소나무재선충의 매개충인 솔수염하늘소(Monochamus alternatus Hope)와 북방수염하늘소(Monochamus saltuarius Gebler) 암수 성충의 더듬이 감각기를 주사전자현미경로 관찰하여 형태적 특성과 분포를 조사하였다. 두 매개충의 암수 성충 더듬이는 자루마디(scape), 팔굽마디(pedicel)와 9개의 채찍마디(flagellum)으로 이루어져 있었다. 더듬이 표면에 있는 감각기의 종류에는 종 간, 암수 간에 차이가 나지 않았으며 Chaetica 3 종류, Trichodea 2 종류, Basiconica 3 종류, Coeloconica 1 종류로 구분되었다. 이 중 Basiconica 3 종류는 모두 후각 수용체, Trichodea는 미각 수용체, 나머지는 기계적 감각기로 추정되었다. 감각기의 더듬이 내 분포를 보면 전체적으로 Chaetica 감각기가 가장 많았다. Basiconica 감각기는 채찍마디에만 존재하였으며 끝으로 갈수록 수가 많아졌다. Trichodea 감각기와 Coeloconica 감각기는 각 마디별로 밀도가 일정하였다.

솔껍질깍지벌레는 남부지방의 곰솔을 가해하는 주요 해충으로 최근 그 분포범위가 확산되고 있다. 현재 솔껍질깍지 벌레의 모니터링은 난낭의 조사를 통해 이뤄지고 있으나, 이는 매우 많은 인력이 필요하며 부정확하다. 따라서 페로몬을 이용한 솔껍질깍지벌레의 모니터링이 새로운 대안으로 제시되고 있다. 하지만 이 역시 적절한 가이드라인이 없어 현장적용에 큰 어려움이 있다. 본 연구 에서는 페로몬을 이용한 솔껍질깍지벌레의 효율적인 모니터링 기법 개발을 위하여 최적 페로몬 방출농도 및 트랩설치 방법을 규명하였으며, 페로몬의 새로운 합성기법의 개발 통하여 경제적 효율성을 기하였다. 성 페로몬에 대한 수컷 솔껍질깍지벌레의 유인효과는 100 μg부터 1,600 μg 까지의 처리에서 용량의존적인 관계를 나타내었으며 이 이상으로 처리할 경우 페로몬 처리 증가에 따른 유인개체수가 증가하지 않았다. 트랩의 설치 높이를 지표면으로부터 50cm, 100cm 150 cm로 구분하여 조사한 결과 지상부로부터 50cm에 설치한 트랩에 가장 많은 개체가 포획되었다. 새로운 방법으로 합성한 페로몬 역시 기존 페로몬과 마찬가지로 페로몬 처리량과 유인 개체수 간 용량의존적인 관계가 나타났다.

톱다리개미허리노린재는 최근 농약사용 횟수의 증가로 천적이 사라지면서 전국적으로 크게 발생을 하고 있다. 톱다리개미허리노린재는 년 2~3회 발생하며 포장 잔재물이나 포장 주위의 잡초 등에서 성충으로 월동한 후 다음 해 봄 기주작물인 콩과 작물, 과수작물, 곡류작물에 피해를 주는데 이중 콩이 가장 적합한 먹이원이며 피해가 가장 크다. 콩의 열매 성숙 초기 즉 착협기에 일어나는 톱다리개미허리노린재에 의한 섭식 피해가 수확량에 직접적인 영향을 주기 때문이다. 본 실험은 톱다리개미허리노린재에 대한 기피제 개발 목적으로 미나리과 식물체정유인 아조완 정유와 그 성분들의 톱다리개머허리노린재 성충 및 약충에 대한 기피 활성을 실험실내에서 four-arms olfactometer를 이용하여 조사하였다. 아조완 정유를 1.25 mg의 농도에서 처리했을 때 성충 수컷 89% 및 암컷 성충 90%가 기피를 보였다. 4령 약충의 경우, 성충과 같은 농도로 처리했을 때 73%의 기피 활성이 나타났다. 아조완 정유의 기피 활성 물질을 확인하기 위해 GC-MS로 정유를 분석하였고 12종의 정유 성분을 확인하였다. 12종의 아조완 정유성분들 중 각 성충 수컷과 암컷, 4령 약충에서 1 mg 농도로 처리했을 때 thymol과 carvacrol이 100%의 강한 기피 활성을 보였다. 아조완 정유와 정유성분들은 톱다리개미허리노린재의 집합페로몬 트랩과 같이 “push and pull”전략에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

소나무재선충은 북미가 원산으로 일본, 중국, 한국을 비롯한 동북아시아의 소나무류에 막대한 피해를 주고 있으며 포르투칼과 스페인에도 발생하여 유럽 소나무류에도 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 소나무재선충은 매개충인 Monochamus속에 의해 새로운 기주로 옮겨지기 때문에 매개충을 방제하는 것이 가장 중요하다. 국내 소나무재선충 매개충은 솔수염하늘 소와 북방수염하늘소가 보고되어 있으며 이들을 방제하기 위하여 주로 유기합성농약을 항공 살포하거나 연막기를 이용하여 살포하고 있다. 하지만 유기합성농약의 대면적 살포는 산림생태계에 큰 위협요인이 되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 유기합성농약을 대체하기 위하여 소나무재선충 매개충의 집합-성페로몬 및 카이로몬 연구 그리고 이들 유인제의 현장적용 연구 및 추후 연구방향에 대해 소개를 하고자 한다.

