줄똥풍뎅이속은 호흰개미성인 줄똥풍뎅이족에서 가장 많은 종수를 보유하고 있다. 국내에는 광양줄똥풍뎅이 한 종만이 기록되었으나 또 다 른 종인 Rhyparus helophoroides Fairmaire, 1893를 새로이 발견하여 보고한다. 본 종의 진단형질과 그 사진, 한국산 줄똥풍뎅이속의 검색표의 제 시와 함께 생태에 대한 간략한 정보를 제공한다.

국제해사기구(IMO, International Maritime Organization)를 중심으로 자율운항선박 도입을 대비한 해사안전 및 보안관련 국제 협약 을 제정하고 있다. 국내에서도 선급 및 산업체를 중심으로 자율운항시스템 기술개발에 착수하고 있으며 연안선박에서 발생하는 사고를 줄이기 위해 연안선박을 대상으로 하는 자율운항선박 기술적용 방안 연구가 진행되고 있다. 국내외적으로 자율운항선박에 대한 관심이 크게 증가하고 있으며 실제 개발된 기술의 검증을 위한 해상실증이 본격적으로 추진되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 연안선박에 적용하기 위한 디지털트윈 기술 관련 실증선박과 육상 플랫폼(원격지원센터)의 설계를 위한 기초연구를 진행하였다. 디지털트윈 기술을 선박에 적용하 기 위해 8m 소형 배터리 전기추진선박을 대상으로 선정하였으며, 선박과 육상 플랫폼 간 통신을 통해 선박 항해 및 운전 데이터가 서버 시스템에 저장되고 전기추진선박의 원격제어 명령이 가능한 디지털트윈 통합 플랫폼의 기본 설계를 진행하였다. 이러한 디지털트윈 기술 을 적용한 선박 성능관리, 운항 및 운영 최적화, 예지제어 등이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 위기상황에 대응이 가능한 안전하고 경제성 있는 디지털트윈 기술의 선박적용이 가능할 것이라 사료된다.

담낭암은 드물지만 치명적인 악성 종양으로 초기에는 증상이 없어 대부분의 담낭암이 늦게 진단되고, 급속하게 인접 장기로 전이되기 때문에 예후가 불량하다. 따라서 담낭암을 조기에 발견하는 경우는 드물고, 담낭담석이나 용종으로 수술적 절제를 시행한 후 우연히 발견되는 때가 대부분이다. 저자들은 급성 무결석 담낭염 환자에서 초음파 내시경을 통해 비교적 조기에 담낭관암을 발견하여 성공적으로 치료할 수 있었던 증례를 경험하였다. 이에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a new type of porous crystalline material that are constructed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding of organic building blocks to form twodimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) crystalline networks. High-quality HOF single crystals are easily grown for direct superstructure analysis using single crystal X-ray diffraction, which is essential for revealing the relationship between structure and properties. The unique advantages of HOF, such as high crystallinity, porosity and fast regeneration, have allowed it to be used in a variety of applications including catalysis and gas separation. Squaric acid (SQA) is a non-carboxylic, organic acid with proton donor and acceptor ability which is known to take on a variety of coordination modes with metal ions. Pyrazine is a six-membered aromatic heterocycle bearing two nitrogen atoms, which has sp2 hybridized C atoms with C-H hydrogen bonds. This work describes the synthesis and structural characteristics of HOF based on squaric acid and pyrazine. Based on single crystal X-ray diffraction data, this MOF crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. Each asymmetric unit is composed of H2SQ and pyrazine. All squaric acid molecules share one H atom with the N atom of pyrazine molecules. The layer distance between nearby O atoms from squaric acid in different layers equals 5.29 Å. Also, our HOF showed high adsorption capacity the during experiments. The composition and comparative characteristics of HOF are given using SCXRD, PXRD, SEM and UV-vis.

