This review examines the microstructural and mechanical properties of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by wrought processing and powder metallurgy (PM), specifically laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and hot isostatic pressing. Wrought methods, such as forging and rolling, create equiaxed alpha (α) and beta (β) grain structures with balanced properties, which are ideal for fatigue resistance. In contrast, PM methods, particularly LPBF, often yield a martensitic α′ structure with high microhardness, enabling complex geometries but requiring post-processing to improve its properties and reduce stress. The study evaluated the effects of processing parameters on grain size, phase distribution, and material characteristics, guiding the choice of fabrication techniques for optimizing Ti-6Al-4V performance in aerospace, biomedical, and automotive applications. The analysis emphasizes tailored processing to meet advanced engineering demands.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been reported to have better properties than conventional materials; however, they are more expensive due to the high cost of their main components. Therefore, research is needed to reduce manufacturing costs. In this study, CoCrFeMnNi HEAs were prepared using metal injection molding (MIM), which is a powder metallurgy process that involves less material waste than machining process. Although the MIM-processed samples were in the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase, porosity remained after sintering at 1200°C, 1250°C, and 1275°C. In this study, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process, which considers both temperature (1150°C) and pressure (150 MPa), was adopted to improve the quality of the MIM samples. Although the hardness of the HIP-treated samples decreased slightly and the Mn composition was significantly reduced, the process effectively eliminated many pores that remained after the 1275°C MIM process. The HIP process can improve the quality of the alloy.

연구에서는 '누리금잠'이라 명명된 새로운 누에 신품종을 개발하였으며, 이는 황색 고치와 세리신 고치를 생산 하는 두 개의 기존 계통, 잠311과 D751의 교배를 통해 육성되었습니다. 이 신품종은 첫 교배 실험을 거친 2019년 봄부터 2021년 봄까지 총 4차례의 생산력 평가를 진행했으며, 이어진 2022년 봄부터 2023년 가을까지 4차례에 걸친 지역 적응성 평가를 통해 2023년 가을에 새로운 품종으로 공식 인정받았습니다. '누리금잠'은 봄과 가을 시즌에 각각 평균 부화율 86.9%, 89.6%를 기록하였고, 유충의 평균 성장 기간은 봄에는 21일과 12시간, 가을에는 19일과 22시간으로 나타났습니다. 세리신 고치의 평균 생산성은 봄에 79.17%, 가을에 74.9%였으며, 수확된 세리 신의 평균 중량은 누에고치 250개를 기준으로 봄에 6g, 가을에는 7.7g으로 측정되었습니다. 이와 같은 결과는 '누리금잠'이 높은 부화율과 우수한 세리신 생산성을 갖추고 있음을 시사합니다. 이는 세리 신 기반 제품의 생산 효율성을 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라, 양잠산업의 경제적 가치를 상승시키는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각됩니다.

Throughfall (TF)—as a diffusive hydrological water flux—significantly affects ecohydrological and biogeochemical processes within forest ecosystems. Recent investigations have revealed the impact on TF generation processes within unmanaged coniferous plantations of under-canopy structures, particularly those laden with dead branches, as well as upper-canopy structures. However, spatiotemporal variations in TF in such plantations remain unexplored. We investigated these variations in TF in a 33-year-old unmanaged Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) plantation, laden with dead branches, with a high stand density (SD) of 2,500 stems ha−1. Over a two-year period (May 2017 to May 2019), we conducted weekly TF measurements using 28 manual-type TF collectors. We compared the present TF ratio and canopy water storage capacity (S) with those of previous investigations conducted on Japanese cypress plantations. Moreover, we assessed key indices contributing to spatiotemporal TF variations (canopy cover: CC and distance to the nearest stem: TFd) and potentially influential dead branch indices (number of dead branches: TFdb and vertical spacing length on a stem: TFs) to elucidate TF spatial patterns. The results showed that the TF ratio was notably lower than that in previous studies (n = 13), with SD (r = –0.92, p < 0.001) and S (r = –0.87, p < 0.001) emerging as key influential factors among other stand-structure parameters. Spatial TF patterns exhibited a decreasing trend as the gross rainfall (GR) increased. Temporal stability was not significantly associated with CC (r = 0.120, p = 0.544), TFd (r = 0.068, p = 0.731), TFdb (r = 0.211, p = 0.281), or TFs (r = 0.206, p = 0.292) for any of the TF collectors. These findings underscore the important role of GR in determining the spatial variation of TF. Collectively, our results contribute to an enhanced understanding of TF spatiotemporal heterogeneity in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantations with dead branches.

