In organic agriculture, various cover-crops have been used to control weeds. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schred. (Eolchigiwandu) which is native to on major insect pests of pepper. Redpepper seedlings at 8 leaves stage were transplanted in 20th May 2009 into experimental field located in the farm of the department of agricultural biology, Suwon, Korea. A cover-crop cultivation plot was compared with a control plot mulched by black plastic-film. Density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, were surveyed ten times from 21 days after transplanting (DAT) to 82 DAT. Fifty and forty pepper plants were sampled to count the density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm per a plant, respectively. In current study, three aphid species namely, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae were collected. Overally, the density of aphids on pepper in the control plot was higher than the cover-crop plot. Especially, aphid density increased up to 67.44±26.8 in early stage of control plot, whereas aphid was not found in cover-crop plot. The rate of fruit damage by oriental tobacco budworm was significantly higher in the cover-crop plot than the control plot in early stage of pepper, however damaged fruit rate of pepper in the control plot was significantly higher since the middle of July.

The devastating insect pests of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were surveyed in environmentally friendly (no-pesticide and organic) greenhouses located in the provinces of Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Chungcheong and Jeju. Whitefly, leaf miner, aphid and moth were recorded as the major pests in these surveys. Among them, whitefly was the most serious pest of greenhouse cultivated tomato and major species was Trialeurodes vaporariorum. The population densities of T. vaporariorum was 0~36 nymph per leaf. Population of moths Spodoptera litura were the highest in summer season. Population of the whitefly was considered to be influenced by the previous cultural methods. Farmers in organic cultivation, used insect natural enemy, commercial EFAM (Environment Friendly Agricultural Material), yellow sticky trap or home made pesticides. Commercial microbial pesticides were applied to evaluate their insecticidal activities against whitefly. The results revealed that microbial pesticides exhibited 65.3 to 100% whitefly nymph mortality. Further, pesticidal activities of Cooking Oil and Yolk (COY), plant extracts and neem oil were evaluated against other tomato pests as well.

Among Information Communication Technology (ICT) applications in education, Project-based Learning (PBL) is regarded as an effective intervention in the area of science and technology education. In this article, we present PBL classroom experiments using robot-oriented concepts to motivate students' interests describing what they do in PBL classes, how they create their ideas and products, and how their attitudes toward robot use have changed.

Two unrecorded alien plants, Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. and M. indicus (L.) All. (Leguminosae) were found in Korea. M. officinalis is native to Eurasia and widely distributed in agricultural regions throughout the world. M. indicus is native to Mediterranean and Southwestern Europe, and naturalized in temperate regions all over the world. These species are morphologically similar to M. suaveolens (Jeon-dong-ssa-ri). However, M. officinalis is distinguished from M. suaveolens by transverse nerved legumes, definite ovary stalks, and five to eight number of ovules in ovary. M. indicus is also distinguished from M. suaveolens by smaller size of flowers, broadly triangular calyx teeth, globose legumes, and minutely papillose seeds. The local name of M. officinalis and M. indicus were given as “Ju-reumjeon- dong-ssa-ri” and “Jom-jeon-dong-ssa-ri” based on transverse nerved legumes and overall smaller size than M. suaveolens, respectively. The descriptions on morphological characters and photographs at the habitat of M. officinalis and M. indicus are provided.

본 연구는 완주에서 재배된 세계 주요 11개 적포도 품종으로 제조된 적포도주의 향기 성분을 headspace-solid phase microextraction 분석법으로 확인하였다. 향기성분은 총 75종이 확인되었다. 아로마화합물은 그들의 OAV 값에 의해 5 그룹으로 나뉘었다. 알콜, 알데하이드, 에스테르, C6 화합물이 11개 적포도주의 주요한 향기성분이었다. Isoamy alcohol 알콜과 phenylethyl 알콜은 11개 포도주에서 공통적으로 꽃향기, 달콤한 향을 나타내는데 중요한 물질이었다. Octanoic acid, ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethylester은 모든 레드와인에서 과실향과 꽃향, 달콤한 향을 내는 중요한 성분이었다. 1-Hexanol은 모든 포도주에서 분석되었으나 풀향을 나타내는 향으로 나타났다. Chanceller, Malbec, marchel, Nsrsha, Pinot Meunier, Sangiovetto 포도주의 주요 향기성분은 과실 향인 것으로 나타났으며 Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Vert 포도주의 주요 향기성분은 풀향인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, MBA와 Narsha 포도주의 경우 꽃향이 주요 향인 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 적포도주용 품종을 육성할 때 선발기준으로 향기성분 분석을 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