The insecticidal activities of 13 Lamiaceae plant oils and their components against adult German cockroaches, Blattella germanica L. (Blattodea: Blattellidae), were evaluated using fumigant and contact bioassay. Among the tested oils, basil, pennyroyal, and spearmint showed the strongest insecticidal activities against adult B. germanica. Insecticidal activity of pennyroyal was 100% against male B. germinica at 1.25 mg concentration in fumigant bioassay. Basil and spearmint revealed 100% and 100% insecticidal activity against male B. germinica at 5 mg concentration, but their activities reduced to 80% and 25% at 2.5 mg concentration, respectively. In contact toxicity bioassy, basil, pennyroyal, and spearmint oils exhibited 100%, 100%, and 98% mortality against female B. germanica at 1 mg/♀, respectively. Among the constituents identified in basil, pennyroyal and spearmint oils, insecticidal activity of pulegone was the strongest against male and female B. germanica.

최근 기후변화로 인하여 다양한 산림곤충들이 대면적으로 발생하여 산림수목에 큰 피해를 주고 있다. 그러나 산림해충의 정확한 발생모니터링이 이루어지고 있지 않으며 대부분의 방제 또한 유기합성농약에 의존하고 있다. 페로몬은 해충의 정확한 발생 모니터링뿐 아니라 대량포획 및 교미교란에 의한 친환경 방제방법으로 널리 활용 될 수 있다. 특히 산림은 다양한 생태계로 구성되어 있기 때문에 유기합성농약을 줄이거나 대체 할 수 있는 방제방법이 시급한 실정이다. 본 발표에서는 주요 산림해충인 천공성 해충류, 곰솔의 주요 해충인 솔껍질깍지벌레, 나비목 해충류에 대한 근래 연구동향에 대해 소개하고 미래의 산림해충 화학생태학의 연구 방향에 대한 제언을 하고자 한다.

In this study, we isolated and identified an aggregation-sex pheromone from Monochamus saltuarius, the major insectvector of the pine wood nematode in Korea. Adult male of M. saltuarius produces 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol, which is knownto be an aggregation-sex pheromone in other Monochamus species. We performed field experiments to determine the attractivenessof the pheromone and other synergists. More M. saltuarius adult beetles were attracted to traps baited with the pheromonethan to unbaited traps. Ethanol and (-)-α-pinene interacted synergistically with the pheromone. Traps baited with pheromone+(-)-α-pinene+ethanol were more attractive to M. saltuarius adults than traps baited with pheromone, (-)-α-pinene, or ethanol alone.Ipsenol, ipsdienol, and limonene were also identified as synergists of the aggregation-sex pheromone for M. saltuarius adults.

We performed a survey for flavivirus infection and distribution of Aedes albopictus that known as Zika and Dengue virus vector using black–light trap and BG-sentinel trap around urban area in Korea. Mosquitoes were collected in 27 cities during March to November (twice a month) year 2016. Total numbers of mosquitoes collected 102,102 including 19 species 8 genera during collecting period. Total 21,467 Ae. albopictus was collected that 20,961(24.3%) by BG-sentinel trap and 506 (3.2%) by Black-light trap in urban area. Trap index(trap/night) of Ae. albopictus was showed highest in Hamyang (TI:992.3) and lowest in Taebaek (TI:0.3) there was only collected by Black-light trap. A total of 894 pools from all collecting Ae. albopictus were performed a Flavivirus detection. Flavivirus was not detected during study period. This study may provide basic information for surveillance of imported diseases (include Zika virus) and vectors in Korea.

We conducted a investigation for distribution and flavivirus infection of mosquitoes using black –light trap around Incheon international airport there was possible overseas inflow caused by global warming in Korea. Mosquitoes were collected once a week April to October during 6 years (2009~2015). The numbers of mosquitoes collected in Oseong and Eurwang mountain were 8,969 and 7,978 including 12 species 7 genera respectively during collecting period. Culex pipiens complex was dominant species in two collecting area as 4,621(51.5%) in Oseong and 3,761(47.1%) in Eurwang mountain. A total of 16 pools from 88 Aedes albopictus were performed a Dengue virus (DENV) detection and total 628 pools from 11,146 other mosquitoes performed a West nile virus (WNV) detection. Flavivirus was not detected during study period. This study may provide basic information for surveillance of imported diseases and vectors in Korea.

