The periodic safety review (PSR), for all operating nuclear power plants in Korea, has been conducted in accordance with SSG-25, a guideline suggested by the IAEA, The PSR is performed through the review of the regulatory body after the operator’s self-evaluation. In order to guarantee a high level of safety in consideration of the changed environment, such as operating experience (OE) and technology development, it should be comprehensively and integratedly performed, and it is also carried out every 10 years after the operation permit. However, in case that all or part of the reactor facilities have been permanently shut down, such as Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Unit 1, Around a half of reactor facilities are not in operation. The periodic safety evaluation may not be conducted for unused parts if there is no safety hazard and if there are some difficulties for applying periodic safety evaluation. In considering that the biggest purpose of PSR safety (by PSR definition of KINS guideline) is to improve and accumulated factors such as aging deterioration, facility change, operation experience, and technological development for operating nuclear power plants. It refers to a comprehensive safety evaluation that is periodically performed during the period of operation of a nuclear power plant. It is necessary to review whether PSR should be performed for a nuclear power plant that is permanently shut down after nuclear power plant operation is terminated. Also, in IAEA SSR 2/2 Rev1, it is defined that PSR is performed during the nuclear power plant operation period. “Requirement 12: Periodic safety review, Systematic safety assessments of the plant, in accordance with the regulatory requirements, shall be performed by the operating organization throughout the plant’s operating lifetime, with due account taken of operating experience and significant new safety related information from all relevant sources”. Recently, Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Unit 1 were decided to permanently shut down in June 2017 and December 2019, and are currently being prepared for decommissioning. According to the Wolsong decommissioning plan, decontamination and demolition will be completed by 2032. The PSR for permanent shutdown of Kori Unit 1 was submitted to the regulatory body in December 2018 and is under approval review. In the case of the permanent shutdown PSR of Wolsong Unit 1, the project will be launched in May 2023 and the PSR will be submitted to the regulatory body in May 2024. In the case of Wolsong Unit 1, it is necessary to operate the various systems, including the systems related to the spent fuel storage tank, even during the period of permanent shutdown. Such as the heavy water related systems used in common with Wolsong Unit 2, are essential operating systems. Based on Basic Subject Index (BSI), 112 out of 218 systems require operation, indicating that about 50% of systems require operation even after permanent shutdown. Decommissioning of systems and equipment will begin after the transfer to modular air-cooled canister storage (MACSTOR) by the end of 2025, and then in-depth discussions will be needed whether PSR evaluation is meaningful.

In order to evaluate the integrity of the reactor pressure vessel, various test specimens necessary to identify irradiation embrittlement. The degree of irradiation embrittlement of the vessel material by neutrons, from the construction to the end of the life of the plant, is evaluated by a monitoring plan that called surveillance program (a series of all plans to analyze and evaluate embrittlement through various tests and analyzes by placing a test piece inside the reactor pressure vessel and taking out a piece at an appropriate time according to the number of operation years and taking necessary measures for safe operation). The reactor monitoring specimens for Kori Unit-1 are located by axis at S (57°), T (67°), R (77°), N (237°), P (247°) and V (257°). Six surveillance capsules are attached to the inside of the pressure vessel around the core and to the outside of the thermal shield. This surveillance container determines the withdrawal timing of the surveillance container according to the provisions of ASTM E185-82. In the monitoring test piece, there are neutron dosimeter materials to measure and evaluate the irradiated neutron flux, and Ni, Cu, Fe, Co-Al, Cd, and shielded Co-Al monitors are wired in the monitoring container. Each axial position is contained in a spacer hole. The neutron dosimetry monitor measures the neutron dose using isotopes produced by neutrons during operation of the reactor. The Al-Co specimen, which can evaluate the degree of radioactivity of cobalt, is located on the lower part of the specimen. The content of Co in the Al-Co specimen is 0.15%, and when expressed in ppm, it is 1,500 ppm, which is similar to the cobalt content of 1,414 ppm in the internal structure of the reactor vessel presented in NUREG-3474. If the radiation value of the Al-Co sample in the reactor monitoring specimen can be measured, the radiation value of the internal structure of the reactor can be indirectly compared. Since the monitoring specimen is located outside of the thermal shield, radiation should be less than that of the thermal shield. Korea Reactor Monitoring Technology performed gamma measurement on Al-Co specimens in 6 monitoring specimens, and although there are differences depending on the sample, it shows radioactivity values around the order of 1E+07 dps/g, or Bq/g. In conclusion, it is thought that using this measurement values, it is possible to verify the evaluation of internal structure radiation for Kori unit-1 decommissioning.

