본 논문의 목적은 『짜라까상히타』에 나타난 마음의 속성 및 작용 등의 분석을 통해 마음의 의미 에 대해 고찰해 보는 것이다. 인도 전통 의학인 아유르베다는 마음과 신체는 행복과 질병의 바탕을 이루는 것으로 본다. 현대 서양의학에서는 오랫동안 방치했던 마음의 중요성을 상기시키는 대목이다. 아유르베다의 3대 의서 중의 하나인 『짜라까상히타』는 내과를 주로 다룬 의서이며, 아유르베다의 우주론과 생명관 등의 철학 사상, 특히 마음에 관한 내용을 많이 다루고 있다. 『짜라까상히타』에서 “인간의 생명은 마음, 신체, 감각기능, 그리고 영혼의 결합”이라고 정의하고, “마음-영혼-신체의 결합 은 모든 것을 이루는 기초이다”라고 본다. 심리적으로 개인의 기질을 이루는 3구나의 우세 정도에 따 라 마음의 유형을 16가지로 세밀하게 분석하고, 정신장애를 다루기 위한 심리치료도 제시한다. 신체 와 마음에 대한 불행은 전적으로 무지 때문이며, 전체적인 행복은 ‘올바른 지식’에 의지한다고 강조한 다

V. vulnificus는 그람음성의 호염성균으로 감염 되었을 경우, 복통과 발열 등의 급성 위장염을 일으키며 만성질환자에게 급성 패혈증을 일으키는 매우 높은 치사율의 식중 독균이다. 식품 중에서 V. vulnificus를 분석하는 방법으로 는 TCBS agar와 같은 선택배지를 이용하는 방법과 PCR 을 이용한 방법이 있으나 온도, 염 및 pH 등과 같은 환경요인에 민감한 V. vulnificus의 특성을 고려하였을 때 정확한 균수 정량을 위한 정량분석법 확립의 필요성이 요구된 다. 본 연구에서는 배지 및 염 차이에 따른 V. vulnificus 생육 특성 차이에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과, V. vulnificus 균수 정량분석에 APW 증균 배양을 이용한 MPNPCR 방법이 적합하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 방법은 해수뿐만 아니라 어패류 등의 시료에서 V. vulnificus 균수 정 량분석에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 기대된다.

산형과 식물의 종자는 형태생리학적 휴면을 하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 형태생리학적 휴면은 배가 미숙하고 생리적으로 휴면상태인 종자휴면중의 하나이다. 본 연구는 산형과의 세 종, 갯기름나물, 고본, 갯방풍 종자의 휴면타파와 발아에 미치는 온도, 광, 화학물질의 효과에 대하여 조사하였으며 그 결 과는 다음과 같다. 1. 본 시험에 사용된 종자의 크기는 길이 5.57 - 9.7 mm, 폭 3 - 7 mm 범위였고, 천립중은 갯기름나물 0.50 g, 고본 0.21 g, 갯방풍 17.53 g 이었다. 2. 예냉, 광, GA3, KNO3, 그리고 온도조건을 달리하여 전처리를 실시한 결과, 갯기름나물, 고본, 갯방풍의 최대 발아율은 각각 62.6%, 43.3%, 36.4%였다. 3. 갯기름나물은 4oC에서 7일 동안 예냉처리 하였을때 휴면 타파와 발아에 가장 효과적이었고 GA3의 저온 대체효과는 없었으며 20oC 항온조건에서 발아에 적합하였다. 4. 고본의 경우도 갯기름나물과 유사하게 4oC에서 7일간 예냉처리 하였을때 효과적이었으며 GA3와 KNO3 처리는 휴면타파에 효과가 없었다. 갯기름나물과 고본 두 종은 휴면타파와 발아를 위해 저온을 필요로 하였다. 5. 갯방풍은 GA3 200 mgL−1 처리가 발아에 효과적이었고 15/20oC(16/8h) 변온조건과 20oC 암조건에서 비교적 잘 발아하였다.

