Since the import ban of plastic waste in China has been enforced, plastic wastes were not properly collected and recycled in Korea. Hence, the management strategies for plastic waste in Korea should be improved by examining the regulations and policy in developed countries such as United States, Japan, EU and United Kingdom. The management strategy for the recycling cycle should be implemented to expand the labeling system of separation and discharge, reduce the consumption of plastic products, automate the separation and sorting method in recycling facilities, and improve the economical efficiency of the recycling cycle. The concept of residual waste (secondary waste) in the material flow analysis should be implemented to identify the shortage point in the plastic waste stream. Finally, the cooperation with international communities is required for a transboundary movement of plastic waste, which includes participation at the working group of international standards to recycle plastic waste.

예부터 한국, 중국, 일본 등 동아시아 국가들은 경중의 계약을 체결할 때 도장과 인주를 사용하는 문화가 있다. 인주의 주성분은 유화수은이고 이를 사용하는 대표 국가인 일본은 인주에서 발생하는 수은을 무기 수은 화합물로 규제하고 있다. 국내에서는 관-공서, 일반가정 등 인주가 보편적으로 이용되고 있으나 이와 관련된 규정이 없어 인주의 사용량, 발생량 등에 대한 정보가 부족한 실정이다. 수은에 대한 국제적인 관심은 2013년 일본 구마모토에서 미나마타 협약을 채결하면서 높아졌다. 또한, 바젤 협약에서 수은 폐기물에 대한 수은 함량 기준을 5 mg/kg 이하로 논의되면서 수은 처리에 대한 관심도 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 폐 인주에서 발생하는 수은함량을 분석하여 바젤 협약에서 논의된 기준과 비교해 폐 인주의 유해성을 파악하여 국내의 추가적인 규정이 필요한 지를 검토하였다. 수은 함량 분석을 위한 시료는 국내에서 주로 판매 및 유통하고 있는 3개사의 제품을 대상으로 설정하여 분석을 실시하였다. 시료는 US EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency)method 7473이 적용된 Direct Mercury Analyzer(DMA-80)으로 분석하였다. 인주의 수은 함량 분석결과 폐 인주에 관련된 별도의 규제는 필요하지 않으나, 이에 대한 위험성은 다소 의식하여야 한다.

최근 폐기물관리법이 개정됨에 따라 재활용 사업자가 재활용 원칙 및 준수사항이 없는 폐기물을 재활용하려는 경우 및 폐기물이 토양, 지하수 등과 접촉하는 매체접촉형 재활용을 하려는 경우에는 재활용환경성평가를 받아야 한다. 재활용환경성평가에서는 폐기물에 대한 유해특성과 재활용 기술의 적합성 등을 평가한다. 폐기물에 대한 유해특성이 있는 경우 폐기물을 재활용하기 위해서는 폐기물관리법 시행령 [별표4의2]에 따라 이들 유해특성을 제거 또는 안정화하여야 한다. 하지만 현재 폐기물 유해특성을 파악하기 위해서는 높은 분석 비용과 많은 시간이 소요되므로 재활용 사업자 모두가 재활용환경성평가에서 폐기물의 유해특성을 분석하기는 현실적으로 어렵다. 유해특성은 폐기물에 포함된 화학물질에 의하여 발현될 수 있으므로 유해특성별 대표 화학물질이 설정되어 있다면 폐기물 유해특성을 사전에 판정할 수 있다. 유해특성별 대표 화학물질 선정을 위하여 국내 화학물질 배출량 조사제도 대상 물질 415종, 화학물질관리법상 유독 및 제한물질 목록 959종, EU Regulation of(EC) No 1272/2008 4,231종의 화학물질을 대상으로 설정하였다. 유해특성의 구분 기준은 United Nations의 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals(GHS)의 한 부분인 Hazard Statement Code(유해･위험 문구)로 하였다. GHS는 화학물질에 대한 분류･표시 국제조화시스템으로 각 물질별로 유해･위험 문구가 제시되어 있으며 유해･위험 문구를 확인하기 위한 시험 방법과 국내 폐기물 유해특성의 판정 기준의 비교를 통하여 국내 유해특성 별 대표 화학물질을 검토하고자 한다. 최근 재활용 허용 범위의 확대를 위하여 폐기물관리법에서의 폐기물 재활용에 대한 방식은 허용행위 열거방식에서 제한행위 열거방식으로 전면 개정되었다. 이에 따라 폐기물의 재활용으로 인한 인체의 건강과 환경에 대한 악영향을 최소화하기 위하여 폐기물에 대한 신규 유해특성을 도입하였다. 폐기물에 대한 유해특성은 기존 3종(감염성, 부식성, 용출독성)이었으나 6종(폭발성, 인화성, 생태독성 등)이 추가되어 9종으로 확대되었다. 폐기물관리법 시행령 [별표 4의2] (폐기물의 재활용 준수사항)에 따르면 폐기물을 재활용하려는 자는 폐기물에 대한 유해특성을 제거 또는 안정화하여야 한다고 명시되어 있어 폐기물의 재활용을 위해서는 우선적으로 폐기물에 대한 유해특성을 파악해야 한다.

