Grapevine l eaf rust (GLR) c aused b y Phakopsora euvitis diminishes fruit quality and reduces yield in viticulture, making it one of the world’s most significant fruit crop threats. To develop GLR-resistant grape varieties, substantial efforts have been made to select rust-resistant genes and determine effective strategies f or achieving durab le resistance in grapevines. This study aims to identify genetic resources resistant to GLR by investigating disease incidence in vineyards and symptom development in grapevines inoculated with pathogens. Fifty-seven genotypes from Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Vitis acerifolia, V. aestivalis, V. amurensis, V. cinerea, V. coignetiae, V. flexuosa, V. labrusca, V. labruscana, V. rotundifolia, and V. vinifera were evaluated for rust disease incidence over four years (2021 –2024) at Yeunganm University. Three plants per genotype were potted and sprayed with a pathogen suspension to assess disease incidence on their adaxial leaf surfaces in a greenhouse. Variation in resistance to GLR was observed among genotypes within each species. Resistant genotypes of V. coignetiae exhibited no symptoms on their leaves, while severe infections were noted in the leaves of susceptible genotypes of A. brevipedunculata, V. amurensis, V. flexuosa, V. labruscana, and V. vinifera. None of the tested V. rotundifolia genotypes displayed yellow pustules and remained unaffected for three weeks after artificial inoculation. These findings highlight the potential of V. rotundifolia and V. coignetiae as valuable genetic resources for breeding rust-resistant grapevines. Chlorophyll content was comparable across all uninfected genotypes. While resistant genotypes maintained relatively stable chlorophyll levels, the average chlorophyll content in the majority of susceptible genotypes was significantly lower following inoculation than before. This negative relationship indicates a general decline in photosynthetic capacity due to disease development in grapevines. Identifying resistant genotypes among both resistant and susceptible genotypes across different Vitis species provides crucial insights for developing new grape varieties with improved resistance to GLR.

본 연구는 동기부여 이론의 관점에서 인적자원관리 강도 인식(perceived HRM system strength)과 임 금수준이 이직 의도에 영향을 미치는 심리적 기제를 탐구하였다. 직무 만족도와 조직 동일시를 매개로 인사관리강도 인식과 임금수준의 영향을 확인함과 동시에, 고임금 집단과 저임금 집단으로 구분하여 임 금 수준이 양 집단간에 서로 다른 심리적 과정을 이끌어낼 수 있음을 주장한다. 연구 가설 검증을 위해 인적자본기업패널 2차 자료를 활용하였으며, 한국 기업 500개에 속한 2,566명의 표본을 대상으로 구조방 정식 모형 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 인사관리강도 인식과 실제 급여는 모두 직무 만족도 및 조직 동일시를 통해 이직 의도를 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 고임금 집단과 저임금 집단 간에는 경로의 패 턴에서 차이가 발견되었다. 고임금 집단에서는 급여가 직무 만족도에 영향을 미치지 않으면서도 이직 의 도를 직접적으로 낮추는 반면, 저임금 집단에서는 급여가 직무 만족도를 통해서만 이직 의도에 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 우리의 분석 결과는 임금이 외적 동기 요소로서 위생 요인이며, 인사관 리강도 인식은 내적 동기를 자극할 수 있는 관리적 전략임을 강력하게 시사하며 전통적 동기부여 이론의 시각과 맥락을 같이한다. 이 연구는 실무적 차원에서 인사관리강도 인식 관리가 중요하다는 점을 강조함 과 동시에 인사관리 정책 변화 관리에 중요한 실질적인 시사점을 제공한다.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) has been known as greater duckweed or great duckmeat. It is native inhabited in Korea. It is considered as a rich source of primary metabolites including protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Thus, it is considered as an alternative food source for the future. In addition, it has a strong phytoremediation capacity to remove various environmental pollutants, especially inorganic elements and pesticides. With a variety of duckweed’s application, there is an urgent need to develop a cultivation method for a sustainable supply of S. polyrhiza. In this study, an indoor vertical farm has been introduced to optimize duckweed cultivation. Indoor cultivated S. polyrhiza showed about 2-fold higher fresh weight than outdoor cultivated duckweed. Contents of inorganic elements were also significantly reduced in indoor cultivated S. polyrhiza. Especially, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) were approximately 10-fold decreased in indoor cultivated duckweed. On the other hand, contents of proteins and fats were significantly increased in indoor cultivated S. polyrhiza, while carbohydrates were found more in outdoor cultivated S. polyrhiza. Increasing N content in a homemade nutrition solution also enhanced fresh and dried weights of S. polyrhiza by about 1.8-fold in comparison with other commercial nutrition solutions. Proliferation rate (%) was doubled every 24 hours in this indoor vertical farm, indicating the accomplishment of a sustainable supply for S. polyrhiza. Further studies need to be undertaken to cultivate other duckweeds such as Wolffia arrhiza and Lemna minor using the same indoor farming system.