This study assessed the utility of netted melon ‘Top Earl’s’ and cantaloupe melon ‘Alex’ as functional fruits by analysing their moisture content, vitreous sugar, folic acid, citric acid, and beta-carotene levels. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse the free sugar, folic acid, citric acid, and beta-carotene levels. The moisture content was not significantly different between ‘Top Earl’s’ and ‘Alex.’ The glucose, sucrose, and fructose contents were three, two, and one-and-a-half fold higher in ‘Alex’ than in ‘Top Earl’s.’ Moreover, citric acid was approximately three times higher in ‘Alex’ than that in Top Earl’s.’ However, the folic acid content was higher in ‘Top ‘Earl’s’ than ‘Alex,’ and the amount was 124 μg / 100 g FW and 112 μg / 100 g FW respectively. ‘Beta-carotene was undetectable in ‘Top Earl’s,’ whereas it was 1000 μg / 100 g FW in ‘Alex.’ β-carotene, a substance that is converted in the body into vitamin A and acts as an antioxidant, is an important component in healthy food. These results suggested that the cantaloupe melon ‘Alex’ has a higher free sugar content and functional ingredients, such as antioxidants, including citric acid and beta carotene, than the netted melon ‘Top Earl’s.’

This study investigates the effects of the type of advertisement, brand extension, and consumer innovativeness on the credibility of fashion advertisements. The factorial design is constructed as a 2(type of fashion advertisement: general vs. cross-media) × 2(consumer innovativeness: high vs. low) × 2(the type of fashion brand extension: similar vs. dissimilar) three-way mixed design in which consumer innovativeness is the between-subjects variable. Subjects of this study included 210 men and women in their 20s and 30s who resid in Seoul and had SNS experiences. Frequency analysis, credibility analysis, three-way ANOVA, and simple interaction analysis were conducted using the SPSS 20.0 statistics package. The results are as follows: First, the type of fashion advertisement had a significant effect on advertising credibility. Cross-media advertisements had a more positive effect than general advertisements on all of the dependent variables. Also, the type of brand extension and consumer innovativeness showed significant effect on advertising credibility and the interaction effect between the type of fashion advertisement and consumer innovativeness was significant. Lastly, the effect of different types of brand extensions on advertising credibility showed a significant difference according to consumer innovativeness. Thus, a marketing strategy using cross-media advertising is proven to be effective in gaining consumer trust for a fashion brand.

목적: 본 설문조사는 2010년 대한민국 안경원에서 판매된 콘택트렌즈의 종류에 대한 추세를 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: 1,000개의 설문지를 2010년 8월부터 9월 사이에 지역별 안배를 하여 전국이 안경원에 우편으로 발송하였다. 각 설문지는 각 안경원에서 설문지를 받은 후 판매된 처음 10건의 콘택트렌즈에 대한 정보를 적어 반송하도록 하였다. 결과: 설문조사가 진행된 2달 동안, 9.1%의 설문지가 회수되었으며, 총 872건의 콘택트렌즈 처방에 대한 정보를 수집하였다. 콘택트렌즈를 처방받은 고객의 평균 나이는 26.2±7.0세였으며, 76%가 여성고객으로 조사되었다. 소프트렌즈 처방이 91%였으며, 하드렌즈 처방은 9%로 나타났다. 소프트렌즈 처방중에서 일회용착용렌즈가 차지하는 비율은 60%였으며, 하이드로겔 매일착용은 17%, 그리고 15%가 실리콘하이드로겔로 판매/처방이 되었으며, 연속착용렌즈는 8%로 나타났다. 디자인별로는 75%의 소프트 렌즈가 일반 구면렌즈였으며, 토릭렌즈는 10%로 조사되었다. 미용렌즈는 15%를 차지하였다. 교체주기로써는 대부분의 소프트렌즈가 매일교체(35%) 혹은 3~6개월주기 교체(55%)로 조사되었다. 결론: 본 설문조사는 토릭렌즈의 처방은 다소 적었으며, 대신 미용렌즈의 판매/처방이 높은것으로 나타났다. 또한 멀티포컬 콘택트렌즈의 처방의 거의 없는것으로 조사되었다.