To improve the management of the transboundary movement of waste, the management system for the transboundary movement of hazardous waste in both Korea (Republic of) and other foreign countries was reviewed. It was found that, for the improvement in the listed waste, the revision of the HSK code for waste and the strategy for international situation should be considered in Korea. The listed waste in Korea was found to be lacking the detailed classification to accommodate the listed waste of Basel Convention. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the listed waste in Korea in accordance with the listed waste of the Basel Convention. The HSK code for waste should be revised to identify the different type of items between a new item and a used item. Hence, it is necessary to subdivide the HSK code for used goods and wastes. Each country has amended its laws and management systems for securing resources globally and for protecting the environment in its own country. Finally, the strategy for the international situation should be intensified in the management of transboundary movement because the prohibited wastes in transboundary movement were suddenly expanded in China.

Using a mixture of sewage sludge and woody waste, optimal conditions for the bio-briquette process of carbonization residue were evaluated by compressive strength and bulk density. For the bio-briquette process, the optimal conditions were determined to be a molding temperature of 110oC and a moisture content of 10%. As the lignin in the carbonization residue can be used as a natural binder because of its plasticizing property, the bio-briquette process uses this property. To increase the compressive strength to >3.50 MPa, binders such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), guar gum, and starch were mixed in the carbonization residue. At 3 wt.% of PVA, 3 wt.% of guar gum, and 5 wt.% of starch, the conditions of binder usage were evaluated. To examine the cost in the bio-briquette production with the addition of the binder, the proportion of binder cost for the bio-briquette production were evaluated at 9.2% for PVA, 8.6% for guar gum, and 3.3% for starch, and starch was determined to be the best binder for the bio-briquette process.

2006년 기준 폐기물 처리량 중 매립량은 9,945 천톤, 소각량은 6,940 천톤이었으나 2015년 기준 폐기물 처리량 중 매립량은 13,797 천톤, 소각은 9,524 천톤으로 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 환경부는 이러한 매립, 소각되는 폐기물 중 약 56%가 재활용 가능한 것으로 발표하였다. 이러한 국내적 상황을 염두 하였을 때, 자원으로 사용가능한 폐기물을 단순 매립 및 소각하는 것은 바람직하지 않다. 많은 선진국은 이미 이러한 폐기물 문제, 자원위기, 에너지 및 환경에 대한 문제를 극복하기 위해 1990년대부터 자원순환사회로 전환하고 있다. 특히, 오스트리아, 프랑스, 폴란드, 스웨덴, 영국 등 선진국들은 매립세 및 소각세를 도입하여 자원순환사회로의 전환을 꾀하였다. 오스트리아의 경우 오염된 부지를 정화하기 위하여 1989년에 매립세를 도입하였으며, 폐기물 종류에 따라 매립세는 다르게 책정되어 있다. 반응성 폐기물에 대한 매립세는 2003년 43.6 euro/ton에서 2004년 65 euro/ton로 증가하였다. 그 결과 매립률은 30.1%에서 11.8%로 크게 감소하였다. 이후 반응성 폐기물에 대한 매립세는 2005년 65 euro/ton에서 2006년 87 euro/ton으로 증가하였으나 매립률은 11.3%에서 9.9%로 약간 감소하였다. 따라서 매립률 감소를 위한 매립세는 적정하게 책정되어야 한다. 환경부에서는 폐기물의의 발생 억제 및 발생된 폐기물의 순환이용과 적정한 처분을 촉진하여 환경을 보전하고 지속가능한 자원순환사회를 만들기 위해 자원순환기본법이 제정하였으며, 2018년 1월 1일부터 시행될 예정이다. 자원순환기본법의 주요 내용으로 자원순환 기반 구축, 자원순환 촉진 수단, 자원순환사업지원 등이 있다. 이중 자원순환 촉진 수단으로는 재활용외의 매립 및 소각 폐기물에 부담금을 책정함으로써 재활용 비용보다 매립 및 소각비용을 더 비싸게 하여 매립 및 소각을 억제하는 방안이 포함되어 있다. 환경부에서는 폐기물 종류에 따라 매립 시 10~30원/kg, 소각 시 10원/kg의 폐기물처분부담금(안)을 공표하였다. 본 연구에서는 자원순환기본법에서의 폐기물처분에 대한 적정 부담금 산정 방안을 위하여 국내･외에서 실행하고 있는 폐기물처분 부담금제를 비교하고자 하며, 폐기물처분 부담금에 의한 폐기물 소각･매립･재활용 추세 등을 검토하고자 한다.

