This study was conducted at the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) from 2010 to 2017 to develop a late-maturing variety with high productivity for cultivation in the southern region of South Korea. The new variety of Italian ryegrass, ‘IR901’, was a late-maturing variety, and its heading date was 22 May, 17 days later than that of the control variety ‘Kowinearly’. ‘IR901’ had a flag leaf width of 11.2 mm, flag leaf length of 31.8 cm, and plant length of 103 cm on its heading date. The combined average dry matter yield of ‘IR901’ in all three adaptability evaluation regions (Cheonan, Pyeongchang and Haenam) was 7,747 kg/ha, which was similar to that of the ‘Kowinearly’ variety (7,734 kg/ ha). However, the average dry matter yield over three years in Cheonan and Pyeongchang was 82% and 96%, respectively, compared to that of the control, which was most likely because of the poor cold tolerance of ‘IR901’. By contrast, in Haenam, in the southern region, the average dry matter yield of ‘IR901’ was 19% higher than that of the ‘Kowinearly’ variety. The proportions of crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in ‘IR901’ were 8.6%, 59.7%, 36.9%, and 54.8%, respectively; the proportions were 0.2% lower, the same, the same, and 2.5% lower than those in the ‘Kowinearly’ variety. The determined in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of ‘IR901’ was 72.2% higher than that of ‘Kowinearly’ (67.2). In general, of the two varieties, the forage quality of ‘IR901’ was marginally superior to that of ‘Kowinearly’.

This study was conducted at the National Institute of Animal Science from 2010 to 2017. As a variety that is sufficiently productive in the southern regions to replace imported varieties and sufficiently cold-resistant to be cultivated in the central-northern regions, "IR605" was developed and submitted to the Korea Seed & Variety Service in an application for protection. The novel Italian ryegrass variety "IR605" is a diploid with green leaves, a semi-erect growth habit before wintering, and an erect growth habit in the spring. "IR605" was a medium maturing variety with a heading date of around May 15th. "IR605" had a flag leaf width of 9.9 mm, flag leaf length of 26.7 cm, and plant length on the heading date of 100 cm, which was approximately 5 cm longer than "Kowinearly." The stem thickness and ear length of "IR605" are 0.08 mm thicker and 0.5 cm longer than those of "Kowinearly", respectively. The cold-resistance of "IR605" was weaker than that of "Kowinearly", but strong enough to be cultivated in Pyeongchang, Gangwon province. The dry matter yield of "IR605" (9,308 kg/hectare) was 20% higher than that of "Kowinearly", which was further pronounced in the southern region of Haenam, where there was a 52% increased (p < 0.05). The in vitro dry matter digestibility of "IR605" was 68.4% at which was slightly higher than that of "Kowinearly", The total digestible nutrients was 58.5%, which was slightly lower than "Kowinearly". Overall, the feed quality characteristics of "IR605" were similar to those of "Kowinearly".