In Korea, 483,102 assemblies of spent fuel have been discharged and stored in sites, as of 2019. However, total capacity for site storage is 529,748 assemblies, and more than 90% is already saturated. Wolsong site, the most saturated site, started to construct more dry storage to extend the capacity in 2020. Spent fuel and high-level waste (HLW) is a big concern in Korean nuclear industry. Then, master plan for management of spent fuel is once announced by Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) in 2016 and reviewed by civil committee in 2019. The core contents of the plan are establishing schedule for construction of HLW management facility in one area, and construction of temporary dry storage in each site, if unavoidable. For HLW management facility, there are three following schedules: siting of Underground Research Laboratory (URL) and Interim Storage by 2020, operation of facilities initiated by 2030, and operation of final disposal facility initiated by 2050. Final repository will be designed as deep geological repository. The concept of deep geological disposal is that spent nuclear fuel is placed in disposal containers that can withstand corrosion and pressure in long-term, permanently isolated from the human sphere of life, and dumped in deep geological media, such as crystalline rocks and clay layer, at a depth of 300 to 1,000 meters underground. The safety assessment of waste disposal sites focuses on determining whether the disposal sites meet the safety requirements of national regulatory authority. This safety assessment evaluates the potential radiation dose of radionuclides from the disposal site to humans or the environment. In this case, the calculation is performed assuming that all engineering barriers of the disposal site have collapsed in a long-term period. Then radionuclides are released from the waste, and migrated in groundwater. The dose resulting from the release and migration of radionuclides on the concentration of nuclides in groundwater. In general, metallic nuclides may exist in water in various ionic states, but some form colloids. This colloid allows more nuclides to exist in water than in solubility. Therefore, more doses may occur than we know generally predict. To determine the impact of colloids, we performed the safety assessment of the Yucca Mountain repository as an example.

Anderson-type polyoxometalate (POM) with general formula of [Hy(XO6)M6O18]n- (y=0-6, n=2-8, M=addenda atom, X=heteroatom) represents one of the basic topological structures among POM-type family. Anderson-type POMs have a planar arrangement and two terminal oxygen atoms attached to each addenda metal atom unlike other type. Thus, the Anderson-type POMs have high reactivity and various coordination modes. The various multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid materials can be synthesized using the Anderson-type POMs as an inorganic building block. Another important feature of the Anderson-type POMs is the incorporation of the heteroatoms with various sizes and oxidation states, which can lead to tune chemical properties. No Anderson-type POMs with early transition metal ions in the heteroatom site have been reported previously. Recently, we reported the synthesis of titanium-containing Anderson-type POM, Na2K6Ti0.92W6.08O24∙12H2O (Ti-POM), which consists of pure inorganic framework built from a central Ti atom surrounded by six WO6 inorganic scaffold. Herein, in-depth studies were conducted to find optimal synthesis conditions such as composition and pH. The success of synthesis was confirmed with Powder X-ray Diffraction that the Ti-POM has a rhombohedral structure with space group of R-3m (No. 166) when the TiOSO4·xH2SO4∙yH2O/ Na2WO4∙2H2O molar ratio is in the range of 0.07 to 0.33. But outside of this range, other unwanted phases coexist. In a basic condition (pH=12), a single-phase Ti-POM with good crystallinity can be obtained, while a Keggin-type POM, NaxK10-x(H2W12O42), was formed through the decomposition of Ti-POM at pH lower than 7.

Since 2015, the IAEA has been implementing inspections by changing the paradigm from a nuclear facility level perspective to state level approach in order to enhance effectiveness/efficiency, and random inspections have become a major means of paradigm conversion. From this point of view, Safeguards Division analyzed the implementation status of random inspection conducted in ROK over the past five years by type, facility, and year, and predict the future implementation direction. A total of 106 random inspections have been implemented in ROK over the past five years (2017- 2021). When classified by random inspection type, 20 Short Notice Random Inspections (SNRI), 9 Short Notice Inspections (SNI), 34 Unannounced Inspections (UI), and 43 Random Interim Inspections (RII) were performed, of which RII accounted for the largest proportion with about 40.6%. IAEA conducts customized random inspections according to the characteristics of each nuclear facility. In the past five years, 34 cases of LWR, 20 cases of Bulk Handling Facility, 22 cases of CANDU, 30 cases of random inspections were implemented at R&D facilities, with the largest proportion of LWR. In connection with this, as a result of analyzing the current status of random inspections by year, 19 cases in 2017, 21 cases in 2018, 20 cases in 2019, 19 cases in 2020, and 27 cases in 2021 were implemented, especially in 2021, an increase of about 40% compared to the previous year. In conclusion, the IAEA is increasing the proportion of random inspections every year in line with the updated SLA, and this stance is expected to be maintained in the future. This can be seen as proof that randomized tests are showing an increasing trend even in the COVID-19 pandemic situation that has occurred since December 2019. and, In the case of LWR, it is expected that the form of random inspection may vary depending on the direction of IAEA’s SLA improvement. Through these analyses, it is expected that the direction of future safeguards policy can be established.