Moisture content is an important factor in landfill gas production and effective landfill stabilization management at bioreactor landfills. Moisture content was experimentally estimated by applying the rainfall hydrograph theory through cover materials, such as the general and bio-solid soil, in the Sudokwon landfill site. The rainfall hydrograph theory was used to analyze the water balance, in which moisture can be strongly affected by infiltration in the water balance. Cover material characteristics, such as bulk density, porosity, specific gravity, and hydraulic conductivity, were used to estimate the water balance of the landfill site. From the results of the water balance, runoff was increased, but evaporation and infiltration were decreased with increasing rainfall rate for both general and bio-solid soil. As the bulk density increased in both general and bio-solid soil, runoff was increased, but infiltration was decreased, because hydraulic conductivity in the cover material was decreased with increasing bulk density. Finally, the moisture content of landfill waste increased linearly, with increasing infiltration through the cover materials, even though the increment in moisture content was decreased along the depth of landfill.

국내 자원의 절약과 재활용 촉진에 관한 법률에 근거한 생산자책임재활용제도(EPR System)의 대상 품목인 폐형광등은 2017년 기준 재활용 의무율은 35.6%로 책정되었으며 한국환경공단에 따르면 2015년 기준 형광등의 출고량은 약 18 천톤 정도로 나타났으나 공제조합과 재활용업 간의 재활용 위･탁 계약의 미체결로 인해 폐형광등의 실제 재활용율은 약 5.0%로 재활용 의무율을 달성하지 못하고 있는 실정이다(｢생산자책임재활용제도 시행 13년｣ 운영성평가, 한국환경공단, 2017). 폐기물로 발생되는 폐형광등에 관한 선행연구에 따르면 폐형광등에 포함된 수은은 대부분 형광분말에 포함되어 있어 이를 적절하게 처리할 필요가 있다. 또한, 형광분말에는 희유금속(이트륨, 유로퓸 등)이 포함되어 있어 형광분말에 포함된 수은을 제거하여 희유금속을 회수하여 희유금속을 필요로 하는 산업체 등에서 활용할 수 있다. 이를 위하여 폐형광등 형광분말에 포함된 수은을 제거하기 위하여 Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 형광분말 증류 실험을 실시하였다. 실험의 원료는 경기도 K대학에 설치된 Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 재활용 공정에서 회수되는 폐형광등 형광분말을 사용하였다. Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 형광분말의 수은증류 실험의 조건으로 증류온도는 400~600℃로 변화시켰고 각 온도에서 증류장치 내 체류시간을 1~8시간으로 변화시켰다. 본 연구에서는 각 실험조건에서 회수되는 형광분말의 수은함량을 분석하였고 증류온도와 체류시간에 따른 수은함량을 비교하여 반응속도를 고찰하였다. 또한, 각 실험조건에서 소모되는 에너지양을 비교하여 Pilot plant 규모의 폐형광등 형광분말 증류장치의 최적 에너지 사용량을 평가하고자 하였다.

