Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines has been a rich source of genetic diversity of untapped rice landraces in the mountainous region of Cordillera. Although some may have been included into modern breeding programs, significant indica-japonica differentiation among landraces cultivated in the region is not well known. Thus, Cordillera landraces differentiation across different altitude gradient (458 m to 1830 m) will provide great opportunities for improvement on rice genetics. We analyzed the genetic variation among 166 accessions collected in 17 towns in 6 provinces across different altitudes using Subspecies Specific Sequence Tagged Site (SS-STS) and Insertion-Deletion (InDel) markers. Subspecies Prototype Index (SPI) degree of each landrace was used to calculate the genomic inclination of each variety towards subspecies. The 50 molecular markers (24 SS-STS and 26 InDel) that assayed variation in 166 accessions revealed 116 alleles. Gene diversity ranged from 0.04 (R3M23) to 0.50 (S04058) with an average of 0.40. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.04 (R3M23) to 0.37 (S12030, S07047, R10M40, S10001, S04058 and S09040B) with an average of 0.31. Using the control varieties to assign groups, the larger group of 114 Cordillera landraces corresponds to 71% japonica type while the smaller group of 42 corresponds to 26% indica and 3% intermediates. A total of 7 (4%) indica and 9 (6%) japonica type accessions were found above 1500 m. Results of this study suggested that majority of japonica type rice landraces were grown in high altitudes of Banaue Rice Terraces and nearby provinces, and interestingly, indica type rice landraces were cultivated in areas at much higher altitudes (>1500 m) than those categorized by the traditional methods.

This work presents an experimental study of the influence of lifting velocity on cake formation during filtration. For design of hot gas cleanup system using ceramic filter reactor, the most important consideration is coating conditions of sorbent in filter surface (for example : lifting velocity, coating weight of sorbent, pulsing interval and removal effect for dechlorination and desulfurization). We studied the optimum operation condition as paticle size and lifting velocity using a ceramic filter reactor at 550oC. Based on the results obtained during cold and hot test, optimum lifting velocity in a ceramic filter reactor was selected 0.68 m/s. Also, the removal behaviour of the ceramic filter during filtration was studied using differential pressure. Optimum removal efficiency for dechlorination and desulfurization accomplished at differential pressure condition over 74 mmH2O.

We investigated the effect of temperature and pressure in breakthrough performance of various sorbents for dechlorination and desulfurization. Based on the results obtained during the desulfurization (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, ZnO) and the dechlorination (Na2CO3, NaHCO3, trona) screening tests, ZnO and trona were selected as preferred optimum sorbents. H2S breakthrough time corresponds to an effective capacity of approximately 11 g H2S/100 g of sorbent. Also, HCl breakthrough time corresponds to an effective capacity of approximately 5 g HCl/100 g of sorbent. ZnO and trona at high temperature of around 550oC display high sorption performance and removal efficiency for synthsis gas from waste gasification. Although there is an issue of CO2 recovery in hot gas cleanup technology for desulfurization, we have obtained an interesting new alternative hot gas cleanup system with heat budget merit.

Grain size is one of the most important trait determining yield in cereal crops, apart from number of grains per panicle, number of panicles per plant and 1000 seed weight. Other than grain characteristics, plant architecture is another very important factor influencing yield by affecting the amount plant surface area directly exposed to the sun light. Erect panicle is important morphological characteristic which helps in enhancing the yield by allowing sun light to fall directly on leaves unlike curved panicle which blocks sunlight and consequently reduce photosynthesis. A small round grain and erect panicle mutant was obtained by treating Hwacheong rice (japonica) with MNU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) chemical mutagen. Through bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using STS (Sequence-Tagged Sites) and SS-STS (Sub-species Specific Sequence-Tagged Site) markers we located the mutated gene on the long arm of chromosome 7 and narrowed down candidate region to 168.75kbp through fine mapping. Mutant manifested characteristics like reduced grain size and plant height, dense and erect panicle and relatively erect plant compared to the wild type. When we crossed the mutant with its parent (Hwacheong), F1 panicle and grain characteristics showed intermediate phenotype, therefore, we concluded that wild type allele of this gene shows incomplete dominance. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) result shows that increase in width of mutant grain, which changes its shape, is due to increase in width of glume cells. Phenotypic examination shows that dense and erect panicle phenotype is result of reduction in length of rachis, primary and secondary branch.

