The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of alcohol or cigarette smoking on seminal parameters in a large group of mice model. Nine groups (n=20/group) of mice were treated intensive noxious materials that abdominal injection of 21% (v/v) of ethanol, cigarette smoke (10, 20, 30 minutes/day), and combination of ethanol and 30 minutes of smoking. In addition, vitamin C and selenium were also treated to mice exposed to combination of alcohol and smoking to identify the recovering effect. Sperm viability and motility were significantly decreased in either alcohol consumption or smoking exposed group, and combination of both materials have additive detrimental effects on seminal parameters. Mice groups that exposed to alcohol and smoking showed statistically significant decrease in motility and increase of static spermatozoa. Moreover, combination of both treatments showed cumulative effect in increase of static spermatozoa. Treatments of either vitamin C or selenium dramatically recovered detrimental effects of alcohol and smoking on seminal quality, although combination of both antioxidant molecules did not show any additive effect. In conclusion, detrimental effects of alcohol and cigarette consumption on sperm quality and motility were identified in mice model, and these detrimental effects can be compensated to uptake of anti‐oxidant molecules.

Root knot nematode species, such as Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica are economically most notorious nematode pests, causing serious damage to the various crops throughout world. In this study, DNA sequence analyses of the D1-D3 expansion segments of the 28S gene in the ribosomal DNA were conducted to characterize genetic variation of the four Meloidogyne species obtained from Korea and United States. PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) marker and RAPD (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA) also were used to develop the methods for exact and rapid species identification. In the sequence analysis of the D1-D3 expansion segments, only a few nucleotide sequence variation were detected among M. incognita, M. arenaria, and M. javanica, except for M. hapla. The PCR-RFLP analysis that involves amplification of the mitochondrial COII and lrRNA region yielded one distinct amplicon for M. hapla at 500 bp, enabling us to distinguish M. hapla from M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica reproduced by obligate mitotic parthenogenesis. SCAR markers successfully identified the four root knot nematode species tested. We are under development of RAPD primers specific to the three root knot nematodes found in Korea.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is toxic to living organisms, because its high reactivity causes oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme facilitating the removal of superoxide anions from living organisms. This study focused on the cloning of MnSOD cDNA from Hyphantria cunea and its induction upon bacterial infection and various stresses. The open reading frame of MnSOD is composed of 645 bp, encoding 215 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular mass and pI of putative MnSOD was evaluated to be 24276 Da and 9.14, respectively. The MnSOD from H. cunea is highly similar to human MnSOD (59.5%) as well as Bombyx mori MnSOD (76.2%). MnSOD showed no big induction upon bacterial infection and stresses, compared to that of Cu/ZnSOD.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is toxic to living organisms, because its high reactivity causes oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme facilitating the removal of superoxide anions from living organisms. This study focused on the cloning of MnSOD cDNA from Hyphantria cuneaand its induction upon bacterial infection and various stresses. The open reading frame of MnSOD is composed of 645 bp, encoding 215 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular mass and pI of putative MnSOD was evaluated to be 24276 Da and 9.14, respectively. The MnSOD from H. cunea is highly similar to human MnSOD (59.5%) as well as Bombyx mori MnSOD (76.2%). MnSOD showed no big induction upon bacterial infection and stresses, compared to that of Cu/ZnSOD.

In this study 300 weaned pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, 23±3 d of age, 5.56± 1.21 kg initial body weight) were used to study the effect of fungal (Aspergillus oryzae, FSP-A) and fungal + bacteria (Aspergillus oryzae + Bacillus subtilis, FSP-B) fermented soya proteins on their blood hematology, enzymes and immune cell populations. Pigs were allotted to 5 treatments, each comprising of 4 pens with 15 pigs. Basal diets consisted of 15% soyabean meal (Control diet) while for treatment diets SBM was replaced with 3 and 6% of each FSP-A and FSP-B, respectively. The experimental diets were fed from 0 to 14 day after weaning and then a common commercial diet was fed from 15 to 35 day. Blood was collected on 14 and 35 day of experiment and analyzed for hematology, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and immune cell populations. At d 14, lower RBC count, Hb and HCT values and higher AST values were noted in pigs fed FSP-A diets when compared with Control and FSP-B fed pigs.Also at d 14 pigs fed 6% FSP-A had lower NE (P<0.05) when compared with those fed 6% FSP-B. The level of FSP influenced the RDW on d 14 and MCHC, MO and MPV on d 35. In addition on d 35, pigs fed 3% FSP-A had lesser NE than those fed 6% FSP -A and Control diet, while pigs fed 6% FSP-B had the highest number of MO compared to other treatments. But there were no differences in the plasma AST and ALT values on d 35. Thus it may be concluded that the FSP either by fungal or fungal + bacterial sources had an influence on the blood hematological status and the populations of immune cells.