유엔환경계획(UNEP)의 미나마타 협약으로 유해물질인 수은에 대하여 국제적으로 관심의 대상이 되고 있으며, 수은을 포함한 형광등에 대한 안전한 처리방안이 필요하다. 국내 폐형광등 발생량은 2014년 기준으로 약 1억 4천만개 정도이며, 폐형광등의 재활용량은 약 4천 3백만개 정도로 나타났다. 이는 폐형광등의 국내 생산자 책임재활용제도(EPR System)의 의무율은 2014년 기준 35.5%에 비해 실제 재활용율은 32.7%로 의무율을 달성하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 폐형광등을 재활용하거나 관리하는 것은 유해물질인 수은이 포함되어 있기 때문이며, 이러한 유해물질은 폐기물을 재활용하고 관리하기 위하여 제거 되어야 한다. 이러한 유해물질을 제거하기 위해서는 폐기물 내 유해물질의 분포를 파악하는 것이 중요하며, 이를 파악하고자 U-type 폐형광등 재활용 공정의 폐기물 흐름을 평가할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서 발생되는 폐형광등 중 약 25%정도 차지하는 U-type 폐형광등의 재활용 공정의 폐기물 흐름 평가는 유입과 유출을 이용한 기본적인 방법을 이용하여 실시하였으며, 재활용 시설의 계(System)는 각 공정시설로 설정하고 각 공정별로 주위(Boundary)를 설정하여 전체적으로 물질에 대한 흐름을 검토하였다. 폐기물 흐름 평가는 U-type 폐형광등 1 ton에 대한 기초 자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. U-type 폐형광등에 포함되어 있는 유리, 플라스틱, 금속류 등의 물질을 대상물질로 하여 폐기물 흐름을 평가한 결과, 유리 84.40%, 플라스틱 12.60%, 철금속 1.93%, 형광분말 1.07%로 나타났다. 또한 U-type 폐형광등 재활용 공정에서 발생되는 유해물질인 수은은 기상수은과 투입된 물질에 포함된 수은으로 구분하여 수은에 대한 흐름을 평가하고자 하였다.

Material flow analysis (MFA) of recycling material and of mercury from linear-type spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs was performed to estimate the material composition of the chain recycling process by an input-output approach. The recycling process system for linear-type SFLs was established using an end-cutting system, a hammer crusher, a screen separation system, a mercury distillation system, and an activated carbon adsorption component. From the results of the MFA of lineartype SFLs, 92% of materials used in linear-type SFLs such as glass, aluminum, and phosphor powder can be recycled. For MFA of mercury, the mercury content in the phosphor powder was the highest among material compositions tested and the total mercury amount in the recycling materials from 1 ton of SFLs was estimated to be 75.43 g. In the recycling process system for linear-type SFLs, the mercury amount in the vapor phase was analyzed and found to be 2228 mg in the endcutting system, 172 mg in the hammer crusher, and 2585 mg in the screen separation system. The total mercury amount in the vapor phase was estimated to be 4985 mg, which was only 6.22% of the total mercury amount emitted from the recycling process system. Hence, it was estimated that the MFA of the total mercury amount obtained from the vapor phase and the recycling materials of 1 ton of SFLs using the recycling process system was 80.175 g.

Since sewage sludge has low heating value as an energy source, it is desirable that sewage sludge is mixed with woody waste to enhance energy potential. Among thermal methods for waste to energy, carbonization process is used in this study. In order to estimate reaction kinetics for carbonization process using mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge, the content of sewage sludge is varied from 10 ~ 30% in mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge in carbonization process. Carbonization time is changed from 10 min to 50 min and carbonization temperature is varied from 250oC to 350oC. The carbonization process for mixture of woody waste and sewage sludge was optimized at carbonization temperature of 300oC for 20 min, 20% of sewage sludge content. As increased carbonization temperature, reaction rate constant, frequency factor and degree of carbonization were increased. As increased the content of sewage sludge, conversion, ash content and degree of carbonization were decreased. At optimal conditions for carbonization process, frequency factor and activation energy in Arrhenius equation can be decided by 3.61 × 10−2 min−1, 7,101.8 kcal/kmol respectively.