The study compared the juice and wine odorants of the Cheongsoo grape cultivar with those of Chardonnay and Reisling wines. The volatile compounds of the three grape varieties were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most common volatile compounds in the juices from the three cultivars were terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, etones, alcohols, and aldehydes. Terpenes were established as the most abundant group of volatiles in Cheongsoo grape juice, where as aldehydes predominated in Chardonnay and Riesling juices. Forty-two volatile compounds (acids, alcohols, esters, and others) were detected in the three white wines. The concentration of esters was about four times higher in Cheongsoo wine than in Chardonnay and Riesling wines. Five esters found in the Cheongsoo wine, namely, isoamyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl decanoate, exhibited high odor activity values (OAV) of >1. Furthermore, only Cheongsoo wine had a high OAV for isoamyl acetate odorant, which is associated with banana and sweet aromas. Therefore, the abundant and varied esters are believed to be key volatile fruity/sweet odorants in Cheongsoo wine.

Background : This study was conducted to examine the suitability of the blue/white vinyl for ginseng cultivation greenhouses in different regions in an effort to develop a stable ginseng cultivation technology and contribute to popularizing ginseng greenhouse farming. Methods and Results : For comparison purposes, ginseng plants were cultivated in the traditional shading and greenhouse shading facilities. The average temperature in the greenhouse shading facilities during the period of May through October was 20.5℃ in Namwon, 21.4℃ in Jinan, and 23.3℃ in Iksan, with Iksan recording a 1.9–2.8℃ higher average temperature, presumably due to its location in a plain area with low elevation. The average temperatures in the traditional shading facilities ranged between 22.9℃ and 25.7℃, 2.4–2.6℃ higher compared with the greenhouse shading facilities. As for the incidence of disease and pest, as low as 0.1–0.3% of the plants grown under greenhouse shading were infected with Colletotrichum dematium, Alternaria panax, and Rhizoctonia solani, whereas much higher incidences were noted in the control plants, with 3.3–11.3%, 4.7–17.0%, 0.1–0.5%, and 3.0–5.7% infected with Colletotrichum dematium, Alternaria panax, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora cactorum, respectively, throughout the regions. Heat injury occurred only in Iksan (0.3%) in the case of greenhouse-shaded plants, whereas the control plants suffered from much severer heat injury: 3.5% in Namwon, 10% in Jinan, and as high as 35.3% in Iksan. As for the roots, Namwon outperformed other regions in root length (29.7 ㎝), taproot length (8.7 ㎝), and taproot diameter (25.3 ㎜), and also the root fresh weight (53.4 g), followed by Jinan (48.7 g) and Iksan (40.4 g). In yield as well, the greenhouse in Namwon outperformed other regions with 1,297㎏/10a, followed by Jinan (1,183 ㎏) and Iksan (932 ㎏). The effect of greenhouse blue-white vinyl shading on yield by region was analyzed to increase of 177% in Namwon, 209% in Jinan, and 173% in Iksan with respect to their respective traditional shading facilities. Conclusion : The suitability of the blue/white vinyl shading in ginseng cultivation greenhouses was tested experimentally in three different regions. As a result, greenhouse-shaded ginseng plants were found to be much less affected by heat injury compared with traditionally shaded ginseng plants, resulting in much higher yields in all regions. This allows the conclusion that greenhouse ginseng cultivation can contribute to more stable ginseng yield and popularization of ginseng cultivation.

