The objectives of this study was to evaluate the degradability and digestibility of crude protein (CP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and individual amino acids (AA) on six by-product feedstuffs (BPF) (rice bran, RB; wheat bran, WB; corn gluten feed, CGF; tofu residue, TR; spent mushroom substrate from Pleurotus ostreatus, SMSP; brewers grain, BG) as ruminants feed. Three Hanwoo steers (40 months old, 520 ± 20.20 kg of body weight) fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and T-shaped duodenal cannula were used to examine of the BPF using in situ nylon bag and mobile bag technique. The bran CGF (19.2%) and food-processing residue BG (19.7%) had the highest CP contents than other feeds. The RUP value of bran RB (39.7%) and food-processing residues SMSP (81.1%) were higher than other feeds. The intestinal digestion of CP was higher in bran RB (44.2%) and food-processing residues BG (40.5%) than other feeds. In addition, intestinal digestion of Met was higher in bran RB (55.7%) and food-processing residues BG (44.0%) than other feeds. Overall, these results suggest that RB and BG might be useful as main raw ingredients in feed for ruminants. Our results can be used as baseline data for ruminant ration formulation.

The problem of illegal Chinese fishing and Chinese fishermen’s violent resistance to Korean law enforcement in the Yellow Sea have been a long-standing point at issue between Korea and China. It is not merely a problem of illegal fishing in Korean waters; this conflict could disrupt the integrity of the Exclusive Economic Zone and even undermine the friendly relations between the two countries. This article is to analyze the current status of the illegal Chinese fishing in the Yellow Sea and to provide a perspective on legal questions concerning the Korea-China Fishery Agreement to govern the fishery issue. This article suggests challenges ahead to solve the illegal fishing problem by examining factors causing the problem. It also provides a political perspective on the illegal fishing problem, which has become a highly newsworthy issue between Korea and China.

Multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) miniaturization has increased the demand for superfine powder due to its thin dielectric layer. Hydrothermally synthesized powder a pseudo-cubic phase resulting in poor dielectric properties due to size effect and hydroxyl ion inclusion in the lattice. We attempted a superfine (lower than 100 nm) highly tetragonal powder via a solvothermal method without precipitating agent. The lattice parameters and the relative amounts of tetragonal and cubic phases were determined using Rietveld refinement.

Construction projects of SOC(Social Overhead Capital) have been rapidly increased since 1970s in Korea. So, it is expected that the infrastructures which have been used for more than 30 years will be increased in a few years. The maintenance of infrastructures is essential because the deterioration of infrastructures can greatly influence the national economy and people by its failure. The existing evaluation method of tunnels in Korea is mainly focused on the structural safety such as appearance defects or safety factors. So it has many limitaions which do not consider the tunnels’ various performances, e.g. durability, serviceability and so on. Thus, the new concept of evaluation method is needed to deal with the structure aging issues and to keep the tunnels performances continuously. In this study, the new concept of evaluation method for existing tunnels will be presented. The performance requirements are derived from Delphi-survey which is a structured communication technique. And the weight factors of evaluation indices are derived from AHP(Anlaysis Hierarchy Process) analysis. Finally the total performance evaluation was conduted by field application of target tunnels in Korea to verify the proposed method.

In this study, we evaluated the antidiabetic effect of a submerged culture of Ceriporia lacerata mycelium (CL01) on hematological indices, as well as protein and mRNA expression of the insulin-signaling pathway, in db/db mice. After CL01 was administrated for 4 weeks, blood glucose levels decreased consistently, and plasma insulin and c-peptide levels each decreased by roughly 55.8%, 40% of those in the negative control (p<0.05). With regard to HOMA-IR, an insulin resistance index, insulin resistance of the CL01-fed group improved over that of the negative control group by about 62% (p<0.05). In addition, we demonstrated that the protein expression levels of pIR, pAkt, pAMPK, and GLUT4 and the mRNA expression levels of Akt2, IRS1, and GLUT4 in the muscle cells of db/db mice increased in the CL01-fed group compared to the corresponding levels in the control group. These results demonstrate that CL01 affects glucose metabolism, upregulates protein and gene expression in the insulin-signaling pathway, and decreases blood glucose levels effectively by improving insulin sensitivity. More than 90% of those who suffer from type 2 diabetes are more likely to suffer from hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, obesity, and other comorbidities because of insulin resistance. Therefore, it is possible that CL01 intake could be used as a fundamental treatment for type 2 diabetes by lowering insulin resistance, and these results may prove be useful as basic evidence for further research into the mechanisms of a cure for type 2 diabetes.