Carbonization using chicken manure was used to obtain an energy source. In order to estimate the reaction rate at theoptimal conditions for chicken manure in carbonization process it is estimated the reaction kinetics for the process. Thecarbonization process for chicken manure was optimized at carbonization temperature 300oC to 400oC in 20minutes. Fromthe examination of conversion characteristics of chicken manure, carbonization reaction can be described by the 1st orderkinetic reaction. Frequency factor(A) of reaction rate for chicken manure was evaluated to be 0.55×10−2min−1 and theactivation energy was estimated to be 3,815.0kcal/kmol. As increased carbonization temperature from 250oC to 400oC,reaction rate constant of chicken in the 1st order kinetic reaction is also increased from 0.0604min−1 to 0.1383min−1.In this study, carbonization degree of chicken manure in carbonization process was estimated by kinetic reaction deduction.The result of kinetic reaction in carbonization of chicken manure was evaluated to be 1st order kinetic reaction.

According to the quality standards of the BIO-SRF(Bio-Solid Fuel Products) in Act on the Promotion of Saving and Recycling of Resources enforcement regulations, chloride is regulated to less than 0.5wt.%. The reason why chloride was regulated may generate HCl and dioxin when bio-solid fuel was burnt. Chloride and chloride compounds can be presented the characteristic of corrosiveness. These materials is reacted with iron to produce ferric chloride. Ferric chloride is oxidized to ferric oxide and ferric oxide can cause a pipe corrosion to short boiler life in combustion facility. There are several reactions to reduce Cl concentration in organic wastes and some wastes can be used in nucleophile reaction as reductive agents. Nucleophile(Nu) material can be represented by phosphate, nitrate, sulfate etc. Nu materials can substitute them for chlorine-based compounds(X-: Cl-, Br-, I-). Nu materials can reduce the harmfulness and chlorine concentration by substituting them for chlorine-based compounds of the solid fuel product produced by carbonization. In order to produce solid fuel product from organic wastes, carbonization among pyrolysis processes is suitable because nucleophile reaction should be an endothermic reaction, which heat must be entered to solid fuel product from outside. In this study, sewage sludge is used as a reductive agent to evaluate the characteristics of the reduction reaction in carbonization process because a large amount of Nu material is contained in sewage sludge. In order to evaluate the effect of Nu materials to control chloride in the residue of carbonization, waste wood mixed with sewage sludge was used in carbonization process.

Most spent foundry sand (SFS) is disposed in waste containment facilities; only 41.4% beneficially reused in recycling.In foreign countries, some spent foundry sand is finding uses in highway bases and retaining structures, asphalt concrete,and pavement bases. However, limited information is available on the use of SFS as a component in the base or subbaselayers of pavements. Large volumes of SFS can be used in roadway construction, so this information is very important.In this study, the geotechnical properties of SFS amended road base material such as particle size, turbidity, andpermeability were estimated to decided the optimal conditions in thermal stabilization. At the optimal conditions, abrasiontest and California bearing ratio (CBR) test were conducted to evaluate the degree of qualification for the standard ofsubbase layers of pavement. Also, the hazardous characteristics of SFS were evaluated by Korea extraction test (KET)and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). It was realized that SFS can be used as auxiliary material inpavement subbase when particle size of SFS was amended by mixing with another pavement materials.

Mercury distribution and hazardous characteristics of major components from SCFLs (Spent compact fluorescent lamps)for 3 lamp manufactures (A, B, C) are estimated by the analysis of mercury concentration and leaching tests such asKorean Extraction Test (KET) and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). SCFLs can be separated into glasstube, phosphor powder, metals, ballast, plastics, and binder. Through the analysis of mercury in major components forSCFL, mercury concentration in phosphor powder is much higher than that in other components regardless manufacturesof lamp. Also, mercury concentration in phosphor powder is dependent of the manufactures of lamp. From the leachingtests, all components except phosphor powder from 3 lamp manufactures are verified to be non-hazardous waste becauseall leaching concentrations are below the regulatory level. However, the leaching concentration of mercury in phosphorpowder of SCFLs is higher than the regulatory level in both KET and TCLP regardless manufactures of lamp. Hence,phosphor powder should be managed as a hazardous waste and should be separately managed to control mercury.