남방큰무당벌레(신칭)를 한국 미기록종으로 보고한다. 본 종은 국내 Harmornia속의 3종과는 둥글고 볼록한 체형, 앞가슴등판의 갈라진 점 모양, 각 딱지날개에 7개의 검은점이 1-3-2-1 배열로 나타나는 특징으로 쉽게 구별할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 Harmonia속의 종 검색표, 진단형질과 DNA바코드 정보를 제공하고자 한다.

Efficient yet realistic ship routing is critical for reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions. However, conventional weather-routing algorithms often produce mathematically optimal routes that conflict with the paths mariners use. This study presents a hybrid approach that constrains physics-based weather routing within an AISderived maritime traffic network (MTN) built from one year of global Automatic Identification System data. The MTN represents common sea lanes as a graph of approximately 10,956 waypoints (nodes) and 17,561 directed edges. Using this network, an optimal low-emission route is computed via graph search and then compared against both a traditional unconstrained route and an advanced weather-routing model (VISIR-2). In a May transitionseason case (Busan–Singapore voyage), the AIS-constrained route reduced fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions by about 1.9% relative to the fastest feasible route, while closely following real traffic corridors (over 90% overlap with actual 2024 AIS tracks). While this 1.9% saving does not reach the high-end potential of an unconstrained, state-of-the-art model like VISIR-2 (which can demonstrate double-digit savings in certain conditions), it is achieved with an increase in transit time of ~6.5 h (≈3.2%). This represents a crucial trade-off, prioritizing operational realism and adherence to real-world traffic corridors over maximum theoretical efficiency.

Stemflow (SF) is essential for water resources within forest ecosystems and can constitute up to half of the gross rainfall (GR), depending on the forest stand structures in coniferous plantations. Although numerous studies on SF yield have been reported globally for various forest types, very few studies on SF have been reported to examine the influence of forest stand structures on SF in Korea. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between SF and forest stand structures in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantations. Two study plots were established (10 m × 10 m each) in plantations with the same stem density (SD: 2500 stems ha-1) (hereafter P1 and P2). Almost all forest stand structures (canopy projection area, tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of live and dead branches, and ratio of canopy length to canopy width), including canopy volume using mobile LiDAR devices, were investigated. To evaluate the efficiency of funneling rainwater for the effect of tree biomass on SF, a funneling ratio (FR) was used. The present SF ratios (20.7% in P1 and 22.3% in P2) were much higher than those reported in previous studies of various forest types in Korea (SF ratios: 0.2–5.8% with a mean of 2.0%). This is due to the interaction between the high SD and many under-canopy dead branches. Individual-scale FR was correlated with DBH (R2 = 0.43). The present stand-scale FRs (FRstand) (22.3 in P1 and 29.2 in P2) were much higher than those reported in the previous studies (FRstand: 1.0–33.3 with a mean of 7.8) because of the negative relationship between FRstand and mean DBH (R2 = 0.78, p = 0.02). Our results provide useful information for understanding changes in SF caused by forest stand structures.

This study analyzes the fragmented landscape of global loot box regulations, which have emerged from a discourse predominantly focused on negative aspects such as gambling. The analysis reveals a variety of coexisting regulatory models—including prohibition under gambling law, mandatory disclosure, and self-regulation—that lack a unified standard and raise issues of practical effectiveness and reverse discrimination. Consequently, this paper argues for an urgent shift beyond a problem-solving approach toward balanced research that examines the positive functions of loot boxes for players and the industry ecosystem to inform rational policymaking.

This study evaluated the effects of solid and water-soluble extracts derived from torrefied Pinus densiflora on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) germination and growth, as well as the cultivation efficiency of torrefied materials combined with plant nutrient solutions. Torrefied samples were prepared under various conditions (200°C, 220°C, 240°C for 20–80 minutes) and mixed with sand at ratios from 20% to 100%. Liquid extracts were formulated with macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg) and micronutrients (Mn, B, Fe, Cu) and applied to leafy and root vegetables. Germination tests showed that 60% and 80% torrefied treatments had the highest and most consistent rates, with torrefied samples promoting more rapid and stable germination than controls. A two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between treatment and concentration (p = 0.043), suggesting concentration-specific effects. While shoot length showed no significant difference, root growth was marginally significant (p = 0.064), with washed torrefied material producing the longest roots. Physical analysis revealed that torrefied materials improved soil thermal retention and moisture-holding capacity. However, increasing torrefied content reduced porosity, likely due to fine particles filling soil pores. In conclusion, torrefied P. densiflora materials exhibit strong potential to enhance germination, root development, and soil condition. Optimal results were achieved with 40–60% solid mixtures for germination and 60–80% diluted extracts for rapid and consistent seedling growth. When optimally applied, they may serve as effective, sustainable amendments in cultivation systems.