The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is an effective and widely used system for the production of recombinantproteins in insect cells or larvae. However, the expression efficiency of recombinant proteins using the polyhedrin promotercould not acquire the protein yields observed for native polyhedrin. In this study, we tried to develop hyper expressionvector by the optimal combination of previously reported various enhancer factors. The selected enhancer factors for optimalexpression consists homologous region5 (hr5), VP39 promoter and burst sequences. Seven recombinant viruses were madeto compare EGFP expression level. Each recombinant viruses showed different expression levels respectively, and themost of expression level was observed with higher than those of the previous vectors. This study suggests a new optionfor hyper expression of useful recombinant protein using the BEVS.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea, are importantpest and plant disease. To control these, many people have been relied on chemical methods for a long time. However,their continuous use has resulted in resistance of pest and disease. To surmount or avoid these problems, we evaluatedantifungal activity of the selected fungi with high virulence to mite to explore the potential for the dual control of notonly T. urticae but also B. cinerea. To maximize the use of spores and cultural filtrates, the virulence to mite was evaluatedusing culture products, and effective culture condition was investigated against blastospore production and antifungal activity.Consequently, the 2 fungal isolate selected in this study were confirmed to have diverse potential and would be usedeffectively for dual control agents against the two-spotted spider mite and plant diseases

Walnuts are economically important for forestry workers in recent, but there are few available data for insect pestsin walnut orchards. In 2017, walnut fruits and leaves were damaged by Conogethes punctiferalis and Acrocercops transecta,respectively. In late summer, damage rates by C. punctiferalis in Buyeo, Gimcheon, and Hwaseong were 22.1%, 20.5%,and 11.7%, respectively. According to A. transecta, damage rates in seedlings (58.5% in average) were higher than inolder trees (11.2% in average) irrespective of study locations.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is one of the world’s major pests. Economic cost to control this pest wasestimated between US$1.3 billion and US$2.3 billion based on management costs. Conservative estimate included yieldloss caused by 5% diamondback moth was estimated US$4 billion-US$5 billion. P. xylostella was managed by chemicalinsecticide such as organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. But insecticide resistance which is caused by repeatedapplication makes it difficult to control this pest. For environmental friendly control of diamondback moth, entomopathogenicfungi could be used as alternative. We conducted bioassay to select high virulent isolate to larva of diamondback mothwith forty six entomopathogenic fungi which were isolated from soil samples by insect-bait method. As a result of bioassaytwelve isolates was selected as candidate. We investigated control efficacy of these twelve isolates with potted Chinesecabbage at laboratory and greenhouse.

Viral particles of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) consist of a four structural proteins. Among them Spikeprotein mediated responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion during viral infection and therefore the main targetof neutralizing antibodies. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are consisted of one or more viral structural proteins, and theirmorphologies closely resemble those of the native virus. VLPs have no virulence and can elicit robust immune responsesas compared with inactivated or live-attenuated virus vaccines. Thus, in this study, we tried two methods for VLP constructionin Bombyx mori, one is traditional method and the other is chimeric VLP method using the influenza matrix protein.Both methods could produce successfully PEDV VLPs.

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of home or hetero fermentative lactic acid bacteria(LAB) on chemical composition, fermentation quality, and aerobic stability of rye silage. Rye forage was harvested at dough stage(28.9% of dry matter), chopped to 3-5 cm length, and divided into 4 piles for different inoculations as treatment, following 1) No additives(CON); 2) Lactobacillus plantarum at rate of 1.5 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LP); 3) L. buchneri at rate of 1.2 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LB); and 4) Mixture of LP and LB at 1:1 ratio(MIX). Rye silage was ensiled into 20 L bucket silo in quadruplicate for 0, 1, 4, 7, and 100 day periods. After 100 days of ensiling, the silage treated with LB had lower acid detergent fiber content(p<0.05), but higher in vitro dry matter digestibility(p<0.05). The LB and MIX reduced (p<0.05) pH more rapidly than CON and LP across the ensiling days, but had no difference on 100 days. Silage treated LP had lowest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but highest(p<0.05) propionic acid. In contrast, LB treated silage had highest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but lowest(p<0.05) propionic acid with the absence of butyric acid. On microbial count, LP treated silage had lowest(p<0.05) LAB, yeast, and aerobic stability, whereas LB and MIX treated silages had highest(p<0.05). Mold was not detected across all silages. Therefore, it could be concluded that heterofermentative LAB solely or combo with homofermentative LAB might improve in vitro dry matter digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and aerobic stability of rye silage harvested at dough stage.

