper we give an overview of method that are used for distinguish honey bee A. cerana subspecies and ecotype that can contribute to recognize genetic origin of colonies for conservation and breeding purpose. Base on morphmetric method currently in use, we outline strategies for sampling and measuring morphological characteristics on A. cerana.

In order to use as a new functional honey, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and vitamic C of hairy vetch that is knowing as eco-friendly green manure crop recently in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 84.48% and main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were trichloromethan, acetidin, propyl carbinol, methylolpropane, cyclopentane, dipropylmethane etc. Also, main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were hydrazine, n-dimethylhydrazine, carbamide resin, benzoguanamine, gentanol, cyclotrisiloxane, enanthaldehyde, heptaldehyde, silane, cinchoninaldehyde, quininaldehyde and so on. As proximate composition, crude ash content was higher than acacia honey(0.05%) by 0.2613%, and crude protein was higher than acacia honey (0.10%) by 0.28%, and crude fat was higher content than acacia honey(0.44%) by 0.57%. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC consisted of fructose 35.31%, glucose 26.96%, and total sugars was 62.27%. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 22 kinds, K 4.9185ppm > Na 3.4915ppm > Zn 3.178ppm > Ca 1.8575ppm > B 0.8495 ppm > Mg 0.5635ppm etc. Vitamin C was not detected and antioxidation test result by DPPH freeradical scavenge effect was slight compared to acacia honey.

In order to use as a new funtional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and Vitamic C of jujube honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 87.02% and main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were trichloromethane, triptane, 2-formylbutane, acetoxyethane, butyraldehyde, butanoic acid, cyclopentane, propanoic acid and so on. Also, main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were octacosane, pyrobenzol, hexatriacontane, cyclopentasiloxane, pelargonaldehyde, 3-azabenzonitrile, 4-pyridinecarbonitrile, nicotinonitrile, cyclohexatriene and many more. As proximate composition, crude ash content was higher than acacia honey(0.05%) by 0.698%, and crude protein was higher than acacia honey(0.10%) by 0.27%, but crude fat was lower content than acacia honey(0.44%) by 0.26%. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC consisted of fructose 37.47%, glucose 25.22%, and total sugars was 62.69%. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 19 kinds, K 12.575ppm > Na 1.8155ppm > Zn 1.3325ppm > Ca 0.6335ppm etc. Vitamin C was not detected and antioxidation test result by DPPH freeradical scavenge effect was hardly but high somewhat compared to acacia honey.

The Tribe Prosternini of the subfamily Dendrometrinae comprises approximately 530 species in 39 genera through the world. Especially about 250 species in 20 genera with 13 subgenera has been known in the Palaearctic region. In process of the taxonomic study on the members belonging to this tribe in Korea, the authors recognized a new genus including to three new species. This new genus has close affinities with species of the genera Acteniceromorphus Kishii 1955, Liotricus Kiesenwetter 1858, and Actenicerus Kiesenwetter 1858. The novel genus differs from mostly allied to the genus Acteniceromorphus in its specialized paramere shape in the male genitalia, lacking unicarina on the pronotal hind angles, and the character state of the prosternal process. This presentation is given that above four genera including the new genus from Korea are compared to discuss their place in classification by basis of morphological information.

Fermented soybean food is one of most economical and health food due to its valuable nutritional and medicinal attributes and have been consumed for centuries as flavoring ingredient in Korea. On fermented soybean food such as doenjang, aroma compounds are important property because they determine taste and grade of fermentation. This study investigated variety of aroma compounds of doenjang made from different soybean genotypes. Aroma compounds in twelve different doenjang made from two cultivar (Daewon and Taekwang) and ten elite lines were extracted by steam distillation extraction (SDE) method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Aroma compound were detected over 80 kinds in eight samples (Daewon, Taekwang, MY177, MY187, MY189, MY192, MY204 and MY205) and under 70 kinds in four samples (yeonchun1, MY188, MY203 and MY206). Among the detected aroma components, 47 compounds were assigned as aromatic compounds (21), long chain fatty acid (13), short chain fatty acid (5) and others (8) by the computer library (Wiley 7n program). The major aroma compounds in twelve different doenjang were benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, pyrazine type compounds, cysteaminesulfonic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Each doenjang made by same condition (microbe, temperature, aging time and etc) had a difference in ratio and variety of aroma compounds due to different components having soybean genotype.