Carbonization process with pig manure is carried out to estimate the reaction kinetics with increasing carbonizationtime and temperature in the process. From the examination of conversion characteristics of pig manure, carbonizationreaction can be described by the 1st order kinetic reaction. Degree of carbonization, which can be expressed by C/H moleratio, is increased with increasing carbonization temperature. As increased carbonization temperature from 250oC to 400oC,reaction rate constant in the 1st order kinetic reaction is also increased from 0.0622min−1 to 0.1999min−1. Frequency factorand activation energy in Arrhenius equation for pig manure in the carbonization process can be decided by 1.06×10−3min−1 and 5441.8kcal/kmole, respectively. From the results of the reaction kinetics including TGA and SEM analysis,it is desirable that pig manure should be carbonized below carbonization temperature 400oC.

In order to prevent the spreading infectious disease in domestic animal, livestock excretion should be controlled bysterilization. The basic concept of sterilization can be described by thermal treatment under vacuum state. From the basicconcept of sterilization, livestock excretion can be converted to produce renewable energy using the method ofcarbonization and the method of carbonization can also be reduced greenhouse gas effectively. Chicken manure is usedas a sample of renewable energy source in the carbonization reactor. The basic energy characteristics of chicken manuresuch as proximate analysis, and heating value are estimated. The carbonization residue of chicken manure which isobtained from carbonization experiment is subject to several analyses in order to examine the energy characteristics suchas heating value, fuel ratio, combustible index and yield. As increased carbonization temperature, both heating value andfuel ratio (fixed carbon/volatile combustible) of the residue are increased up to 350oC but yield of the residue is decreased.From the results of bulk density, fuel ratio and total heating value of the residue, the optimal conditions of carbonizationtemperature and time can be decided by about 350oC and 15min. Since the residue of chicken manure can not be satisfiedwith the standard of the third grade of solid fuel product, it is desirable that chicken manure be modified with othermaterials to improve an energy potential and to use as a clean fuel.

Ocean dumping of sewage sludge has been prohibited since 2012. Therefore, various methods to recycle sewage sludgeare studied And the adsorption is used to remove mercury released to the atmosphere. Chlorine and Iodine impregnatedadsorbent is used to remove mercury in the flue gas. In our study, we studied the method to recycle sewage sludge andbrewers grain as an adsorbent to remove mercury. Thermal treating time and temperature, and mixing ratio of sewage sludgeand brewers grain are discussed for the preparation of adsorbent. According to the results, the optimal condition oftemperature, time and mixing ratio was 400oC, 45min and 7:3 of sewage sludge/brewers grain, respectively. Theimpregnation of I is needed to keep the concentration of KI above 7%. I and Cl are dispersed uniformly in prepared adsorbent.

