This research examined whether the (in)congruence between the geographical distance between the viewer and the destination, and the dynamic distance experienced via zoomin and zoom-out affects the recommendation likelihood of the travel destination. Specifically, when the viewer’s motivation is utilitarian (e.g., travelling for work), we expect the congruence effect (H1): a higher recommendation likelihood when the geographic distance is congruent with the dynamic distance; that is, the viewer is more likely to recommend the travel destination when the destination is geographically far away from (close to) with a zoom-out (zoom-in) view. By contrast, when the viewer’s motivation is hedonic (e.g., travelling for fun), we expect the incongruence effect (H2): a higher recommendation likelihood when the geographic distance is incongruent with the dynamic distance; that is, the viewer is more likely to recommend the travel destination when the destination is geographically far away from (close to) with a zoom-in (zoomout) view. We test these ideas in an experimental study.

The near real-time speckle masking reconstruction technique has been developed to accelerate the processing of solar images to achieve high resolutions for ground-based solar telescopes. However, the reconstruction of solar subimages in such a speckle reconstruction is very time-consuming. We design and implement a new parallel speckle masking reconstruction algorithm based on the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) on General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU). Tests are performed to validate the correctness of our program on NVIDIA GPGPU. Details of several parallel reconstruction steps are presented, and the parallel implementation between various modules shows a significant speed increase compared to the previous serial implementations. In addition, we present a comparison of runtimes across serial programs, the OpenMP-based method, and the new parallel method. The new parallel method shows a clear advantage for large scale data processing, and a speedup of around 9 to 10 is achieved in reconstructing one solar subimage of 256×256 pixels. The speedup performance of the new parallel method exceeds that of OpenMP-based method overall. We conclude that the new parallel method would be of value, and contribute to real-time reconstruction of an entire solar image.

Soybean straw (SS)-based activated carbon was employed as a precursor to prepare carbon molecular sieves (CMSs) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using methane as carbon source. Prior to the CVD process, SS was activated by 0.5 wt% ZnCl2, followed by a carbonization at 500°C for 1 h in N2 atmosphere. N2 (77 K) adsorption-desorption and CO2 (273 K) adsorption tests were carried out to analyze the pore structure of the prepared CMSs. The results show that increasing the deposition temperature, time or methane flow rate leads the decrease in N2 adsorption capacity, micropore volume and average pore diameter of CMSs. The adsorption selectivity coefficient of CO2/CH4 achieves as high as 20.8 over CMSs obtained under the methane flow rate of 30 mL min–1 at 800°C for 70 min. The study demonstrates the prepared CMSs are a candidate adsorbent for CO2/CH4 separation.

The wind field and precipitable water vapor over the Tibetan Plateau are analyzed using the numerical model WRF. The spatial and vertical distributions of the relevant meteorological factors are summarized, providing evidence for selecting and further evaluating an astronomical site. This study serves as a further demonstration towards astro-climate regionalization, and provides us with an essential database for an astronomical site survey over the Tibetan Plateau.

Benzene was oxidized by binary oxidants composed of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide at 80℃. The product obtained was analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Eight high value compounds, 2-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-6-nitrophenol, 4-chloro-2- nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol and 2-chloro-4,6-dinitro-phenol were found, which they have high contents in the range from 4.28% to 32.52%. These compounds are very widely used in organic synthesis. e.g., synthesizing dye, medicines and chemical reagents, pesticide, explosive, polymer, etc.

Crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal proteins, Cry proteins, produced by Bacill us thuringiensis (Bt) have been generally used used to control insect pests. In this st udy, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Plutella xylostella, Spodopt era exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes wi th enhanced insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 24 amino acid sequen ces by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 34 mutant cry gen es. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded in to polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. When the insecticidal activit ies of these mutant Cry proteins against to larvae of P. xylostella, S. exigua, and O. furnacalis were assayed, they showed higher or similar insecticidal activity compar ed to those of Cry1Ac and Cry1C. Especially, among them Mutant-N16 showed th e highest insecticidal activity against to both of P. xylostella, S. exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis. Therefore, Mutant-N16 is estimated to have the potential for the efficac ious bioagent.