‘청아’는 중부지역 적응 중생 고품질 벼를 육성할 목적으로 1994년 하계에 외관 품위와 밥맛이 우수한 일본 도입품종인 기누히까리를 모본으로, 농가포장에서 수집된 유전자원 중 숙색 등 외관과 밥맛이 좋은 ‘양주선발’을 부본으로 인공교배한 후, 1995년 하계에 F1 15개체 양성, 1996년 하계에 F2 세대에서 집단선발 하였고 F3∼F5 세대를 집단육종법으로 양성한 뒤 F6 부터 계통육종법에 따라 우량계통을 선발 고정시켰다. 2002년부터 2003년까지 2년간 생산력검정 시험을 실시하였고 품위가 양호하며 밥맛이 좋은 SR21159-B-B-B-26-1을 선발하여 ‘수원495호’로 계통명을 부여한 후 2004년부터 2006년까지 3년 간 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 그 우수성이 인정되어 2006년 12월 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 국가목록등재품종으로 선정됨과 동시에 ‘청아’로 명명하였다. ‘청아’의 평균 출수기는 보통기 보비재배에서 8월 6일로 ‘화성벼’보다 4일 빠른 중생종이고, 간장 87 cm, 이삭길이 20 cm, 주당 수수 14개, 수당립수 106개, 등숙률 89.1%로 ‘화성벼’와 비슷한 특성이며, 현미천립중이 20.6 g으로 중립종이다. ‘청아’는 잎도열병, 흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3), 바이러스병 및 멸구류 등 병해충에 대한 저항성은 약하다. ‘청아’의 내냉성은 중강 정도였으며, 불시 출수는 ‘화성벼’보다 약한 경향으로 나타났다. 쌀 품질 특성에서 ‘청아’는 쌀 외관은 심복백이 거의 없이 외관품위가 우수하며, 이화학적 특성 중 아밀로스함량은 19.3%로 ‘화성벼’ 보다 낮은 편이다. ‘청아’의 쌀 수량성은 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배에서 평균 쌀 수량이 5.56 MT/ha로 ‘화성벼’보다 5% 증수되었다. ‘청아’의 재배적지는 중부평야, 남부중간지 및 중서부해안 지대이다.

The antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of sixteen samples were tested using 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) reactivity and TBARS substances assay in vitro. The methanol extracts of the rice brans from three wild rice -O. minuta, O. rufipogon, and O. barthii-were found to be the most effective in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The next effective ones were the rice brans of Heugjinjubyeo and leaves of Tapgolbori. When tested on lipid peroxidation using a lipid peroxidation generation system mediated by H2O 2 /Fe2+ in rat liver homogenates, the brans and hull of wild rice (O. minuta, O. rufipogon, and O. barthii) and rice bran of Heugjinjubyeo exhibited protective activities against lipid peroxidation in the order of effectiveness.s.

The cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) extracted from pigmented rice seeds in 0.5% TFA (Trifluoro acetic acid) -95% ethanol was separated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). A HPLC system using a Develosil ODS-5 column and 0.1 % TFA-H2O ～0.1 % TFA-CH3CN gradient elution was selected for separation and quantitative determination of C3G. Regression equation obtained for the standard content of C3G pigment was as Y=21.95293* X-14.726771 (r=0.99** ). Using this method, 326 domestic and introduced collections were evaluated for the C3G content. The Korean bred cultivar 'Heugjinjubyeo', showed highest C3G content (552 mg/100g seed) among the tested cultivars. Among the pigmented rice cultivars ten cultivars were selected for containing a high content of C3G. The content of C3G per 100g seeds was in high order as follows: Heugjinjubyeo (552mg)>Cheng Chang (321mg)>Kilimgeugmi (240mg)>PI160979-2 (224mg)>Hong Shei Lo (221mg)>Heugnambyeo (191 mg)>Mitak =PIl60979-1 (186mg)>Suwon425 (163mg)>Sanghaehyanghyeolla (108mg). The C3G pigment was not detected in the common white rice cultivars.