Background : This study was conducted to determine the optimal ginseng greenhouse shading material for minimizing heat injury and maximizing the yield of ginseng plants in an effort to develop a stable ginseng cultivation technology and contribute to popularizing ginseng greenhouse farming. Methods and Results : Three different types of greenhouse shading material were used: polyethylene (PE) film + black screen (95%), light scattering film + black screen (75%), and blue-white vinyl. Important experimental details were implemented in accordance with the Analysis Standard of Agricultural Test and Research set out by the Rural Development Administration. The average greenhouse temperature for the period of May through October was 20.0℃ under the PE film + black screen, 20.2℃under the light scattering film + black screen, and 19.7℃ under the blue/white vinyl. High average photosynthesis rates of ginseng plants were demonstrated by light scattering film+black screen (2.35 μmole CO2/㎡/s) and blue-white vinyl (2.38 μmole CO2/㎡/s), with the PE film + black screen showing a considerably lower photosynthesis rate (1.55 μmole CO2/㎡/s). Heat injury occurred in 0.3%, 10%, and 0.1% of the plants grown under the PE film + black screen, light scattering film + black screen, and blue-white vinyl, respectively. As for the roots, the blue-white vinyl outperformed the other shading materials in root length (25.7 ㎝), taproot length (5.9 ㎝), and the number of fine roots (23.2). The blue-hite vinyl also yielded the greatest root fresh weight (30.2 g), followed by the light scattering film + black screen (29.1 g), with the PE + black screen yielding by far inferior average weight (22.0 g). The highest crude saponin content was yielded by the light scattering film+black screen (16.61 ㎎/g), followed by blue-white vinyl (11.36 ㎎/g) and PE + black screen (11.0 ㎎/g). Conclusion : Comparing the effects of three different shading materials on greenhouse-cultivated 3-year-old ginseng plants, the blue/white vinyl outperformed two other shading materials in most of the growth characteristics, whereas the and the light scattering film + black screen yielded the highest ginsenoside content.

Background : The organic matter content of land clearing or soil brought from an other place is very low, less than 0.5%. However, the organic matter content of natural habitat soil and leader farmhouse soil was two to three times higher than that of general farmhouse soil. As a result, the yield of Gastrodia elata was higher than that of general farmhouse. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to investigate the yield of G. elata according to the application of green manure crops (GMCs). Methods and Results : This experiment was carried out in a soil with organic matter content of 0.5% in rain shelter greenhouse. The kind of GMCs are corn, Sudan grass, sorghum and oats, and the throughputs per 10 a were 2,000 ㎏, 2,200 ㎏, 1,500 ㎏ and 700 ㎏ of each. The soil preparation was carried out after treated of GMCs at least one month before G. elata was formally planted. As the results of these experiment, organic matter content in soils increased 4 - 5 times compared with before treatment. As a result, the yield of G. elata increased by 21 - 41% in all treatments of GMCs. In addition, there was 2 - 5% more G. elata of good merchantable quality. However, the soil temperature in the summer season period of 2016 (7.1 - 8.31) was 1.2 - 1.6℃ higher than the previous year. The day when the outside temperature was above 30℃ was 41 days. It doubled from the previous year. Soil moisture content showed similar tendency according to treatments. As a result, 20 - 30% of high temperature damage and 20 - 50% of putrefaction occurred, and the total yield also decreased by 20 - 30% compared to normal year. Conclusion : In conclusion, some organic matter is needed for cultivation of G. elata. Therefore, it is considered that it would be better to keep the organic matter content at 2 - 3% when the destination are managed, and to use corn or Sudan grass as the GMCs.

Background : Cynanchum wilfordi is a typical myocardial medicinal crop. Because it penetrates more than 1m, it requires a lot of labor and harvesting costs. In addition, we needed 4 - 5 times of weeding until July, and in the soil with poor drainage, root rot disease occurs and yield is greatly reduced. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop new cultivation technology that can minimize the effort cost and increase the yield. Methods and Results : As a test material, container standards were used plume tube of diameter 30 ㎝ × height 50 ㎝, 80 ㎝, 100 ㎝. The culture soil manufactured by mixing cokofit 60%, peatmoss 10%, pearlite 6%, vermiculite 10%, zeolite 5%, and charcoal 5%. The compost was made by mixing fowl droppings 45% and cattle manure 5%. The mixing ratio of the culture soil and the compost was 100 : 0, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30, respectively, and the mixture was filled in the container. Cynanchum wilfordi seedling sow raising seedlings during one month seeds become dormancy breaking. Culture soil and container of Cynanchum wilfordi was effective 87% increase (384 ㎏/10 a → 720) in quantity contrast conventional culture in height 50 ㎝ container + culture soil 100 : 0. 80 and 100 ㎝ containers were found to be unsuitable for production throughout the year because of thin thickness of subterranean part and low commercial yield due to the long time required for roots to reach the hardpan layer. The yields of compost mixture decreased from 0% (720 ㎏/10 a) > 10% (642) > 20% (560) > 30% (475) in 50 ㎝ containers. When the compost content was more than 20%, the yield decreased due to physiological damage during the early growth. Conclusion : The culture soil and container cultivate for harvesting ease of Cynanchum wilfordi was effective saving more than 15 times more than the harvest time contrast manpower harvest and the yield was increased by 87%. Also, container cultivation was effective the cost cutting of installation dismantlement and redres since no need to move the cultivation area.