The objective of the current study was to determine acute plasma stress responses in two size groups of juvenile Epinephelus akaara (average body weight: 8.4±2.1 and 3.3±0.6 g; 150 and 120 days after hatch, respectively) exposed to abrupt salinity drops (from 34 practical salinity unit, PSU seawater to 18, 10 PSU (experiment 1) or 26, 18, 10 PSU (experiment 2), respectively). Plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, red blood cell counts, and gill histology were determined during 72 h exposure. Significantly increased plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase levels, and red blood cell counts were observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU. Histological changes, such as hyperplasia and lifting of epithelium in the gill secondary lamellae, were also observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU at 72 h post-drop. E. akaara exposed to sudden salinity drops to 18 or 10 PSU still seems to undergo the primary adjustment phase before fish reaches a new homeostasis, whereas fish exposed to 26 PSU seems to mount osmotic changes. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect levels for 72 h acute salinity challenge was 26 PSU in our study, and salinity drop to 18 PSU and below can possibly cause acute adverse effect, in which fish could be vulnerable to additional stresses such as a temperature changes or handling stress.

We sought to identify optimal temperatures for aquaculture of juveniles at a length of 7.2 cm ± 0.1 cm. The impact of four temperatures (20℃, 24℃, 28℃, and 32℃) on feeding rate, growth performance, and stress responses (i.e., blood cortisol, glucose, alanine transaminase [ALT], and aspartate transaminase [AST] content) of juvenile red-spotted grouper was measured over a period of 6 wks. Red-spotted grouper had significantly higher final body weight (g) at 24℃ and 28℃ than at 20℃ or 32℃, and greater percentage body weight increase/day at 24℃ than at 28℃. There were significant differences in feeding rate, depending on the number of weeks. The 6-wk feeding rate was highest at 28℃, followed by 32℃, 24℃, and 20℃, while the lowest feed conversion ratio occurred at 24℃, followed by 28℃, 32℃, and 20℃. After 6 wks, there were no significant differences in plasma cortisol or AST levels. However, there were significant increases in plasma glucose and ALT levels at 32℃ compared to at 20℃. Although red-spotted grouper at 32℃ did not show a significant increase in blood cortisol levels, our results suggested that at 32℃ the red-spotted grouper experiences high energy-demand (i.e., high glucose level) and stress (i.e., high ALT), especially in the liver. Based on body weight, % body weight increase/day, feed conversion ratio, and stress indicators, the optimal temperature for aquaculture of red-spotted grouper was ~24℃. Additional studies at temperatures between 24℃ and 28℃ will be required to identify the exact optimal temperature for juvenile red-spotted grouper culture.

Momordica charantia L. is a valuable food and medicinal plant of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Physicochemical properties of M. charantia based on cultivars, parts and growing stage were investigated. Crude protein contents of leaf were 27.5%, 26.9%, and 23.6% in native leaf (NL), cv. Erabu leaf (EL), and cv. Dragon leaf (DL), respectively. In particular, the crude protein content was the highest in leaves. The crude fat content was in the order of developmental stage 1 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF1) and developmental stage 1 of native fruit (NF1) with values of 4.0%, and 3.9%, respectively. There was also high amount of crude fiber in stem of all three cultivars. The crude ash content was in the order of cv. Erabu leaf, cv. Dragon leaf, and developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3) with values of 23.2%, 17.4%, and 13.6%, respectively. The major minerals found in M. charantia were K, Ca, and Mg. The potassium contents of developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3), developmental stage 3 of cv. Dragon fruit (DF3), cv. Dragon stem (DS), and developmental stage 2 of native fruit (NF2) were 498.37, 339.21, 314.30, and 307.34 ㎎ /100g, respectively, while the calcium contents were decreased of EL, DL, and NL with values of 513.45, 371.69, and 209.43 ㎎/100g, respectively. The calcium content was higher in leaves and stems than fruits. On the otherhand, the highest magnesium content was measured in EL (69.92 ㎎/100g). The highest contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were found in NL (442.9 ㎎/100g dw), EL (759.6 ㎎/100g dw), and EL (1164.9 ㎎/100g dw), respectively. The vitamin C contents from developmental stage 2 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF2), NF3, developmental stage 3 of cv. Erabu on fruit (EF3), and NF2 were found with values of 2849.9, 2330.5, 1985.1, and 1844.5 ㎎/㎏, respectively, and found to be higher in Korean cultivar and Erabu fruit than in Dragon. The charantin contents of leaf were higher than the fruit found to be 547.71, 506.04 and 395.62 ㎍/g dw in DL, EL and EF2, respectively. According to the results, mineral contents, total chlorophyll and charantin contents of M. charantia were higher in the leaves (EL and DL) than the fruits. And, vitamin C content was the highest in the fruit (EF2 and EF3). Therefore, much more research needs to be undertaken to use of the leaves as well as fruits. The data showed that M. charantia can be considered a good source of nutrient for application in food system.