Kori unit 1, Korea’s first light-water nuclear power plant, was permanently shut down in June 2017. The operator, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. (KHNP), submitted a final dismantling plan for Kori unit 1 to the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) in May 2021. Pursuant to this procedure, the NSSC is preparing regulations for the decommissioning stage of large nuclear facilities for the first time in the Republic of Korea. The Korea Institute of Nuclear Non-proliferation and Control (KINAC) is also considering applying regulations on safeguards. Moreover, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) developed the “International Safeguards Guidelines for Nuclear Facilities under Decommissioning” in 2021. The guidelines describe the detailed application of safeguards measures to be considered when decommissioning nuclear facilities, dismantling essential equipment, and providing relevant information to the IAEA, as well as the scope of IAEA inspections. In addition, Dr. R. Bari of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) proposed the Facility Safeguardability Assessment (FSA), a methodology that reflects facility characteristics from the design stage to ensure that designers, national regulators, and the IAEA communicate smoothly regarding safeguards measures. The FSA process derives expected problems with safeguards measures considering new nuclear facilities by analyzing the gap of safeguards measures applied to existing similar nuclear facilities. This study uses the existing FSA methodology to predict problems related to safeguards measures when decommissioning nuclear facilities and to analyze deviations from safeguards measure requirements according to IAEA guidelines. To this end, the reference facility is set as an operating pressurized light water reactor; the issues with the safeguards measures are summarized using the FSA Process; and a draft safeguards concept for nuclear facilities under decommissioning is designed. Furthermore, validity is confirmed through a simple analysis of the diversion path, and implications and lessons are derived. Through this, it is possible to anticipate new safeguards measures to be applied when decommissioning nuclear facilities in the Republic of Korea and review problems and considerations in advance.

The purpose of the present research is to verify the design characteristics of the SMART facility for the application of the IAEA’s safeguards-by-design (SBD) concept to small modular reactor (SMR) and to establish a foundation for SBD to be faithfully implemented as early as possible from the design stage. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is planning to facilitate the verification activities of inspectors by developing a safeguards approach to the reactor as early as possible and preparing a safeguards technical report (STR) before commercial operation of SMR begins. To this end, the IAEA is developing various approaches to the application of SBD to SMR with countries such as Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, China, the United States, and Canada through the Member State Support Program (MSSP). In order to review the unique design information of SMART facilities, the only deployable SMR in Korea, and to establish safeguards from the early design stages of SMART, it is necessary to carry out the task through cooperation with the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control (KINAC). IAEA agreed with the KINAC and KAERI to the direction of the project and to prepare both the Design Information Questionnaire (DIQ) and the Safeguards Technical Report (STR) for SMART facilities sequentially. The DIQ is a collection of questions to understand the characteristics of the reactor facilities that must be considered in applying safeguards. The STR is a document referenced by IAEA inspectors when verifying safeguards. Those draft versions were prepared and submitted to the IAEA. After review opinions were received, additional revision was conducted. In 2022, the IAEA holds the consultancy meeting on SBD for SMART. The purpose of the meeting is to review the draft DIQ and STR prepared by designers and discuss the future work plan of the task with designer and the task point of contact in order to safeguards can be considered at the early stage of the design. The results will be beneficial to the efficient safeguards verification activities of IAEA inspectors in the future.

Norflurazon is widely used on agricultural lands and has a high potential to pollute water sources. However, its effects on fish have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of our study was to determine whether norflurazon adversely affects the developmental stage of zebrafish, which are frequently used as a model system to evaluate the environmental impact of pollutants. Norflurazon interfered with the hatching of zebrafish embryos and induced several sublethal deformities including body length reduction, increased yolk sac volume, and enlargement of the pericardial region. We further examined the cardiotoxicity of norflurazon in the flk1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish line. The vascular network, mainly in the brain region, was significantly disrupted in norflurazon-exposed zebrafish. In addition, due to the failure of cardiac looping, norflurazon-exposed zebrafish had an abnormal cardiac structure. These developmental abnormalities were related to the apoptotic process triggered by norflurazon. Overall, the present study demonstrated the non-target toxicity of norflurazon by analyzing the hazardous effects of norflurazon on developing zebrafish.

Mecoprop-p, a chlorophenoxy herbicide, has been widely used since the 1980s. Due to its high water solubility, it could be detected in the aquatic environment, as it has already been detected in the surface water or groundwater in several countries. The toxicity of other chlorophenoxy herbicides has been reported; however, there are few studies on the toxicity of mecoprop-p, one of the chlorophenoxy herbicides, on aquatic organisms. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of mecoprop-p using zebrafish. After mecoprop-p exposure, we observed that the zebrafish larvae eyes did not form normally, heart edema was generated, and the body length was shortened. The number of cells undergoing apoptosis also increased in the anterior part including head, heart, and yolk sac of the mecoprop-p-treated zebrafish compared to the untreated controls. Moreover, cardiovascular structures, including the heart and aortic arches, were also malformed after exposure to mecoprop-p. Therefore, our results suggest that mecoprop-p could cause abnormal development in zebrafish larvae and there is also a high possibility that mecoprop-p would be toxic to other aquatic organisms.