The present study assessed the effect of FSH and LH on oocyte meiotic, cytoplasmic maturation and on the expression level and polyadenylation status of several maternal genes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in the presence of FSH, LH, or the combination of FSH and LH. Significant cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation was observed upon exposure to FSH alone and to the combination of FSH and LH. The combination of FSH and LH during entire IVM increased the mRNA level of four maternal genes, C-mos, Cyclin B1, Gdf9 and Bmp15, at 28 h. Supplemented with FSH or LH significantly enhanced the polyadenylation of Gdf9 and Bmp15; and altered the expression level of Gdf9 and Bmp15. Following parthenogenesis, the exposure of oocytes to combination of FSH and LH during IVM significantly increased cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate and total cell number, and decreased apoptosis. In addition, FSH and LH down-regulated the autophagy gene Atg6 and upregulated the apoptosis gene Bcl-xL at the mRNA level in blastocysts. These data suggest that the FSH and LH enhance meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation, possibly through the regulation of maternal gene expression and polyadenylation. Overall, we show here that FSH and LH inhibit apoptosis and autophagy and improve parthenogenetic embryo competence and development.

본 연구는 베트남산 잎말이나방족에 대한 연구를 수행하여 5종 (Adoxophyes tetraphracta Meyrick, Meridemis bathymorpha Diakonoff, Pandemis corylana Fabricius, Terthreutis bulligera Meyrick, Ulodemis hyalura Diakonoff)이 베트남에서는 처음으로 기록되었다. 모든 종에 대한 기재, 성충의 모습, 그리고 생식기의 도해를 실었다.

명나방과의 2종, Hypsopygia iwamotoi Kirpichnikova & Yamanaka, 1995와 Synaphe amuralis (Hampson, 1900)이 중국에서는 처음으로 보고된다. 본 연구에서는 이들 2종에 대하여 재기재하고 성충 및 생식기의 도해도를 제시하였다.

울산광역시 울주군 정족산에 위치하고 있는 무제치늪은 우리나라에서 가장 오 래된 산지습지 중 하나이다. 오랜 세월에 걸친 화강암의 풍화작용과 홍수에 의한 침 식작용 등으로 형성된 분지형태의 습지로 이탄층이며 약산성의 수질을 나타낸다. 이와 같은 환경을 바탕으로 식충식물 등 희귀종이 서식하고 있으며, 곤충으로는 멸 종위기종Ⅱ급인 꼬마잠자리가 확인되는 등 생태적으로도 중요한 가치를 인정받고 있다. 본 연구에서 다양한 무제치늪의 생태계 구성원 중 육상곤충의 전체적인 서식 분포와 밀도를 조사하였으며, 시기에 따른 변화양상을 비교하였다. 조사는 2012년 6~10월에 걸쳐 5회 실시하였으며, 4개로 이루어진 무제치늪 및 주변지역 중 곤충 서식에 적합한 지점을 선택하여 정밀조사를 수행하였다. 조사방 법으로는 임의채집법(관찰, 목격, 돌들기 등), 스위핑법, 털어잡기법, 라이트트랩 법을 사용하였다. 채집한 모든 곤충을 실험실로 운반 후 동정 및 종수를 계수하였으 며 상대적 우점도지수를 구하였다. 조사결과 총 10목 67과 218종이 발견되었다. 조사된 분류군들의 군집구조를 살 펴보면 나비목이 15과 107종(R.D 49.08)으로 구성비가 가장 높았고, 그 외 노린재 목과 딱정벌레목이 14/13과 25종(R.D 11.47), 메뚜기목이 4과 16종(R.D 7.34), 파 리목이 7과 15종(R.D 6.88), 잠자리목이 4과 14종(R.D 6.42), 벌목이 5과 11종(R.D 5.05), 풀잠자리목이 3과 3종(R.D 1.38), 사마귀목과 집게레목이 1과 1종(R.D 0.46)으로 구성되었다. 주요종으로는 멸종위기종Ⅱ급인 꼬마잠자리, 국외반출승 인대상생물종인 노랑띠들명나방, 봄처녀나비가 확인되었다.

Plasmids are crucial for determining the pathogenicity and host range of organisms of the Bacillus thuringiensis strains. In this research, a novel serogroup of B. thuringiensis serovar mogi (H3a3b3d), which showed mosquitocidal activity against Anopheles sinensis and Culex pipiens pallens, was isolated from fallen leaves in Mungyeong city, Republic of Korea. In contrast to the complicated plasmid profiles of B. thuringiensis H3 serotype strains, the B. thuringiensis serovar mogi contained two megaplasmids (> 30 MDa) on which the toxin genes were occasionally located. Sequence analysis using 454-pyrosequencing revealed that there are 7 putative cry genes, cry19Bb1, cry73Aa, cry40orf2, cry20Bb1, cry27Ab1, cry56Ba1 and cry39orf2, distributed on the two different megaplasmids, respectively. These cry genes were cloned to the Escherichia coli-B. thuringiensis shuttle vector, pHT1K under the control of its own promoter and p1KSD, which is a recombinant expression vector containing cyt1Aa promoter combined with the STAB-SD sequence, and then introduced into an acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis Cry-B strain for further molecular characterization. To investigate the role of these genes in crystal production, the expression profiles of these toxin genes were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) from the wild type strain. These results clearly indicate that the cry39orf2 was the dominant ingredient in the crystal. This novel 3a3b3d type strain, B. thuringiensis serovar mogi, could be used as a good resource for studying unknown mosquitocidal cry genes.