Copper (Cu) is a necessary microelement for plants. However, high concentrations of Cu are toxic to plants that change the regulation of several stress-induced proteins. In this study, an annealing control primer (ACP) based approach was used to identify differentially expressed Cu-induced genes in alfalfa leaves. Two-week-old alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) were exposed to Cu for 6 h. Total RNAs were isolated from treated and control leaves followed by ACP-based PCR technique. Using GeneFishing ACPs, we obtained several genes those expression levels were induced by Cu. Finally, we identified several genes including UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase, transmembrane protein, small heat shock protein, C-type cytochrome biogenesis protein, mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate, and trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase in alfalfa leaves. These identified genes have putative functions in cellular processes such as cell wall structural rearrangements, transduction, stress tolerance, heme transport, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, and lipid biosynthesis. Response of Cu-induced genes and their identification in alfalfa would be useful for molecular breeding to improve alfalfa with tolerance to heavy metals.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of E. coli on boar sperm quality and reproductive performance in sows after artificial insemination. Three different levels of E. coli were artificially inoculated to semen with following concentrations; Control, 500, 5,000 and 50,000 colony forming unit (cfu)/ml. Semen samples were preserved at 17℃ for 5 days. Sperm motility was significantly decreased (p<0.05) on day 3 in the group inoculated with 5,000cfu/ml compared to control groups. In all treatment groups, sperm motility was gradually decreased as storage time increased, but the decline pattern was more drastic in the groups inoculated with 5,000 and 50,000 cfu/ml groups from day 3 (p<0.05) compared to control group. After 3 day of storage at 17℃, sperm viability in sample inoculated with the highest concentration (50,000 cfu/ml) of bacteria was less (p<0.05) than that of control group. The pH of semen sample pH was maintained 7.2～7.5 in all groups during the experimental period. No differences (p>0.05) were found for both storage time and bacterial concentration. The pregnancy rate and live born piglets tend to decrease by increasing the concentration of E. coli in semen. In particular, the rate of pregnancy was lower in the group inoculated with 50,000 cfu/ml (58.3%) compare to the other groups (81.8, 75.0, 76.5%). These results suggest that the contamination of E. coli in boar semen negatively affects fertilizing ability of boar sperm and the reproductive performance obtained from sows after artificial insemination.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects on reliability of equipment or product which spends a great deal of its time in the non-operating condition. The paper will look at the effects on the failure modes, the failure rates, the failure distribution and the possible reliability models. Many military and commercial systems experienced periods of non-operating stage throughout their life cycle, such as periods of operational storage where the system waits, ready for use. The design of such systems must account for how these periods of non-operating effects system performance. The simulation methodology for reliability analysis was developed to support the evaluation of nonoperating modes of operation of systems and subsystems. For proper handling of the non-operating environment, issues relating to non-operating failures need to be taken into consideration from design stage of the life cycle. Furthermore, the relevant environmental concerns and issues that need to be taken into consideration are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate perceived health status, activities of daily living and depression of the elderly in nursing facil˗ ities and to identify correlations among them. The collected data is to improve healthy life for the aged people in communities. This study was performed by using of questionnaire which was consisted of perceived health status, activity of daily living(ADL) and depression. The survey was conducted by 180 aged people at nursing homes. The results of perceived health status show that 64.9% of elderly feel very bad or bad, 61.6% of elderly have a degree of independent level of activity of daily living(ADL) and 48.6% of elderly have a degree of depression. There were statically revealed meaningful correlation between ability of activity of daily living(ADL) and perceived health status, ability of activity of daily living(ADL) and depression. This study about connection among perceived health status, activity of daily living(ADL) and depression is necessary for number of the affil˗ iation function of elderly at nursing homes and development of inter˗ vention programs concerned about depression are necessary.

To get good productivity and high feed value of forage, we develop to new Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 'Kogreen'.variety. In Suwon, heading date of 'Kogreen' was on May 3 but in Yonchun was on 8 May that was 2 day later than that of 'Florida 80' and dry matter yield is 12.7ton/㏊, and had a good cold tolerance.

In the present study, genotypic variation of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Korean Italian ryegrass has been evaluated. Mature seed-derived calli of a total of seven cultivars were infected and co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the binary vector pCAMBIA1301, which contains a reporter gene (gus) and a plant selectable marker gene conferring resistance to hygromycin (hpt) in the T-DNA region. The effects of several factors such as callus type and callus age on transformation frequency and the expression of the GUS gene were investigated. The highest transformation frequency (6.7%) was obtained with the Hwasan 101 cultivar when 9-week-old calli (type-I) were inoculated with Agrobacterium. The overall transformation rates of the examined cultivars ranged from 0.4% to 6.7%. GUS histochemical assays, PCR, and southern analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that transgenes were successfully integrated into the genome of Italian ryegrass. Thus, optimization of transformation frequency and selection of a suitable cultivar of Italian ryegrass may improve molecular breeding of this species.

In the present study, we have used an annealing-control-primer (ACP)-based differentially display RT-PCR method to identify salt-stress-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in barley leaves. Using 120 ACPs, a total of 11 up-regulated genes were identified and sequenced. Temporal expression patterns of some up-regulated DEGs in response to salt stress were further analyzed by Northern blot analysis. The possible roles of these identified genes are discussed within the context of their putative role in response to salt stress. Thus, the identification of some novel genes-such as SnRK1-type protein kinase; 17 kDa, class I, small heat shock protein; and RNase S-like protein precursor genes-may offer a new avenue for better understanding the salt stress response in plants, knowledge which might be helpful for developing future strategies.

In this study, we conducted to select the promising crops for both uses in the bioethanol and forage production in Korea. The result indicated t㏊t Natsukaje (guinea grass), Gwangpyeongok (corn), Jumbo (sorghum×sudangrass hybrid), SS405 (sorghum×sorghum hybrid), Millex32 (pearl millet), Jeju barnyard grass), Alamo (switch grass) and Selection75 (klein grass) showed the production of biomass from the highest to the lowest in order. However, the order of the production of quality forage was, from the highest to the lowest, Natsukaje (guinea grass), Jumbo (sorghum×sudangrass hybrid), SS405 (sorghum×sorghum hybrid), Gwangpyeongok (corn), Millex32 (pearl millet), Selection75 (klein grass), Jeju (barnyard grass), and Alamo (switch grass). We concluded the Natsukaje (guinea grass) was the best bioethanol crop, and also the Natsukaje (guinea grass) was the best for forage production.

