PURPOSES : It is well known that low temperature cracking is one of the most serious distresses on asphalt pavement, especially for northern U.S. (including Alaska), Canada and the northern part of south Korea. The risk of thermal cracking can be numerically measured by estimating thermal stress of a given asphalt mixture. This thermal stress can be computed by low temperature creep testing. Currently, in-direct tensile (IDT) mixture creep test mentioned in AASHTO specification is used for measuring low temperature creep properties of a given asphalt mixture. However, IDT requires the use of expensive testing equipment for performing the sophisticated analysis process, however, very few laboratories utilize this equipment. In this paper, a new and simple performance test (SPT) method: bending beam rheometer (BBR) mixture creep testing equipment is introduced, and the estimated experimental results were compared with those of conventional IDT tests. METHODS: Three different asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and roofing shingles were prepared in the Korea Expressway Corporation (KEC) research laboratory. Using the BBR and IDT, the low temperature creep stiffness data were measured and subsequently computed. Using a simple power-law function, the creep stiffness data were converted into relaxation modulus, and subsequently compared. Finally, thermal stress results were computed from relaxation modulus master curve using Gaussian quadrature approach with condierations of 24 Gauss number. RESULTS: In the case of the conventional asphalt mixture, similar trends were observed when the relaxation modulus and thermal stress results were compared. In the case of RAP and Shingle added mixtures, relatively different computation results were obtained. It can be estimated that different experimental surroundings and specimen sizes affected the results. CONCLUSIONS: It can be said that the BBR mixture creep test can be a more viable approach for measuring low temperature properties of asphalt mixture compared to expensive and complex IDT testing methods. However, more extensive research and analysis are required to further verify the feasibility of the BBR mixture creep test.

PURPOSES: This study was conducted to investigate the causes of damage and to suggest proper repair methods for the sections in which a number of transverse cracks and faulting occurred in JCP (Jointed Concrete Pavement) slabs during the early-age performance period. METHODS: Field crack survey, FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer) investigation, dowel bar installation condition survey, longitudinal profile survey, and in-situ core specimen inspection were conducted. . RESULTS : As a result of the analysis, it was found that there was no decline in the composite modulus of the subgrade reaction (k-value). The dowel bars were properly installed, but the LTE (Load Transfer Efficiency) of the joint and transverse cracks were analyzed to be very low. In addition, it was found that there are voids in the bottom of the slab at the joints and corners. Due to the excessive built-in curling in the early age of concrete pavement construction, upward curling displacement occurred at the joints and corners, resulting in voids at the bottom of the slab. As a result, it was found that transverse cracks occurred due to the defective joint LTE. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive built-in curling can cause early age cracks in the JCP slabs. In order to minimize the occurrence of reflection cracks after the application of the asphalt overlay in the future, concepts of alternative repair methods were proposed.

Generally, remarkable amount of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is produced annually by pavement surface cutting: due to early distress on asphalt pavement layer and remodelling construction work on existing aged-asphalt pavement layer. In South Korea, various types of research on proper and optimized RAP material development and field application (including evaluation process) are performed because of increase of existing road maintenance budget and technology. The major material of RAP is recycled aggregate coated with aged asphalt binder. The advantages of application of RAP on asphalt pavement are recyclable material proportion can be increased due to re-using of existing aggregate and eco-friendly characteristics. However, more amount of specific additives (and/or agent) needs to be implemented during production with increase amount (and/or proportion) of RAP on virgin asphalt material inevitably. This action is highly needed because of recovery of penetration grade and absolute viscosity of final production. The required amount of additives tends to be vary based on different aging level of RAP, amount of RAP and types of virgin asphalt binder. But it is well known that required amount of additives tends to be increased with increase of RAP proportion compared to virgin asphalt mixture. Moreover, it also should be known that mere increase of additives on RAP asphalt can provide negative effect on its quality and mechanical performance. In this study, high penetration grade asphalt binder: contains between 200 and 300 level of penetration grade, was used for producing RAP asphalt mixture with small amount of required additive application. After the sample preparation, various characteristics of RAP asphalt were analysed with extensive experimental work.

