The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of drip irrigation volume on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in a greenhouse using perlite medium. Plants were treated by three different irrigation treatment I0, I25, and I50 (where irrigation volume of I25 and I50 was 25% and 50% higher than I0, having limited or no leaching). Growth characteristics of plants, yield and water use efficiency were measured. The result showed that plant height, leaf length and leaf width were lowest in the I0 treated plants. However, these parameters were not statistically significant differences between the plants that were grown in the I25 and I50 treatment. Soluble solids content, acidity and dry matter of 111th, 132nd, and 143rd days harvested tomato were higher in the plants irrigated with lowest volume (I0) than the higher volume (I25 or I50). In addition, water content was lower in the 111th and 132nd days of harvested tomatoes from the I0 treatment. The number of big-size tomatoes (>180 g) was significantly higher in the I25 irrigated plants. There was no significant difference in the total number of harvested fruits among the treatments. The average fruit weight and total yield of harvested tomatoes were lowest in the I0 treated plants. The water consumption of tomato was not significantly different amongst the treatments but water use efficiency was lowest in the I0 treatment. Principal component analysis revealed that total soluble solid and acidity of tomato showed a positive correlation between each other. These results suggest that I25 was the optimum irrigation treatment for tomato based on its measured growth characteristics, yield and water use efficiency.

본 연구에서는 국내 시판되고 있는 진피차 10종을 무작위로 구매하여 외관 및 기본 정보와, 각 티백을 80oC의 열수 100 mL에서 5분간 침출한 용액의 당도, pH, 적정 산도, 환원당 함량, Vitamin C 함량, 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량을 분석하였다. 진피차 10종은 모두 100% 진피를 사용했으며 첨가물이 들어있지 않았다. 당도와 산도는 진피를 많이 함유한 T10에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 동일한 제조사 제품의 경우 외관상 입자크기가 큰 제품에서 당도값이 높게 나타났다. pH는 일정한 경향이 나타나지 않았으며 이는 원료 및 제조공정의 차이로 인한 것으로 생각된다. 환원당 함량과 Vitamic C 함량은 진피 함유량이 증가할수록 함량이 높아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 8.69-33.42 mg GAE/100 mL의 범위에서 진피 함유량이 높을수록 총 폴리페놀 함량이 높게 나타났다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 T10에서 가장 높은 값을 보였고, T1이 가장 낮은 값을 나타냈으며 총 폴리페놀 함량 결과와 유사한 경향 을 보였다. 본 연구에서 진피차는 중량, 입자크기에 따라 이화학 특성이 달라진다는 것을 확인하였으며 이외에도 원료나 제조공정에 따른 차이가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이를 바탕으로 진피차의 품질향상 및 신제품 개발 시기초정보로 활용하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 시판 진피차를 시료로 이용했기 때문에 명시된 정보 이외에 품질 특성에 관여하는 건조방법, 귤 품종, 재배지역에 관한 정보는 알 수 없었다. 따라서 이러한 조건에 따른 진피차의 품질특성에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

The CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates chemotaxis and effector functions of immune cells. It also serves as the major co-receptor for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently, CCR5 inhibitors have been developed and used for the treatment or prevention of HIV infections. Additionally, it has been identified that CCR5 controls bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclastogenesis and the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, the effects of CCR5 inhibition on bone tissue in elderly patients are unknown. This study aimed to examine the bone phenotype of aged CCR5 knockout (KO) mice. Femoral and tibial bones were isolated from 12-month and 18-month old wild-type (WT) and CCR5 KO mice, and microcomputed tomography and histology analyses were performed. Twelve-month-old CCR5 KO mice exhibited a decreased trabecular bone mass and cortical bone thickness in both femoral and tibial bones compared with agematched WT mice. Eighteen-month-old mice also showed a decreased trabecular bone mass in femurs compared with control WT mice, but not in tibial bones. Unlike in 12-month-old mice, the cortical margin of femurs and tibias in 18-month-old mice were rough, likely because they were aggravated by the deficiency of CCR5. Overall, our data suggest that the deficiency of CCR5 with aging can cause severe bone loss. When CCR5 inhibitors or CCR5 inactivating technologies are used in elderly patients, a preventive strategy for bone loss should be considered.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been used to control pest as alternative to chemical pesticide. To kill the pest entomopathogenicfungi penetrate cuticle of pest, reach the hemocoel and utilize nutrient of host pest. Finally fungi kill the host by consumingthe host nutrient and physically damaging the tissues. But these process of fungi to control pest is needed so much timeand this point is a disadvantage for fungi. Therefore we studied other application method of fungi to control pest. Weconducted behavior test of beet armyworm to Isaria fumosoroseus which is high virulent against beet armyworm. Adultof the beet armyworm avoided oviposition at Chinese cabbage treated with I. fumosoroseus compare to control and otherhigh pathogenic isolate, Metarhizium anisopliae and this repellency of I. fumosoroseus lasted for 5days in greenhouse.Behavior of larvae to I. fumosoroseus also investigated with choice and non-choice test. Third to fifth instar larvae detectedand avoided fungi. Repellent behavior of larvae to fungi was more noticeable in younger larvae. This result may be usedto prevent the infestation of moth in crop production.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been used as important part of integrated pest management program to control aphid. In particular, Beauveria bassiana was distributed throughout the world including temperate and tropical area, various habitats from alpine soil, desert soil to running water and both insect and plant. Especially the fungus has also been isolated from the surface and the interior of plants and act as natural control agent. Viability of fungi on the plant surface may be influenced by temperature, humidity, sunlight and plant type as well as fungal isolate. Persistence of treated fungal control agent on phylloplane and control efficacy may differ from environmental conditions and isolates. In this study, we investigated the persistence of an B. bassiana which is developing as prototype wettable powder to control cotton aphid, and the residual efficacy of the prototype on cucumber under three different greenhouse conditions.

Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Gloever is one of the major pests on a wide range of economically important crops in the world. The sustained use of chemical insecticides to control the aphid has led to the emergence of resistant strains to numerous used insecticides. As an alternative strategy entomopathogenic fungi have been used as part of integrated pest management program to control aphid, especially insecticide-resistance population. In particular, Beauveria bassiana-based commercial bio-insecticide has been used to reduce the pest population under greenhouse conditions in various countries. In this study, we investigated the control efficacy of a prototype of commercial mycopesticide using an B. bassiana (wettable powder) against cotton aphid on potted cucumber plant in greenhouse conditions.

Various arthropods have directly and indirectly threatened human life by transmitting human pathogens such as malaria and Zika virus as well as by damaging crops such as direct feeding and transmission of plant pathogens. According to WHO, vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases and there are over 1 million deaths from the diseases such as malaria, dengue, etc., globally. About 13% of total crop production is destroyed by agricultural pests during crop production and storage. To control medical or agricultural pests chemical pesticides have been used, but recently because of concerns about environmental pollution and human health the demands for eco-friendly control method are increasing. Insect pathogens are good alternative candidates instead of chemicals. Over 50 entomopathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes are now commercially used as microbial pesticides. Entomopathogenic fungi have also been evaluated as control agents for a diverse insect pests such as aphid, moth, thrip, whitefly, mosquitoes, tick, etc. We will discuss a development of microbial pesticides using, especially, entomopathogenic fungi to control noxious arthropods to agricultural crops and human.

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura are the three most serious pests of many economically important crops such as cruciferous crops, various vegetables and ornamental plants. Because these pests are known to be resistant to lots of chemical insecticides, integrated control using both or either entomophathogen and/or natural enemy is thought to be an attractive alternative for effective control. One of the obstacles using and expanding mycopesticide is narrow host ranges. At commercial farms, cultivating crops are seriously damaged by various Lepidopteran pests. Farmers want to use a microbial control agent which can control various host insects to reduce cost and labor. In previous study, we selected two entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, which shown high virulence against beet armyworm. For wide use of the isolates in farm, we tested its host ranges, especially to diamondback moth and tobacco cutworm, which also are serious pest in Korea. The two isolates were shown a good control effect in leaf disc bioassy.