This study was conducted to calculate the damage of Italian ryegrass (IRG) by abnormal climate using machine learning and present the damage through the map. The IRG data collected 1,384. The climate data was collected from the Korea Meteorological Administration Meteorological data open portal.The machine learning model called xDeepFM was used to detect IRG damage. The damage was calculated using climate data from the Automated Synoptic Observing System (95 sites) by machine learning. The calculation of damage was the difference between the Dry matter yield (DMY)normal and DMYabnormal. The normal climate was set as the 40-year of climate data according to the year of IRG data (1986~2020). The level of abnormal climate was set as a multiple of the standard deviation applying the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standard. The DMYnormal was ranged from 5,678 to 15,188 kg/ha. The damage of IRG differed according to region and level of abnormal climate with abnormal temperature, precipitation, and wind speed from -1,380 to 1,176, -3 to 2,465, and -830 to 962 kg/ha, respectively. The maximum damage was 1,176 kg/ha when the abnormal temperature was -2 level (+1.04℃), 2,465 kg/ha when the abnormal precipitation was all level and 962 kg/ha when the abnormal wind speed was -2 level (+1.60 ㎧). The damage calculated through the WMO method was presented as an map using QGIS. There was some blank area because there was no climate data. In order to calculate the damage of blank area, it would be possible to use the automatic weather system (AWS), which provides data from more sites than the automated synoptic observing system (ASOS).

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts for approximately 90% of oral cancers, has a high rate of local recurrence and a poor prognosis despite improvements in treatment. Exosomes released from OSCC cells promote cell proliferation and metastasis. Although it is clear that the biogenesis of exosomes is mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, the gene expression pattern of ESCRT, depending on the cell type, remains elusive. The exosomal release from the human OSCC cell lines, HSC-3 and HSC-4, and their corresponding gefitinib-resistant sub-cell lines, HSC-3/GR and HSC-4/GR, was assessed by western blot and flow cytometry. The levels of ESCRT machinery proteins, including Hrs, Tsg101, and Alix, and whole-cell ubiquitination were evaluated by western blot. We observed that the basal level of exosomal release was higher in HSC-3/GR and HSC-4/GR cells than in HSC-3 and HSC-4 cells, respectively. Long-term gefitinib exposure of each cell line and its corresponding gefitinib-resistant sub-cell line differentially induced the expression of the ESCRT machinery. Furthermore, whole-cell ubiquitination and autophagic flux were shown to be increased in gefitinib-treated HSC-3 and HSC-4 cells. Our data indicate that the expression patterns of the ESCRT machinery genes are differentially regulated by the characteristics of cells, such as intracellular energy metabolism. Therefore, the expression patterns of the ESCRT machinery should be considered as a key factor to improve the treatment strategy for OSCC.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are attracting attention because of their excellent properties and functions; however, they are relatively expensive compared with commercial alloys. Therefore, various efforts have been made to reduce the cost of raw materials. In this study, MIM is attempted using coarse equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi HEA powders. The mixing ratio (powder:binder) for HEA feedstock preparation is explored using torque rheometer. The block-shaped green parts are fabricated through a metal injection molding process using feedstock. The thermal debinding conditions are explored by thermogravimetric analysis, and solvent and thermal debinding are performed. It is densified under various sintering conditions considering the melting point of the HEA. The final product, which contains a small amount of non-FCC phase, is manufactured at a sintering temperature of 1250oC.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of high moisture rye silage. Rye forage (Secale cereale L.) was harvested at the heading stage (27.3% of dry matter (DM)) and cut into approximately 3-5 cm lengths. Then, the forage divided into 4 treatments with different inoculants: 1) No additives (CON); 2) Lactobacillus brevis strain 100D8 at a 1.2 x 105 colony-forming unit (cfu)/g of fresh forage (LBR); 3) Leuconostoc holzapfelii strain 5H4 at a 1.0 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (LHO); and 4) Mixture of LBR and LHO (1:1 ratio) applied at a 1.0 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (MIX). About 3 kg of forage from each treatment was ensiled into a 20 L mini-bucket silo in quadruplicate for 100 days. After silo opening, silage was collected for analyses of chemical compositions, in vitro nutrient digestibilities, fermentation characteristics, and microbial enumerations. The CON silage had the highest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p = 0.006; p = 0.008) and a lowest in vitro DM digestibility (p < 0.001). The pH was highest in CON silage, while lowest in LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). The concentrations of ammonia-N, lactate, and acetate were highest in LBR silage (p = 0.008; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Propionate and butyrate concentrations were highest in CON silage (p = 0.004; p < 0.001). The LAB and yeast counts were higher in CON and LHO silages compare to LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). However, the mold did not detect in all treatments. Therefore, this study could conclude that L. brevis 100D8 and Leu. holzapfelii strain 5H4 can improve the digestibility and anti-fungal activity of high moisture rye silage.