It is necessary to monitor growth status of the crops due to continuous change of climate causing insecurity in crop cultivation. Low altitude remote sensing(LARS) system is utilized to accurately monitor the growth status of the crops. In this study, models for monitoring fresh weight(FW), one of the major growth factors of Chinese cabbage, were developed with structural indices and simple ratio calculated from bands in remotely sensed canopies by NIR, RE(imaging sensor A) and multispec-4c sensors(imaging sensor B) equipped with fixed-wing UAV depending on vegetation stages of normal planting(NP) and delayed planting(DP) Chinese cabbages. In results of imaging sensor A, the estimation models using structural indices and simple ratio were divided into NP and DP due to different attribute of reflectance in canopies with changed environment condition depending on different planting dates. The estimation models using simple ratio calculated by red edge and visible bands of NP showed better performance than other models, but RMSE was high. The models using simple ratio calculated by same bands of DP were feasible to accurately estimate FW(R2 of more than 0.946 with RMSE of less than 169.5 g). In results of imaging sensor B, the estimation models using structural indices and simple ratio on DP were divided into low to intermediate FW and intermediate to high FW. As a result, estimation models of all structural indices and simple ratio in low to intermediate FW bands were advisable to estimate FW(R2 of more than 0.860 with RMSE of less than 104.7 g). Estimation models of those calculated by red edge and visible bands in intermediate to high FW were only possible to accurately estimate FW(R2 of more than 0.532 with RMSE of less than 400.7 g).

This research was relative humidity (65, 75, 85 and 95%) growth characteristics of the oak mushroom (Lentinula edodes) 'Nongjingo’. At the relative humidity was 65% in growth chamber. On this condition the moisture content of medium surface was 60.5%. That was lower than other treatments. That condition makes Pileus was 77.1% and stipe was 65%. Among the growth characteristics according to the relative humidity, the pileus diameter at 75% relative humidity were 45.5mm that largest than other treatment and pileus thickness at 75% relative humidity were largest than other treatment. The stipe thickness at 65% relative humidity were 14.8mm that lagest than other treatment. The number of available stipes at 95% relative humidity were 13.3peace/2kg that largest than other treatment. The comparison yield ability of 1 cycle was 104.2g that result in largest than other treatment at 95% relative humidity. This result was associated to the relative humidity of fruiting bodies, the lower relative humidity result in the lower of yield. However, the lower relative humidity result in the higher number of whago, Especially, at the treatment of 65% relative humidity, all the fruit bodies were produced as Whago (dry). Therefore, the higher relative humidity influenced in the higher yield but produced water mushroom. That result was thought that ‘Nongjingo’ would be possible to produce high quality mushroom by adjusting the relative humidity appropriately.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most important pests of vegetable crops worldwide. This species cause direct damage by feeding on plant nutrients and indirect damage as transmits many virus vectors. The control of aphid has relied on the use of chemical insecticides and their intensive use over many years has led to the development of resistance. To surmount or avoid these problems, we screened the entomopathogenic fungi against green peach aphid and evaluated their virulences. Several entomopathogenic fungal isolates were selected with high virulence to green peach aphid. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the selected fungal isolates was tested and analyzed to phytopathogens. Consequently, these entomopathogenic fungi would be used effectively for dual control agents for the green peach aphid and phytopathogen.

Dendrolimus superans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) has long been acknowledged to present in South Korea under the circumstance of a substantial change in species names of Dendrolimus. In the present study, we found that specimens of D. superans collected from South Korea were D. sibiricus, rather than D. superans. Comparison of Korean specimens to the D. superans from Japan and the D. sibiricus from Russia in terms of wing morphology, female and male genitalia, a partial COI gene sequence, and a partial internal spacer sequence 2 (ITS2) consistently supported the presence of D. sibiricus in South Korea. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated sequences of COI and ITS2 from available individuals of D. sibiricus and D. superans both by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods the Korea samples to be D. sibiricus.