Various insect pests and plant disease can outbreak in a field. For the effective control of pests and plant diseases during crop cultivation, farmers simultaneously or sequentially spray various eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM), chemical pesticides and microbial control agents on the same fields. It was reported that many agrochemicals are harmful to entomopathogenic fungi, especially some fungicides with broad spectrum activity that are routinely applied for the control of plant diseases. In addition, some pesticides may antagonize the potential insecticidal activity and efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore, sometimes the utilization of fungal entomopathogen in forestry and agricultural production is limited because of the undesirable interference from some fungicides and pesticides. There is little research that examines the compatibility of these EFAMs with entomopathogenic fungi and the influence of EFAMs on the control efficacy of mycopesticides. We conducted a study of influence of pretreated eco-friendly agricultural materials on control efficacy of Isaria javanica isolate against sweet potato whitefly.

Microbe have been considered as potential control agents for pest, as alternative to chemical control methods. Among entomopathogens, fungi cause the mortality by penetrating the cuticle of pest and/or by metabolites such as toxin. Not only this direct control effect of fungi, but repellency of fungi also may be used to prevent the pest. Repellence effect of fungi is considered as inhibitory factor to control termite. A study was reported in Japan that termite was able to detect and remove the conidia of fungi on their surface. The termite can escape from fungal infection and protect their colony. There is few study that insect pest such as moth can detect and avoid the virulence fungi. Therefore, we has been conducting the detection and avoidance of beet armyworm to high pathogenic fungi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Adult of the beet armyworm avoided oviposition at Chinese cabbage treated with P. fumosoroseus compare to control. This result may be used to prevent the infestation of moth in crop production.

Entomopathogenic fungus is a useful control agent to sucking type insect such as whitefly and aphid. The fungi are influenced by some environmental factors such as relative humidity, temperature and UV and cause slow and fluctuation in pest control efficacy. Especially, UV kills conidia or spores of entomopathogenic fungi and a mycopesticide using fungi has short control period in field. UV intensity changes from season to season. Survival rate of entomopathognic fungi treated may differ from seasons and will show different control efficacy. Therefore, we conducted a study to estimate the persistence of an Isaria javanica isolate, which was already reported as sweet potato whitefly control agent, in potted greenhouse soil planted different crops. The number of survival spore decreased gradually and differ from seasons.

As ubiquitous organisms entomopathogenic fungi may natually occur within environment including phylloplanes and soil or deposite and survive for a while after spraying a fungal suspension to control insect pest. The existence of pathogenic fungi is a threat to arthropods foraging for food and oviposition sites. The detection and avoidance of pathogens is important for host survival, longevity and ultimate fitness. Although entomopathogenic fungi are ubiquitous worldwide and act as common natural enemies of many invertebrate species, very few studies have conducted abiut the detection and avoidance of pathogenic fungi by insect pest. We have studied that an insect pest can recognize a high virulence fungi on crop surface, avoid oviposition and don’t enter the field treated their pathogen.

Entomopathogenic fungi are natural enemies of insect pests and contribute to the natural regulation of their host populations. These fungal group are often used as active ingredients for microbial insect pest control. In addition, the potential antimicrobial effect by entomopathogenic fungi including Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium spp., and Isaria fumosorosea have recently been reported against fungal plant pathogens. Dual microbial control effects with entomopathogenic fungi against both aphids and cucumber powdery mildew had reported in Canada. In our previous studies we conducted bioassay with entomopathogenic fungi to develop dual microbial control agent which can control both aphid and fungal plant disease. We selected an Beauveria bassiana isolate which has high dual control effects against both cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and sclerotinia rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In this study, we have tested the dual control efficacy of the B. bassiana isolate against cotton aphid and sclerotinia rot on whole potted cucumber plants. We found that the B. bassiana isolate protected the plant from cotton aphid and sclerotinia rot under laboratory condition.