본 연구에서는 은-고분자 전해질 막에서의 프로필렌/프로판에 대한 순수 기체 선택도 (~10,000)와 혼합기체 선택도(~40)의 큰 차이의 원인을 규명하였다. 먼저 기체 공급 조건이 혼합기체의 투과도와 분리 성능에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 프로필렌의 농도가 감소함에 따라 고분자 전해질 막을 통한 프로필렌의 투과도는 감소하고, 프로판의 투과도는 증가를 하였으며, 그 결과 프로판/프로필렌의 선택도가 감소하였다. 이는 고분자 전해질막의 프로필렌에 의한 가소화에 의한 것임을 실험적 결과 및 수학적 모델에 의해서 확인하였다. 또한, 압력과 무관한 투과도를 사용하였을 때의 이론적 계산에 의한 막 분리 성능은 실험치와 비슷하게 나왔음을 알 수 있었다.

본 시험은 우리나라에서 발생하는 푸른곰팡이병균의 종의 빈도와 발병환경 및 방제법을 구명코져 실시하였다. 시험결과 Trichoderma koningi, T. lignorum, T. glaucum과 미동정의 1종등 4종의 병원균이 분리되었고 이들의 빈도는 각각 와 이었다. 푸른곰팡이병균은 감자배양액, 왁스만배양액과 리차드배양액에서 생육이 잘 되었으며 중성-염기성배지에서는 생육이 불량한 반면 산성에서 생육이 왕성하였으며 최적산도는 pH4였다. 양송이 수확기간 중 재배사내의 온도는 내외 일 때 본명의 발생이 적었고 수량이 많으며 이상에서는 본병의 발생이 격심하였다. 푸른곰팡이병균은 복토흙 소독시 에서 60분, 혹은 에서 30분간 열처리하므로서 완전히 사멸하였고 퇴비 후발효 과정에서도 사멸되었다.

본 연구는 잠재적인 생균제제 Lactobacillus plantarum P1201에 의한 유색 소립콩 분말 두유의 젖산발효 중 이화학적 특성, 총 페놀릭스와 이소플라본 함량 및 항산화 활성(DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성 및 FRAP 환원력) 변화를 연구하였다. 콩 분말 두유의 발효 중 pH는 감소하였으나, 산도, 생균수 및 β-glucosidase 활성은 증가하였다. 총 이소플라본 함량은 풍산나물콩이 다른 유색 소립콩보다 함량이 높았다. 발효과정에서 배당체 이소플라본인 daidzin과 genistin 함량은 감소하였고 이에 상응하여 비배당체 이소플라본인 daidzein과 genistein 함량은 급격히 증가하였다. 특히, 발효 60시간 후 발효된 풍산나물콩 분말 두유의 daidzein과 genistein 함량은 87.37 μg/g and 51.29 μg/g으로 다른 시료들보다 함량이 가장 높았다. 총 페놀릭스 함량은 다른이 다른 유색 소립콩보다 함량이 높았다. 총 페놀릭스 함량은 색 소립콩 분말 두유의 젖산발효 중 0.44-2.92 mg/g(0 h)에서 1.79-3.03 mg/g(60 h)로 급격히 증가하였다. 끝으로, 발효된 콩 분말 두유는 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성 및 FRAP 환원력은 각각 28.7-40.6에서 90-95.3%, 25.1-42.3에서 51.4-82.8% 및 0.73-1.54에서 0.98-1.79(OD593nm)로 증가하였다. 발효된 콩 분말 두유는 유색 소립콩의 가치를 증대시킬 수 있다.

This study aimed to produce fermented soy-powder milk (FSPM) with Lactobacillus plantarum P1201 and to evaluate its anti-obesity activity. Isoflavone and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) of unfermented soy-powder milk (UFSPM) and FSPM and were analyzed via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase were assayed. Their anti-obesity activities were evaluated on the basis of their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, and the expression of mRNAs associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism were analyzed via real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). FSPM with L. plantarum P1201 increased the isoflavone aglycones (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) content and produced CLA in soy-powder milk (SPM), both of which possessed bio-activity. Both UFSPM and FSPM showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity for α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase. FSPM, but not UFSPM, suppressed adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and reduced their triglyceride content by 23.1% after treatment with 1,000 μg/mL of FSPM, compared with the control group. The anti-obesity effect of FSPM can be attributed to CLA and isoflavone aglycones, which targeted CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBP-α) and down-regulated lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA. Furthermore, FSPM enhanced the inhibitory activity of glucosidase and pancreatic enzymes and anti-obesity activity. Further studies are required to investigate whether the anti-obesity effect of FSPM persists in an in vivo mouse model of diet-induced obesity.