In this paper, first the aging level of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA): one of the widely applied asphalt mixture types for highway construction in South Korea, was analysed then those aging effects on various performance characteristics were studied. Then, a suitable methodology for improving performance on real asphalt pavement construction site was recommended. To fulfil the objective, Gel-Permeation Chromatography (GPC) experimental work was performed on various aged SMA mixtures by measuring Large Molecular Size (LMS) then the Absolute Viscosity (AV) value was predicted based on the findings in the previous step. As results, it was found that types of performance change on aged asphalt binders could be estimated by computed Estimated Absolute Viscosity (EAV) values. It also should be mentioned that the performances of tested SMA mixture presented negative trend after aging effect increases; even though the performance deterioration level of SMA is lower than that of regular Dense Grade Asphalt (DGA) mixture, which means proper reactions are recommended to keep its quality. Moreover, better resistance against aging effect was found by applying Hydrated-Lime (HL) or Low Density Poly-Ethylene (LDPE) compared to any other additives on asphalt mixtures. A unique Aging Quantity (AQ) model for SMA mixtures was developed by using two factors: collected aging time data set from field (and/or laboratory) and AV values based on different temperature conditions. The Predicted Absolute Viscosity (PAV) on SMA mixtures was computed by using the introduced AQ model then the aging level of asphalt binder was estimated as a final step. Additionally, five performance characteristics of asphalt binder: Dynamic Shear Rheometer(DSR) high temperature limit, Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) low temperature limit, G*/sinδ, Creep stiffness, and m-value, were analysed. The value of AV showed the best performance for predicting and representing aging level. Finally, the aging level of given asphalt mixtures in the field can be easily predicted by choosing one of three approaches presented in this research. It can be concluded that the performance of asphalt pavement can be increased by selecting proper materials and performance prediction methodologies introduced in this study. However, only limited number of specimens were considered in this study due to limit of raw materials and laboratory equipment condition. Therefore, extensive experimental works with various types of asphalt materials are recommended for strengthen findings in this thesis as a future research.

The potential of marginal materials as components of road infrastructures has been studied for many years. The list of materials includes non-traditional natural materials (rocks and soils), industrial by-products (from metallurgical industry, thermal electric power stations, and chemical industry) and wastes (mining and quarrying, municipal, industrial and demolition wastes). Among these materials, Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slags (EAFSS) presents physical-mechanical characteristics and full chemical compatibility with the hydrocarbon binders used in road construction and, therefore, have high potential for being re-used. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study conducted to verify the suitability of a particular type of Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag (EAFSS) to be recycled in the aggregate skeleton of dense graded and porous asphalt mixtures for pavements application. One dense graded mixture for wearin gcourse(WCAC), one Stone Mastic Asphalt(SMA) and one Porous Asphalt(PA) were prepared and compacted for this purpose. The computed results of Marshall Stability, Flow and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) values are presented in Table 1.

This study examined how fit between marketing capabilities and exporting marketing strategies affects high growth exporting manufacturing firms’ performance. The result indicates that the marketing infrastructure of high growth exporting firms affects marketing capabilities, the selection of exporting marketing strategies, and high performance. High growth exporting firms in this research belong to machinery, steel, vehicles, electronics & electricity industries. High growth firms by the OECD-Eurostat Manual on Business Demography Statistics (2007) achieve annual average sales or employment growth over twenty percent each year, during a three-year period, and to employ ten or more workers from the first observation year. High growth firms can be considered to have more appropriate marketing capabilities fit with efficient exporting marketing strategies. Barbero et al. (2011) indicated that high growth is based on market expansion and innovation, which is highly related to marketing capabilities. Vorhies & Morgan(2003) addressed that marketing organization fit with strategies affects positively marketing performance. Thus the purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between marketing infrastructure and marketing capabilities, to identify the influence of marketing infrastructure on marketing capabilities and the choice of marketing strategies, and to analyze the effect of fit between marketing capabilities and exporting marketing strategies on superior performance. The performance of high growth exporting firms can be obtained in various ways. Marketing capabilities can explain most the selection of strategy for performance (Barbero, Casillas, and Feldman 2011). Morgan, Katsikeas, and Vorhies(2012) addresses that architectural marketing capabilities influence directly export venture financial performance and that specialized marketing capabilities affect directly export venture market performance. The important role of marketing capabilities is positively associated with a more appropriate fit between identifying customers’ needs and implementing marketing strategies to achieve high performance (Barbero, Casillas, and Feldman 2011). Katsikeas et al.(2006) indicate that fit between marketing strategies and marketing infrastructure is a core factor on the performance of exporting firms. Vorhies and Morgan (2003) indicate that marketing capabilities fit with strategy is a vital engine of marketing performance. Although marketing strategy alone is not related to marketing performance (Barbero et al,2011), marketing organization fit with marketing strategy is positively related to marketing performance (Vorhies and Morgan, 2003). Katsikeas, Leonidou, Morgan(2000) analyzed export performance measures based on various primary data and indicated that the interrelation of export performance measures are considered. Vorhies and Morgan (2003) used the concept of ideal marketing organization profile and measured the relationship between fit of marketing capabilities and marketing strategies. Especially Shoham (1998) indicated that sales-related measures can be more reasonable for exporting firms at early stage, while profit-related measures can be more for export-experienced firms. These findings posit that to achieve high performance, high growth exporting firms understand the importance of fit between marketing capabilities and marketing strategies.