Background : Perilla frutescens L. is valuable as a medicinal plant as well as a natural medicine and functional food. Limonene perilla collected from various places showed 60% limonene compounds. However biological activity of these accession has not been reported before. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the biological activity of limonene perilla. Methods and Results : Fractional solvent extracts were obtained by using organic solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-BuOH, and aqueous solvent from different parts of limonene perilla extracted initially in 70% EtOH. We investigated the effects of limonene perilla on total phenol and flavonoid contents, FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), total saponin contents and tyrosinase inhibition activity. Leaves of limonene perilla produced the highest total phenolic contents (29.88 mg·CAE/g), flavonoid (8.39 mg·QE/g) and saponin contents (47.77 mg·GIE/g) than stems and roots of limonene perilla. FRAP of leaves was 823.00±3.58 μM·FeSO4·E/mg. Tyrosinase inhibition activity rate was 40.31% in 70% ethanol extracts from leaves of limonene perilla. Conclusion : This results suggest that leaf of limonene perilla fractions has significant antioxidant activity. Also, limonene perilla could be used as a functional biomaterial in developing cosmetics and functional foods.

Background : This research was conducted to investigate the effect of organic compost treatment on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng seedlings(Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) in growing medium. Methods and Results : The test cultivars was used a native species of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer that most commonly cultivated in Korea. By seeding interval(3×3cm), seeds of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer were sowed on March 29, 2016 . Bed size was 85 (W) × 1800 (L) × 30 (H) cm and shading material of plastic house was used blue-white vinyl. Growing medium composition(V/V) were mixed in a ratio of peat moss 60%, perlite 30%, vermiculite 10%. The mixing ratio of Organic compost was livestock manure compost (2%, V/V), mixed oil cake(2%, V/V), poultry manure compost (2%, V/V) and was applied to growing medium basal application. The emergence rate of ginseng seedling was contorl 95.7%, livestock manure compost 97.0%, press cake 92.3%, poultry manure compost 94.2%. Shoot growth characteristics of ginseng seedlings did not show a significant difference in plant height, stem length, stem diameter but shoot fresh weight was higher tendency in livestock manure compost(0.34 g/plant) in comparison to control(0.26 g/plant), mixed oil cake(0.29 g/plant), poultry manure compost(0.27 g/plant). Similarly, root fresh weight was higher tendency in livestock manure compost(0.52 g/plant) in comparison to control(0.33 g/plant), mixed oil cake(0.47 g/plant), poultry manure compost(0.43 g/plant). Root length was in control 10.2cm, livestock manure compost 11.8cm, mixed oil cake 8.9cm, poultry manure compost 8.6cm. As mentioned above, the reason that root length is shorter in mixed oil cake, poultry manure compost is thought to be due to the influence of gas injury. Conclusion : Growth characteristics of ginseng seedling showed a good growth trend in the organic compost treatment groups , especially livestock manure treatment root fresh weight increased 57% compared to control group. However, early defoliation phenomenon occured at mixed oil cake, poultry manure compost in late June. This is thought to have occurred by the disturbance of gas such as ammonia gas, nitrous acid gas. Therefore, if you use mixed oil cake, poultry manure compost to cultivate ginseng seedling, it is expected to pay attention to the damage caused by the gas disturbance.