We evaluated the larvicidal activity of 12 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their components against the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase with their components. Of the 12 plant essential oils tested, ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), caraway seed (Carum carvi), carrot seed (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), dill (Anethum graveolens), and parsley (Petroselinum sativum) resulted in >90% larval mortality when used at 0.1 mg/mL. Of the compounds identified, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, γ-terpinene, cuminaldehyde, neral, (S)-+-carvone, trans-anethole, thymol, carvacrol, myristicin, apiol, and carotol resulted in >80% larval mortality when used at 0.1 mg/mL.

As a part of disease vector and possible overseas inflow caused by global warming monitoring around airport and port area, the distribution of domestic mosquitoes was investigated using BG-sentinel trap. Mosquitoes were collected during 5-days per each area in early September, using 10 traps in Cheongju (airport) and 15 traps in Pyeongtaek (port). The numbers of mosquitoes collected in Cheongju and Pyeongtaek area were 1,762 including 10 species and 1,042 including 11 species respectively. In Cheongju, Aedes albopictus (657 individuals, 37.3%) and Culex pipiens complex (415 individuals, 23.6%) were dominant species; while in Pyeongtaek, Cx. pipiens complex (806 individuals, 77.4%) was dominant followed by Anopheles spp. (90 individuals, 8.6%) and Ochlerotatus koreicus (79 individuals, 7.6%). Similar species were collected in both Choengju and Pyeongtaek area. Although most species collected in both Cheongju and Pyeongtaek area were the same, Cx. inatomii was only collected in Pyeongtaek. In case of the Genus Aedes, more number of Ae. albopictus was collected compared to Oc. koreicus in Cheongju; while Oc. koreicus was more in Pyeongtaek. In case of the genus Culex, the individuals belonging to the vishinui group were collected such as Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. orientalis. This study may provide basic information for efficient prevention of vector mosquito and potential overseas inflow of diseases, also we would try to expand different area in Korea.

We conducted a investigation for dispersal ability of Aedes albopictus, a dengue vector mosquito, using mark-release-recapture method in Korea. A certain number of fluorescence marked Ae. albopictus was released in four different habitats – urban (Cheonan), suburban (Jochiwon), port (Pyeongtaek), and airport (Cheongju), and sticky traps and BG-traps were used to recapture the mosquito in designated time period. In case of urban and suburban areas, 100 sticky traps were used in 3-week period for both regions, and 19 BG-traps and 15 BG-traps were used in 36-hour period for urban and suburban areas respectively. Using sticky trap, 21 from 1,300 released mosquitoes (1.62%) were recaptured in urban area; while in suburban area, only 2 individuals (0.1%) were recaptured. Most of them were recaptured within 100m from releasing point and about 40% were within 20m distance. When BG-traps were used, 35 from 900 released mosquitoes (3.8%) were recaptured in urban area; while 26 mosquitoes (2.8%) were recaptured in suburban area. The maximum distance of dispersal was 200m in urban and 100m in suburban area, while most of them were recaptured in 50 ~ 80m range. In case of port and airport area, 15 and 10 BG-traps were used respectively to recapture 1,000 released mosquitoes in 5-day period. In port area, 23 mosquitoes (2.3%) were recaptured; while 166 mosquitoes (16.6%) were recaptured in airport area. The maximum distance of dispersal was 130m in both areas; while most of them were recaptured in 50m range. In conclusion, Ae. albopictus has a narrow dispersal range compared to other mosquitoes, a typical characteristic of genus Aedes, and their dispersal ability is greatly affected by various environmental factors. These results can provide basic information for effective prevention of Ae. albopictus and overseas inflow of dengue fever.

The docking analysis of a global ship structure is requested to evaluate its structural safety against the reaction forces at supports during docking works inside a dry dock. That problem becomes more important recently as the size of ships is getting larger and larger. The docking supports are appropriately arranged in a dock to avoid their excessive reaction forces which primarily cause the structural damages in docking a ship and, up to now, the structural safety has been assessed against the support arrangement by the finite element analysis (FEA) of a global ship structure. However, it is complicated to establish the finite element model of the ship in the current structural design environment of a shipyard and it takes over a month to finish the work. This paper investigates a simple and fast approach to carry out a ship docking analysis by a simplified grillage model and to assign the docking supports position on the model. The grillage analysis was considered from the motivation that only the reaction forces at supports are sufficient to assess their arrangement. Since the simplified grillage model of the ship cannot guarantee its accuracy quantitatively, modeling strategies are proposed to improve the accuracy. In this paper, comparisons between the proposed approach and three-dimensional FEA for typical types of ships show that the results from the present grillage model have reasonably good agreement with the FEA model. Finally, an integrated program developed for docking supports planning and its evaluation by the proposed approach is briefly described.