Sperm cell development in spider species undergoes in testicular cyst, containing certain number of cells per cyst. As a germ cell matures through entire stages of spermatogenesis, testicular cysts rupture and produced spermatozoa are transferred in a form of cleistosperm. When mature spermatozoa pass through deferent duct, it is known that various types of seminal secretions are released into the lumen to provide auxillary functions to the mature sperms – such as nutrition, protection, or sperm release inside the female body. However, a peculiar type of seminal secretion was observed in this study. In the lumen of deferent duct, encapsulated seminal secretions are observed along with coiled sperm cells. Since the capsule is quite thick – as thick as the one of mature sperm cell, it is thought that the secretion capsule would be transferred as well along with the sperm cells into the spermathecae probably activiating sperm cells through decapsulation. Also, this study revealed that sperm storage in deferent duct occurs in droplet-by-droplet basis; which suggests possible sperm inducing mechanism. Since spider uses pedipalps in copulation to transfer its sperm cells, spider has to fill it accordingly. In other words, stored sperms in deferent duct are released in a droplet at once.

This study was carried out to evaluate the physical characteristics of total mixed rations (TMR) prepared in Korea for improving productive effectiveness of dairy and beef cattle. The 40 samples of commercial TMR for dairy and beef cattle in 6 municipals were collected and analyzed for chemical composition and physical properties. There were significant regional differences (p<0.05) in dry matter and crude protein contents of TMR for dairy and beef cattle. In roughage value index (RVI), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, and physically effective NDF (peNDF)1.18 content, there were no regional differences in TMR for dairy cattle, but there were significant regional differences (p<0.05) in TMR for beef cattle. Thus the results from this study support that because RVI, NDF content, and peNDF content in TMR for dairy and beef cattle exceeded recommended ranges, a little adjustment in TMR for dairy cattle will be necessary to obtain optimal productivity.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been utilized as a traditional medicine but the aerial parts (flower, flower stalk, leaf) were not used. In this paper, we aimed to determine the content of three compounds [aucubin, catalpol, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in different organs of R. glutinosa. Methods and Results : The flower, flower stalk, leaf, and root of R. glutinosa were harvested in the end of August. The aucubin and catalpol were analyzed by LC/MS, whereas GABA was analyzed by GC/MS. The aucubin content was the highest in the leaf, while catalpol and GABA were the highest in the flower. The aucubin content of in the leaf was 1.43, 0.81, and 1.07 ㎎/g, respectively. The catalpol content of flower in Dakang, Tokang, and Suwon 9 was 41.06, 28.78 and 37.48 ㎎/g, respectively. The GABA content of flower in Dakang, Tokang, and Suwon 9 were 0.79, 0.76 and 0.65 ㎎/g, respectively. Conclusions : The contents of aucubin, catalpol, and GABA were higher in leaf and flower than that of root. This study provides the important information of R. glutinosa leaf and flower as a potential supplement.

This study suggests a PM interaction curve as a management element to prevent collapse of system supports. the FE analysis result show the element buckes when the element is beyond the PM curve. Since the system is able to resist a certain flexural strengths it is determined that the PM curve is suitable for a management element.

This study results the shear capacity of a wall depending on the postion and reinforcement of the equipment opening using finite element analysis. Analysis results show that when the openings are placed in the corner, the shear capacity was reduced than in the center. and reinforcing with a steel sleeve can compensate for the reduced strength