Insect pests have been a serious problem over many years and remain a major threat for food production. Although chemical pesticides are major pest control strategies, use of microorganisms such as entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes have continuously increase last few decades to minimize the use of agrichemicals. According to BBC research, the global biocontrol market was about $2.1 billion in 2011, and this is expected to rise $3 ~ 4 billion by 2017. Over 50 entomopathogens are commercially produced and used augmentatively as microbial pesticides. About 175 biopesticide active ingredients and 700 products have been registered worldwide. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium spp., nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Steinernema spp. are the most popular control agents used in plant protection. Among the microbial control agents Bt products have more than 50% of market share. In Korea, only 13 environmentally-friendly crop protectants were registered for insect pest control in 2015. Market share is very low and has grown slowly. We will discuss how we can expand the market with our techniques.

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua is difficult to control using chemical insecticides because of the development of insecticide resistance. Various control agents may use for eco-friendly beet armyworm managements, Entomopathogenic fungus is one of the promising control agents as an alternative to chemical control agent. At previous study we isolated a number of entomopathogenic fungi from soil samples and selected three entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae FT83, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus FG340 and Metarhizium anisopliae FG344 which had high virulence against larva of beet armyworm. To select an isolate having high virulence at high temperature against S. exigua, thermophilic pest, we conducted bioassay at five different temperatures(15, 20, 25, 30, 35℃). These three isolates showed the high mortality and low LT50 at 30℃. To select substrate for mass production these isolates were inoculated(5×10⁴/㎖, 20㎖) at barley, unpolished rice, wheat bran and rice bran and incubated for 14 days at 25℃. Wheat bran showed highest conidia production of M. anisopliae FT83 and P. funosoroseus FG340 and barley was suitable for M. anisopliae FG344.

Various insect pests infest crops including vegetables and ornamentals during crop production. Chemical pesticides have generally used until recently to control pests. Many pests are very difficult to control using organic pesticides because of the development of insecticide resistance and their rapid population increase. Entomopathogens are the promising alternative control methods. Entomopathogenic fungi are good candidates to control sucking insects such as aphid, whitefly and mite because the fungi can infect without ingestion. Conidia or blastospores of fungal entomopathogens are sprayed onto target plant and/or insect, adhered on insect surfaces, and penetrated into hemocoel through insect cuticle. Then the fungus utilize insect nutrients and kill the host insect. During this process, fungus was influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature, relative humidity and UV light. These are causing slow mortality and preventing wider application and use of mycopescitide using entomopathogenic fungi. In addition, control efficacy with fungal entomopathogen differed fungal isolate and host insect. Therefore, we need to study selection of high virulence isolate, mass production, formulation and application techniques to develop mycopesticide.

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua are difficult to control using chemical insecticides because of the development of insecticide resistance. For eco-friendly beet armyworm managements, various control agents are required. Entomopathogenic fungus is one of promise control agents as an alternative to chemical control agent. We isolated entomopathogenic fungi from soil samples of suwon by insect-bait method using Galleria mellonella and conducted bioassay to larva of beet armyworm. As a result of bioassay isolate FG274, FG340, FG344 had high virulence as 100% against second instar larva of S. exigua. To identify the fungus isolates, their’s morphological characteristic was observed and ITS of 18srRNA was sequenced. ITS sequence of FT274, 340, 344 were highly matched (100%) to that of Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae. To investigate the optimal concentration, three isolates were sprayed at three different concentration(1×106 ,107 and 108 conidia/㎖) in laboratory conditions. 나타내었다.

Use of conidia or spores of entomopathogenic fungi are influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity and caused slow and fluctuation of mortality. In addition, although the fungi have the advantage of a restricted host range, this specificity is one of the limiting factors for their use. These factors are preventing wider application and use of these biocontrol agents. To mitigate such problems we selected an Beauveria bassiana Bb08 which kill green peach aphid with its liquid culture filtrate. In this study we conducted bioassay with the fungal culture filtrate and culture fluid to greenhouse pests such as cotton aphid, whitefly and thrips. Culture fluid showed high mortality against green peach aphid, as well as cotton aphid, sweet potato whitefly, and western flower thrips. However, control effect of culture filtrate varied with pests. Culture filtrate showed high mortality to cotton aphid. Mortality of western flower thrips with culture filtrate was slower than culture fluid including spores and sweet potato whitefly was much lower. These results indicated that the culture fluid of Beauveria bassiana Bb08 has potential to simultaneously control various greenhouse pests.