ORF78 (ac78) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a baculovirus core gene of unknown function. To determine the role of ac78 in baculovirus life cycle, an ac78-deleted mutant AcMNPV, Ac78KO, was constructed. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that ac78 is a late gene in the viral life cycle. After transfection into Spodoptera frugiperda cells, Ac78KO produced a single-cell infection phenotype indicating that no infectious budded viruses (BVs) were produced. The defection in BV production was also confirmed by both viral titration and Western blot. However, viral DNA replication is unaffected. Analysis of BV and occlusion derived virus (ODV) revealed that AC78 is associated with both forms of the virions and is a structural protein located to viral envelope. Electron microscopy showed that ac78 also plays an important role in embedding of ODV into occlusion body. This study therefore demonstrates that AC78 is a late virion associated protein and is essential for the viral life cycle.

ORF11 (ac11) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a highly conserved gene of unknown function. To determine the role of ac11 in baculovirus life cycle, an ac11-knockout mutant AcMNPV, Ac11KO, was constructed. qPCR analysis revealed that ac11 is an early gene in the life cycle. After transfection into Spodoptera frugiperda cells, Ac11KO produced a single cell infection phenotype indicating that no infectious budded viruses (BVs) were produced. The defection in BV production was confirmed by both viral titration and Western blot. However, viral DNA replication is unaffected. Electron microscopy showed that ac11 is required for nucleocapsids envelopment to form ODV and their subsequent embedding into OB. This study therefore demonstrates that ac11 is an early gene which is essential for the viral life cycle.

Crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal proteins, Cry proteins, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been generally used to control insect pests. In this study, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes with enhanced insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 23 amino acid sequences by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 24 mutant cry genes. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded into polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. When the insecticidal activities of these mutant Cry proteins against to larvae of P. xylostella and S. exigua were assayed, they showed higher or similar insecticidal activity compared to those of Cry1Ac and Cry1C. Especially, among them Mutant-N16 showed the highest insecticidal activity against to both of P. xylostella and S. exigua. Therefore, Mutant-N16 is considered to have the potential for the efficacious biological insecticide.

Phycitinae is one of the subfamilies of Pyralidae, about 4000 phycitinae species in the world (Solis and Mitter 1992), and around 300 species of 110 genera have been reported in China (Li and Ren 2005). The subfamily of Phycitinae is characterized by the following characteristics: both wings are long and narrow, chaetosema present; forewing with 11 veins or less, R3 and R4 stalked at base or fused completely, both male and female with only one frenulum; gnathos rod-shaped or coniform; valva with costa well developed, transtilla free or connected at top, aedeagus cylindrical, male usually with culcita; ductus bursae from corpus bursae. The larvae of phycitinae are leafrollers, leafminers or products pests. Their distribution is throughout the world (Munroe and Solis, 1999). As a NE region, Jilin province lies in the center of northeast part of China, borders by North Korea, Far East of Russia, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. Until now, only 20 species of phycitinae have been reported from here, accordingly, the faunistic inventory is by no means completed, and to survey the diversity of phycitinae is significant for systematic study in China. In this study, we identified 35 species belonging to 19 genera, of them, 2 species are reported for the first time in China, and 12 species are newly reported from Jilin Province. The materials examined come from the collection of Incheon National University and Northeast Forestry University.