Compact fluorescent lamps are strongly encouraged to manage separately in Korea because Compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury. Compact fluorescent lamps have managed as household waste in Korea, however, even though Compact fluorescent lamps contains hazardous material such as mercury. The aim of management of Compact fluorescent lamps separately is to reduce the release of mercury from Compact fluorescent lamp lamps into the environment and to reuse of the glass, metals and other components of Compact fluorescent lamps. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In the crushing process, CFL(compact fluorescent lamp) is separated into glass, plastic, ballast, phosphor powder and vapor. Using the crushing technique, concentration of mercury vapor emission from CFL is evaluated. Through the experiments, the efficiency of the crushing and separation for the unit is estimated by measuring the volume of CFL. In this study, the concentration of mercury is analyzed by MVI(Mercury Vapor Indicator) method for vapor in CFL. From the results of mercury distribution for 3 companies, the concentration of mercury in compact fluorescent lamp is less than that in the other type lamps. And phosphor powder has greater than 99% of total mercury amount in CFL and the mercury concentration in phosphor powder is measured between 1,008ppm and 1,349ppm. The mercury concentration in phosphor powder can be changed by the type of company and period of usage. KET and TCLP are carried out for phosphor powder, glass, plastic, ballast and base cap to estimate the hazardous characteristic. From the results of KET and TCLP test for CFL, phosphor powder from CFL should be controlled separately by stabilization or other methods to reuse as a renewable material because the phosphor powder is determined as a hazardous waste. From the results of characteristics of CFL, the carbonization system of CFL should be carried out in the temperature of less than 350℃. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of Compact fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In Korea, demonstration for recycling of U type lamps had once begun in the area of Seoul Metropolitan, 2000. In 2004, U type lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Association, approximately 38 million Compact fluorescent lamps were recycled in Korea, 2011 because 3 recycling facilities for Compact fluorescent lamps are operated in Korea. Recycling rate of Compact fluorescent lamps in Korea is about 31.0% but about 70% of Compact fluorescent lamps may not manage properly. Hence, discarded lamps release approximately 2 to 3 tons of mercury per year into the environment[6]. In USA, Compact fluorescent lamps has controlled by Universal Waste Rule and merchandises containing mercury prohibited to produce. Also, MEBA(Mercury Export Ban Act) is activated in USA from 2013. According to Association of Lighting and Mercury Recycler, member companies accomplish about 85% of the lamp recycling done each year. In Germany, best available technology (BAT) system for recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps is established and about 20 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps. In 1994, approximately 70-80% of total Compact fluorescent lamps are recycled in 1994 and Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 1996. In Sweden, MRT System, which was developed by Lumalampan, separated mercury from Compact fluorescent lamps by distillation operation, 1979. Reverse route collection system is active to improve the collection of Compact fluorescent lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 2001. In Austria, about 40 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps to recycle glass and ferrous metals. And wastes containing mercury are treated in landfill site by using special container [7,8]. In this study, Compact fluorescent lamps is cut by a end-cutting unit with a cam crusher and base-cap is separated from glass part. In the end-cutting unit, a vacuum system is operating to collect mercury vapor to prevent leaking from the end-cutting unit. First of all, characteristics and major composition of Compact fluorescent lamps are estimated. Through the experiments, it is measured mercury concentration in the parts of Compact fluorescent lamps such as glass tube, phosphor powder, and base cap after separation in the end-cutting unit. Also, it is evaluated mercury emission from Compact fluorescent lamps by measuring the concentration of effluent gas in the end-cutting unit with changing flow rate. Finally, Korea Extraction Method (KET) and TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test are applied to phosphor powder to verify that phosphor powder is a hazardous waste [9].

The estimated that 114 million units of fluorescent lamp are sold every year, and that 70% or more spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs) are generated at business sites. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Corporation, recycled amount of SFLs selected as EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) items from 2004 has been improved from 35,250,000 units in 2010 to 37,950,000 units in 2011, which recorded the greatest amount. Based on the year 2011, SFLs have been recycled by 31.5%, but their recycled rate is insufficient yet, compared to the recycling rate of metal cans or glass bottles, which are about 80%. The base cap of SFLs as a raw material was used in this experiment. Base cap contains an insulation sieve plate, aluminum cap, copper terminal, tempered glass, filament, and copper/iron mixed wire that goes through this glass. In order to protect a filament that is made up of tungsten for the electricity to flow, circular plate consisted of iron encloses the filament. Separating apparatus of SFL base cap used in this experiment is a device which has used impact crushing technique using hammer, screen separation and magnetic separation for the purpose of recovering aluminum, copper and iron contained in SFL. Impact hammer crusher, a device that separates aluminum from other materials by hammer impaction on the base cap that is separated by end-cutting, causes a significant reduction for other materials to be included in the collectible materials by separating aluminum, copper and iron from the base cap by using hammer crusher at 3 stages. Iron was collected by using a magnetic separation unit and the collectible materials were separated into aluminum with larger particles, and glass and other materials with smaller particles by screen separation. The separation performance was estimated for the 3 stages of hammer crusher unit to recover aluminum from the base-cap of SFLs and the separation performances are 94% at the 1st stage, 97% at the 2nd stage, and 98% at the 3rd stage, respectively.