A total of 240 weaned pigs (Landrace ×Yorkshire × Duroc, 22±3 d of age, 5.16±0.90 kg initial body weight) were used to study the effect of feeding level of microbial fermented soya protein on their blood hematology, enzymes and immune cell populations. The microbial (Aspergillus oryzae + Bacillus subtilis) fermented soya protein (FSP) was used. Pigs were allotted to four dietary treatments, each comprising of 4 pens with 15 pigs. Basal diets consisted of 15% soya bean meal (Control diet); while for treatment diets SBM was replaced with 3, 6 and 9% FSP. The experimental diets were fed from 0 to 14 day after weaning and then a common commercial diet was fed from 15 to 35 day. Blood was collected on 14 and 35 day of experiment and analyzed for hematology, plasma aspartate transaminase (AST), plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and immune cell populations. Increasing the level of FSP in the diet of pigs linearly decreased distribution of red blood cells (P<0.01), MPV (P<0.05), MO (P<0.05), EO (P<0.05) and BA (P<0.05) on d 14. Linear and quadratic decrease in the RBC (P<0.05), Hb (P<0.05), HCT (P<0.01), PLT (P<0.001) and EO (P<0.05) and linear increase in the MCHC (P<0.001), MPV (P<0.05), WBC (P<0.05) and NE (P<0.05) on d 35 was noted. Pigs fed with 6% FSP had lower (P<0.05) levels of AST and ALT on d 14, while the levels of ALT and AST on d 35 did not differ among the dietary treatments. Thus the results suggest that microbial fermented soya protein affected the hematological indices, immune cell populations and plasma enzymes in weaned pigs.

은 고분자 전해질은 올레핀/파리핀 혼합물 분리에 매우 효과적인 분리막 재료이다. 이는 고분자 매질속에 녹아 있는 은이온이 올레핀과 선택적, 가역적 반응을 통해 올레핀만을 분리막속으로 통과시키기 때문이다. 그러나 이러한 은 고분자 전해질 분리막은 실제 공정에 응용되기에는 다소 약한 장시간 운전 성능 안정성을 보인다. 즉 분리 성능이 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 감소되는데 이는 은이온이 은 나노입자로 환원되기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)와 AgBF4로 이루어진 고분자 전해질막의 안정성을 향상시키고자 비이온 계면활성제인 C18H35(OCH2CH2)20OH (Brij98)를 첨가제로 사용하였다. 분리막속에서 은이온의 은 나노입자로의 환원현상을 원자전자 현미경과 자외선 분광학을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 Brij98이 첨가된 분리막의 경우 은 나노입자의 성장이 늦춰졌으며, 프로판/프로핀렌 선택도가 장시간 유지됨을 알 수 있었다.

A new ion transport code for planetary ionospheric studies has been developed with consideration of velocity differences among ion species involving ion-ion collision. Most of previous planetary ionosphere models assumed that ions diffuse through non-moving ion and neutral background in order to consolidate continuity and momentum equations for ions into a simple set of diffusion equations. The simplification may result in unreliable density profiles of ions at high altitudes where ion velocities are fast and their velocity differences are significant enough to cause inaccuracy when computing ion-ion collision. A new code solves explicitly one-dimensional continuity and momentum equations for ion densities and velocities by utilizing divided Jacobian matrices in matrix inversion necessary to the Newton iteration procedure. The code has been applied to Martian nightside ionosphere models, as an example computation. The computed density profiles of O+, OH+, and HCO+ differ by more than a factor of 2 at altitudes higher than 200 km from a simple diffusion model, whereas the density profile of the dominant ion, O2+, changes little. Especially, the density profile of HCO+ is reduced by a factor of about 10 and its peak altitude is lowered by about 40 km relative to a simple diffusion model in which HCO+ ions are assumed to diffuse through non-moving ion background, O2+. The computed effects of the new code on the Martian nightside models are explained readily in terms of ion velocities that were solved together with ion densities, which were not available from diffusion models. The new code should thus be expected as a significantly improved tool for planetary ionosphere modelling.