세리포리아 락세라타 균사체 배양물(CL01)의 혈당 강하 효과를 확인하기 위해 in-vitro 및 in-vivo 시험을 수행하였 다. CL01이 INS-1 세포에서 덱사메타손에 의한 세포 사멸 방지 효과를 나타냈으며 3T3-L1 세포에서는 당수송체인 GLUT4의 발현을 증가시켰다. 제 2형 당뇨 마우스를 4 그룹 (normal control (G1), negative control (G2), positive control (G3), CL01 250 mg/kg (G4))으로 나누어 6주간 매일 CL01 을 투여한 후 혈중 지표를 확인한 결과, CL01 섭취군은 체중, 사료 및 물 섭취량에서 음성대조군 대비 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 투여 5주 후 CL01 섭취군의 혈당이 음성대조군 대비 유의적인 감소를 보였으며 6주 경과 시 혈중 인슐린은 36% 증가하였고 혈중 C-peptide 농도는 18% 감소하였다. 경구 당 부하 시험 결과 CL01 섭취군의 혈당이 음성대조군 대비 15% 감소하였다. 이상의 결과를 통해 CL01이 베타 세포를 증식시켜 인슐린 분비를 촉진하고 혈 당을 낮추는 효과가 있음을 알 수 있다.

Recently, with increasing concern for sustainable agriculture and safe agricultural products, organic farming has become widely adapted as an alternative to conventional farming. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of earthworm casts (EWC) with 100~% organic compost on the growth and yield characteristics of fall-cropping potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dejima) in Jeju. The treatments consisted of seven plots: 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-ton ha-1 EWC-treated plots, 1.2-ton ha-1 complex fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O,~;10-10-14)-for-potato (CEP)-treated plot as conventional practices, and a control plot. The plant heights were greater in the plots where EWC and CFP were applied than in the control plot. Tuber diameter, number of stems per plant, and chlorophyll level tended to increase in the plots where 8-10 tons ha-1 of EWC were applied. The application of CFP and EWC showed an increment in the average tuber weight per plant, but there was minimal significant difference. The application of 8-10 tons ha-1 of EWC resulted in an increase in the total tuber yield (21.61-21.87 tons ha-1 ) as compared to the other plots. The highest yield of market able tubers was 69.8~% of the total yield from the 10-ton ha-1 EWC-treated plot. Consequently, with regard to the growth and yield characteristics of fall-cropping potato, the effects of EWC application were more favorable than the effects of the application of a chemical fertilizer.

Four introduced forage rape cultivars 'Akela', 'Ramon', 'Sparta', and 'Velox' and a leading rapeseed cultivar Hall-ayuchae were seeded on 1 October 1994 on 20-cm rows at seeding rates of 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, and IS kg/ha to select the best adapted forage rape cultivars and to determine the optimum seeding rate in the Cheju area. Days to flowering of each cultivar was not significantly affected by seeding rate. Average plant height increased from 151 to 164 cm as seeding rate increased from 3 to 10 kg/ha and then decreased to 156 cm at 15 kg/ha. Stem diameter linearly decreased with increasing seeding rate. The optimum seeding rate for the greatest dry matter and protein yields of five cultivars ranged from 10.7 to 11.8 and 10.8 to 14.4 kg/ha, respectively. Dry matter yields of five cultivars ranged from 7.72 and 22.01 Mg/ha. Sparta produced the greatest dry matter yield, followed by Akela, Ramon, Hallayuchae, and Velox. Crude protein yields of five cultivars ranged from 0.29 to 1.08 Mg/ha. Sparta produced the greatest crude protein yield, followed by Akela, Ramon, Velox, and Hallayuchae. As seeding rate increased, crude protein content linearly increased but crude fiber content linearly decreased. The forage cultivars had higher crude protein and lower crude fiber than the oilseed cultivar Hallayuchae. Our results demonstrate that Sparta was the best adapted cultivar to Cheju area and the optimum seeding rate for Sparta was about 10 kg/ha.