Background : For increasing saponin content of ginseng cultivated in shaded plastic house, this research was performed to investigate growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng according to foliar spray of chitosan and water-soluble silicates processing. Methods and Results : The ginseng cultivars to be used this research were Cheonpung, Yeonpung and 1-year-old seedlings of Cheonpung, Yeonpung was transplanted on March 24, 2015. Planting density was 72 plant/3.3㎡and Shading material of plastic house used blue-white shading vinyl. The processing method of organic matter is as follows, we were applied chitosan (40 kg / 10a), silicate (3kg / 10a) to soil scheduled for ginseng cultivation with basal application. Then, we were diluted with chitosan and silicates to 1000-fold and investigated growth characteristics, saponin content of ginseng after foliar spray twice a month from May to September. Conclusion : Photosynthetic rate of ginseng according to treatment of organic matter was higher in the chitosan experimental group compared to the control group and photosynthetic rate of ginseng cultivars was the highest in Cheonpung’s silicate group(3.70 μmole CO2/㎡/s). The growth characteristics in above-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the organic matter treatments compared to the control group. Above-ground part’s growth characteristics of ginseng according to treatment of organic matter showed a good trend in plant height, stem length, stem diameter of chitosan experimental group. The growth characteristics in under-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the organic experimental groups. In Yeonpung of the chitosan experimental group, fresh root weight per plant was 9.2 g/plant that increased by 46 % compared to the control group. In Cheonpung of the silicate experimental group, fresh root weight per plant was 8.3 g/plant that increased by 56 % compared to the control group. In the chitosan experimental group, crude saponin content of under-ground part was Cheonpung(10.38 ㎎/g), Yeonpung(12.29 ㎎/g), control(11.53 ㎎/g), respectively. In the silicate experimental group, crude saponin content of under-ground part was Cheonpung(11.73 ㎎/g), Yeonpung(14.21 ㎎/g), respectively. Crude saponin content of ginseng according to treatment of organic matter was. generally higher in Yeonpung than Cheonpung.

Background : Despite the presence of various bioactive compounds in ginseng, there is lack of study about the phenolic metabolites in ginseng especially depending on the cultivation soil and the fertilizer types. Therefore, this study aims to develop an (-)ESI-LC-MS/MS analytical method for the measurement of selected phenolic compounds in the ginseng root. Methods and Results : Total phenol content in ginseng root was measured with the Folin-Ciocalteau method using UV/Vis spectrophotometer. Then, the 56 selected phenolic metabolites in ginseng root were measured with the (-)ESI-LC-MS/MS. The brief LC-MS/MS analytical conditions were as follows; Thermo Scientific Syncronis C18 HPLC Column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used. Optimized instrument settings were as follows: Curtain gas 20 psi, collision gas 2 psi, ion spray voltage –4500 V, nebulizer gas 40 psi, heating gas 70 psi, and its temperature 350℃. Total phenol content was higher in the ginseng cultivated in the paddy-converted field than that in upland. In particular, the total phenol content was about 6% decreased in the ginseng root cultivated with the food waste fertilizer compared to the control (p < 0.05). Six phenolic constituents including caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gentisic, and salicylic acids were found in the ginseng root by using the LC-MS/MS in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) Mode. These six phenolic compounds occupied approximately 20% of the total phenol content measured in the corresponding ginseng root. The chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic metabolite found in the ginseng root, accounting for ≥ 95% of the sum of six phenolic compounds, in this study. Conclusion : This preliminary study can be useful for the study on content and composition of phenolic metabolites in ginseng root with the aspect of metabolomics. We plan to further optimize the LC-MS/MS analytical method and then provide the extended understanding on the phenolic metabolism in the ginseng root with respect to the ginseng cultivation conditions.

Background : Schisandra chinensis is being weighted difficulties in stable production, there is increasing drought damage caused by climate change as shallow rooted crops. Therefore, the study was performed for water supply capacity and growth characteristics analysis by setting the irrigation method for the drought damage reduction. Methods and Results : Test material was used sophomore V-shaped planting Schisandra chinensis. Irrigation method were surface watering, underground watering, sprinkler and untreated. Underground irrigation was irrigation that buried hose and then dug up the 15㎝. Soil moisture tension was the irrigation after fixed at -30 ㎪(23%). Irrigation timing was performed in June-July that high drought damage and made the most fruit enlargement. The main investigating items were investigated fruit growth, normal fault rate, soil moisture and EC content according to the irrigation method. Normal fruit rate according to irrigation method were appeared in sprinkler(81, 74 %)>underground irrigation(76, 69 %)>surface irrigation(76, 67%)>untreated(66, 52 %). Cluster length of yield component was determined to effective irrigation method in fruit growth the highest in sprinkler. Soil moisture contents was maintained at appropriate level with significant -30㎪(23 %) in the sprinkler. EC content low with a downward trend in underground irrigation and sprinkler. Water supply capacity according to Irrigation Method were sprinkler 40 tons, underground irrigation 85 tons, surface irrigation 138 tons. Conclusion : Appropriate watering methods for drought damage reduction of Schisandra chinensis caused by climate change was determined in the most efficient irrigation method in sprinkler that high fruit growth and normal fruit rate, lower the required of water supply capacity.