The unique characteristics of graphene make it an optimal material for crucial studies; likewise, its potential applications are numerous. Graphene’s characteristics change with the number of total layers, and thus the rapid and accurate estimation of the number of graphene layers is essential. In this work, we review the methods till date used to identify the number of layers but they incorporate certain drawbacks and limitations. To overcome the limitations, a combination of these methods will provide a direct approach to identify the number of layers. Here we correlate the data obtained from Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy images, and atomic force microscopy to identify the number of graphene layers. Among these methods, correlation of optical microscopy images with Raman spectroscopy data is proposed as a more direct approach to reliably determine the number of graphene layers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy and ball exercise on women experiencing menstrual discomforts, thereby identifying the validity of these methods as interventions against menstrual discomforts, with a particular goal of presenting basic data for clinical use. Twenty university students in their 20s were assigned to two therapy groups in a sequence via simple random sampling; ten subjects attended a ball exercise combined with music therapy group and the other ten subjects attended a music therapy group. Ball exercises were conducted 3 times per week for a total of 12 times, starting from 3 weeks before the expected first day of the menstrual period and ending on the last day of the menstrual period. Similarly, the subjects participated in music therapy by listening to music for 35 minutes per session and 3 sessions per week, starting from 3 weeks before the expected first day of the menstrual period and ending on the last day of the menstrual period. Five out of six categories of menstrual discomforts were significantly decreased in both music therapy and ball exercise, the exception being changes in the autonomic nervous system, while those in the music therapy group showed a significant difference only in the category of behavioral changes. The results of the present study demonstrate that the ball exercise combined with music therapy more effective in improving menstrual discomforts than the music therapy group.

Honeybees have faced many diseases which treaten bee colony including a serious population decline phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Nosema ceranae is a pathogen cause nosemosis, which is now wide spread around the world. According to the genome sequencing for N. ceranae, it has been identified that the presence of machinery for RNA silencing. Microsporidia N. ceranae that are obligated intracellular parasites depend on their host for energetic and metabolic needs. Here we selected the several genes from mitosome of N. ceranae to develop RNAi for the control of Nosema. Especially, TOM40, FNR1, FNR2 and Nar1 were chosen. After infection of N. ceranae, the Honeybee were treated with RNAi either by using only one or combining two or more. The infection rate and specific gene silecing in Nosema were analyzed.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is one of the most important pests of crops. However, chemical acaricides are not always effective and their continuous use has resulted in resistance among two-spotted spider mite populations. To reduce or replace use of chemical acaricides, the entomopathogenic fungi having acaricidal activity were investigated. As results, 12 isolates could be selected from 342 isolates of fungi against two-spotted spider mite. To show the multiple roles of entomopathogenic fungi against plant pathogen, the antimicrobial activity of selected 12 isolates were evaluated to plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and fungus Botrytis cinerea. Various antimicrobial activities were observed against these plant pathogens. Consequently, these entomopathogenic fungi would be offered an alternative for dual control agents against the two-spotted spider mite and plant diseases.

Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Gloever is one of the major pests on a wide range of economically important crops in the world. The sustained use of chemical insecticides to control the aphid has led to the emergence of resistant strains to numerous used insecticides. As an alternative strategy entomopathogenic fungi have been used as part of integrated pest management program to control aphid, especially insecticide-resistance population. In particular, Beauveria bassiana-based commercial bio-insecticide has been used to reduce the pest population under greenhouse conditions in various countries. In this study, we investigated the control efficacy of a prototype of commercial mycopesticide using an B. bassiana (wettable powder) against cotton aphid on potted cucumber plant in greenhouse conditions.

Various insect pests and plant disease can outbreak in a field. For the effective control of pests and plant diseases during crop cultivation, farmers simultaneously or sequentially spray various eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM), chemical pesticides and microbial control agents on the same fields. It was reported that many agrochemicals are harmful to entomopathogenic fungi, especially some fungicides with broad spectrum activity that are routinely applied for the control of plant diseases. In addition, some pesticides may antagonize the potential insecticidal activity and efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore, sometimes the utilization of fungal entomopathogen in forestry and agricultural production is limited because of the undesirable interference from some fungicides and pesticides. There is little research that examines the compatibility of these EFAMs with entomopathogenic fungi and the influence of EFAMs on the control efficacy of mycopesticides. We conducted a study of influence of pretreated eco-friendly agricultural materials on control efficacy of Isaria javanica isolate against sweet potato whitefly.