온도가 쌀보리와 맥주보리의 출엽속도와 출엽간격에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 쌀보리 3품종(능쌀보리, 새쌀보리, 향천과 001)과 맥주보리 3품종(두산 8호, 사천006, 진광보리)을 향온 7수준(4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28℃ )과 변온 7수준[6/2(명기 / 암기), 10/6, 14/10, 18/14, 22/18, 26/22, 30/25℃ ]으로 유지시킨 생장상에서 4엽기까지 키우면서 매일 주간엽수를 조사하여 출엽속도 및 출엽간격를 산출한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 항온과 변온에 관계없이 공시품종 모두 동일 온도내에 있어서는 출아후 일수가 증가됨에 따라 주간 출엽수도 직선적으로 증가되었다. 평균기온 28℃ 를 제외하고는 출아속도와 출아간격이 항온과 변온간에 현저한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 출아속도와 출아간격은 품종간에 유의한 차이가 있었고 동일 품종내 온도간에도 현저한 차이가 있었다. 평균기온이 증가됨에 따라 일당 출아속도는 출아 최적온도까지 곡선적으로 증가된 다음 감소되었는데, 6품종의 출아 최적온도는 20.1～21.5℃ 로 품종간 현저한 차이는 없었으나 출아 최적온도에서의 출엽속도는 쌀보리가 0.202～0.226엽/일, 맥주보리가 0.231～0.241엽/일으로 맥주보리가 큰 경향이었다. 평균이온이 증가됨에 따라 유효적산온도당 출엽속도는 지수함수적으로 감소되었고, 출엽간격(일엽당 적사온도)은 지수함수적인 증가를 보였는데, 6품종의 평균 출엽간격은 4℃ 에서 46.2GDD/엽, 28℃ 에서 129.3GDD/엽이었다.ose와 fructose가 초기에는 많았으나 후에는 상당히 적어졌다. 줄기는 glu-cose가 많고 기타는 흔적 정도 였으며 뿌리는 초기에 sucrose가 종자에서 보다 높았으나 그 후 모든 당이 거의 흔적뿐이었다.과 GA3 반응성을 조사한 결과, 조합내 개체들간에 간장의 분리를 인정할 수 없었고, GA3 처리에 무반응성을 보였다. 따라서 Fukei 71의 단간유전자 d50은 GA3 무반응성과 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 생각되었다.에서 G1 기는 길어졌고 G2 기와 M기는 짧아졌다. 그러나 서광벼에서는 각 phase의 상대적 기간이 거의 일정한 비율이었다. 3. DNA, RNA 및 protein 합성은 온도가 하항함에 따라 증가하는 경향이었다.에 의해서는 최고분얼기나 유수분화기에 처리하면 수당 영화수가 감소하였으나 감수분열기에 처리하면 수당 영화수가 변하지 않았다.장기였고 건구의 수량감수가 심한 시기는 수잉기였다. 따라 미개약 영화가 많은 품종과 개화 수분이 모두 이루어지지만 불임이 되는 품종도 볼 수 있었다. 5. 냉해의 유묘 검정 결과에서 관찰조사와 처리에 의한 생육 억제 정도와는 반드시 일치하지 않았으나 종합적으로 볼 때 제 002, 팔금, 수성 등은 냉해에 강하고 수원 213-1, 재건, 팔달, Shirogane, 팔굉, 만경 등은 약하였다. 6. 감수분열기 및 출수기 처리 시의 일심율과 유묘 시의 냉해 정도 및 생육 억제 정도 등의 상호 관계를 살펴본 즉 대체로 유의적 상관을 보이지 않았다.련성을 보였는데, 특히 전체적인 비만도를 평가하는 체중, 체질량지수, 비만지수의 증가는 심혈관계질환의 예측지표로 볼 수 있는