Pyralinae are one of the largest subfamilies belonging to Pyralidae, which comprises about 900 species of 217 genera in the world, and 150 species belonging to 32 genera are recorded in China (Li houhun, 2009). This subfamily are characterized by the following characteristics: head rounded, chaetosemata present, proboscis developed. Labial palpus porrect or upturned. Maxillary palpus small. Forewing colorful, from narrow to wide, antemedial line and postmedial line present and distinct. Hindwing color simple. Male genitalia with broad uncus, gnathos developed, slim, tip of gnathos sharp or hooked; tegument sclerotized, valve simple with various shape; juxta elliptical or rounded, aedeagus slender, cornutus present or absent. Female genitalia with small papillae anales, corpus bursae oval, signum present or absent. Liaoning Province is located in the southern part of NE China, the area of Liaoning is 146,900 km² and it is bounded on the south by the Yellow sea, on the southeast by North Korea, on the north by Jilin Province, and on the west by Inner Mongolia and Hebei Province. The mean annual temperature is 7-11℃, the mean annual precipitation is 600-1100 mm in northeast part, but 400 mm in west part. Liaoning Province is an important area for forest and agriculture, accordingly, to survey the diversity of Pyralinae is of great significance for systematic study in Liaoning Province. In this study, our materials examined come from the collection of Northeast forestry University from 2006-2010, and the collection of Incheon University from 2010-2012. Finally, we identified 11 species belonging to 8 genera, of them, 1 species are the first time reported in China, and 6 speices are the first time reported in Liaoning Province.

Among hemipteran insects which is the most important insect vector of plant viruses, small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, transmits the rice stripe virus (RSV) causing rice stripe disease. For effective control of RSV, it is important to understand interaction between RSV and L. striatellus. Therefore, in this study, expressed sequence tag (EST) databases were generated based on 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing for comparative transcriptome analysis between nonviruliferous and RSV-viruliferous L. striatellus. By comparing the two EST libraries, we showed that 108 host genes were significantly up-regulated and 28 host genes were significantly down-regulated in viruliferous insects. Interestingly, genes encoding ribosomal proteins were mainly up-regulated in viruliferous L. striatellus, whereas genes related to translation were concentrated in the downregulated cohort. These RSV-dependently regulated genes may have important function in the behavior of planthopper or the transmission of RSV.

Bacillus thuringiensis serovar mogi of a novel serogroup (H3a3b3d), which showed mosquitocidal activity against Anopheles sinensis and Culex pipiens pallens, was isolated from fallen leaves in Mungyeong city, Republic of Korea. In contrast to the complicated plasmid profiles of B. thuringiensis H3 serotype strains, the B. thuringiensis serovar mogi contained only megaplasmid (> 30 MDa) on which the toxin genes were occasionally located. Sequence analysis using 454-pyrosequencing revealed that the megaplasmid harbored at least seven putative cry genes, showing about 84%, 75%, 73%, 58%, 84%, 39% and 75% similarities in amino acid sequences with Cry27Aa, Cry19Ba, Cry20-like, Cry56Aa, Cry39ORF2, Cry8Ba and Cry40ORF2, respectively. These cry genes were cloned to the Escherichia coli-B. thuringiensis shuttle vector, pHT1K, and then introduced into an acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis Cry-B strain for further molecular characterization. To investigate the role of these genes in crystal production, the expression profiles of these toxin genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qrtPCR) from the wild type strain as well as transformant strains. The results clearly indicate that the cry39orf2 was the dominant ingredient in the crystal. This novel 3a3b3d type strain, B. thuringiensis serovar mogi, could be used as a good resource for studying unknown mosquitocidal cry genes.

The baculovirus expression system is one of the most popular methods used for the production of recombinant proteins but has several complex steps which have proved inherently difficult to meet a multi-parellel process. We have developed a novel recombinant bacmid, bEasyBm that enabling easy and fast generation of pure recombinant virus without any purification step. In the bEasyBm, attR recombination sites were introduced to facilitate the generation of recombinant viral genome by in vitro transposition. Moreover, extracellular RNase gene from bacillus amyloliquefaciens, barnase, was expressed under the control of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus early promoter. Therefore, only when the barnase gene was replaced to gene of interest, the bEasyBm could replicate in host insect cells. When the bEasyBm was transposed with pDualBac-EGFP and pDualBac-LUC respectively, there were no non-recombinant backgrounds were detected from unpurified BmEasy-EGFP or BmEasy-LUC stocks. In addition, the resulting recombinant virus, BmEasy-EGFP, showed comparable level of EGFP expression efficiency with the plaque-purified recombinant virus, BmEGFP, which was constructed using bBmGOZA system. Based on these results, high-throughput condition for generation of multiple recombinant viruses in a time was established.

Varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal proteins, Cry proteins, have so far been found as one of the most successful biological control agents which are safe to natural environments for a long time. Recently, cry genes encoding these Cry proteins have been widely applied for construction of transgenic crops resistant to pest insects. In this study, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes with improved insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 23 amino acid sequences by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 24 mutant cry genes. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded into polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. In the further study, we plan to investigate their insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella, S. exigua and O. furnacalis larvae.