본 연구에서는 은-고분자 전해질 막에서의 프로필렌/프로판에 대한 순수 기체 선택도 (~10,000)와 혼합기체 선택도(~40)의 큰 차이의 원인을 규명하였다. 먼저 기체 공급 조건이 혼합기체의 투과도와 분리 성능에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 프로필렌의 농도가 감소함에 따라 고분자 전해질 막을 통한 프로필렌의 투과도는 감소하고, 프로판의 투과도는 증가를 하였으며, 그 결과 프로판/프로필렌의 선택도가 감소하였다. 이는 고분자 전해질막의 프로필렌에 의한 가소화에 의한 것임을 실험적 결과 및 수학적 모델에 의해서 확인하였다. 또한, 압력과 무관한 투과도를 사용하였을 때의 이론적 계산에 의한 막 분리 성능은 실험치와 비슷하게 나왔음을 알 수 있었다.

은염이 함유된 고분자 전해질을 이용한 올리핀 촉진수송 분리막은 고체상에서 높은 올레핀/파라핀 분리 성능을 나타내었다 본 연구에서는, 프로필렌/프로판 분리 선택도와 투과도의 성능을 향상시키기 위해 아미노산의 일종인 valine을 고분자 전해질막에 첨가하였다. FT-lR 분광학을 통해 valine의 양이온과 은염의 음이온이 상호작용을 하고, 그 결과 valine은 은이온의 활성도를 증가시킴을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 valine을 포함하고 있는 촉진수송 분리막은 valine이 없을 때보다 더 높은 선택도와 투과도를 나타내었다.

We have constructed a non-spherical model for the hot oxygen corona of Mars by including the effects of planetary rotation and diurnal variation of the Martian ionosphere. Exospheric oxygen densities are calculated by integrating ensemble of ballistic and escaping oxygen atoms from the exobase over the entire planet. The hot oxygen atoms are produced by dissociative recombination of O+2, the major ion in the Martian ionosphere. The densities of hot oxygen atoms at the exobase are estimated from electron densities which have been measured to vary with solar zenith angle. Our model shows that the density difference of hot oxygen atoms between noon and terminator is about two orders of magnitude near the exobase, but reduces abruptly around altitudes of 2000 km due to lateral transport. The diurnal variation of hot oxygen densities remains significant up to the altitude of 10000 km. The diurnal variation of the hot oxygen corona should thus be considered when the upcoming Nozomi measurements are analyzed. The non-spherical model of the hot oxy-gen corona may contribute to building sophisticate solar wind interaction models and thus result in more accurate escaping rate of oxygens from Mars.

We investigate the effects of planetary rotation on the exospheres of the earth and Mars with simple collisionless models. We develope a numerical code that computes exospheric densities by integrating velocity functions at the exobase with a 10 point Gauss method. It is assumed in the model that atoms above the exobase altitude move collisionlessly on an orbit under the planet's gravity. Temperatures and densities at the exobase over the globe are adopted from MSIS-86 for the earth and from Bougher et al's MTGCM for Mars. For both the earth and Mars, the rotation affects the exospheric density distribution significantly in two ways: (1) the variation of the exospheric density distribution is shifted toward the rotational direction with respect to the variation at the exobase, (2) the exospheric densities in general increase over the non-rotating case. We find that the rotational effects are more significant for lower thermospheric temperatures. Both the enhancement of densities and shift of the exospheric distribution due to rotation have not been considered in previous models of Martian exosphere. Our non-spherical distribution with the rotational effects should contribute to refining the hot oxygen corona models of Mars which so far assume simple geometry. Our model will also help in analyzing exospheric data to be measured by the upcoming Nozomi mission to Mars.

A small ultraviolet telescope which can be established on a satellite of the Korean small satellite (KITSAT) series is proposed with a concept design. Possible scientific objectives are identified, and the basic structure and characteristics of the telescope are described. In order to overcome limitation of pointing and stabilization accuracy of the KITSAT, a system of secondary stabilization is designed at the focal plane, where both star-tracking CCD and science detector share a 1.2deg field of view. Star tracking information is fed to three-axis drivers that move the platform on which the star-tracking CCD and science detector are installed. The proposed stabilization system is light and efficient, in comparison with a standard system of stabilization that basically moves the whole telescope or satellite. With a good intensified CCD and second stabilization system, the telescope will achieve a limiting magnitude of 21 at 1600 angstrom, which is sufficient for observing a variety of celestial objects, such as hot stars, nebulae, galaxies with UV excess, and quasars.