There are growing needs to produce relatively high purity(99.0% or higher) oxygen at low cost. For small scale production, both pressure swing adsorption(PSA) and membrane process are competitive and less expensive or more convenient than well known cryogenic fractionation technology. A continuous membrane column(CMC) combined with a PSA oxygen generator can be employed to produce high purity oxygen continuously. The oxygen enriched gas generated by a PSA unit, with a concentration of 93~94%, is fed to the CMC that consism of three modules of poly(imide) hollow fibers. Several experiments were conducted by varying parameters, such as feed flow rate, transmembrane pressure drop, stage cut, and feed location in order to obtain a high oxygen concentration above 99.0%. A two-series unit mode was also employed with CMC operation to optimize the given membrane area.

More than 60 governments have become active participants in countertrade activities and others have put requirements on some aspects of privately conducted trade. Several factors such as the improvement of current account, high foreign debt, and the imperfect market. etc.. have been suggested as the motives of the countertrade. Based on the barter, counterpurchase, and buy-back transactions, this study shows that countertrade is used more often as a marketing tool rather than a payment mechanism in order to solve a liquidity crunch in international business.

Membrane technology has gained tremendous acceptance by industry in recent years. A long dormant period of laboratory research in academia and industry has evolved into a new era of commercial growth. The total sale of membranes is still modest compared to the major technologies, yet it is one of the fastest growing industries. This can be best illustrated by inspecting the market place. In 1990, the total sales of worldwide membranes was estimated to be approximately 1.6 billion with an annual increase rate of 15%. This means that the estimated total sales of membrane based industry is nearly 5 billion annually. Equally important evidence is an increase in research activities, as demonstrated by the explosion of publications and proliferation of membrane meetings. A number of research centers have sprung up around the world in addition to newly emerging membrane companies and membrane research groups eventually translated into some form of publication. As an example of the rapid growth in membrane research, the number of papers submitted to the Journal of Membrane Science alone was almost 2000 and the number of papers accepted was over 1300 in 1990.The worldwide membrane research expenditure in 1990 was estimated to be around 127 million consisting of 76 million(60%) by industry and 51 million by governments, which can be broken down to 11 million in the U.SA., 20 million in Japan, and 20 million in Europe.

Dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotype analysis was created using repetitive sequences including two types of rDNA repeats (45S and 5S rDNAs) and Arabidopsis-type telomere sequence repeats. The somatic metaphase cells of Carthamus tinctorius were observed as diploids (2n=2x=24). A symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical karyotype with seven pairs of metacentric and five pairs of submetacentric chromosomes was observed. The lengths of the somatic metaphase chromosomes ranged from 4.18 to 6.53 ㎛, with a total length of 60.71 ㎛. One locus of 45S rDNA was located on the pericentromeric regions of three pairs of chromosomes and the other pair was situated on the terminal regions of the short arms of a single pair of chromosomes. One locus of 5S rDNA was detected on the interstitial regions of the short arms of two pairs of chromosomes. Arabidopsis-type telomeric repeats were detected on the terminal regions of all pairs of chromosomes. Co-localization of loci between telomeric repeats and 45S rDNA was observed in a single pair of chromosomes. The results provide additional information for the existing physical mapping project of C. tinctorius and will also serve as a benchmark to a more intricate cytogenetic investigation of C. tinctorius and its related species.

Korean is classified into classifier languages, which require a classifier regardless of whether nouns are count or mass, while English is a typical non-classifier language, where only mass nouns require classifiers when counting. While most of the previous studies have focused on the acquisition order of classifiers based on their semantic features (e,g, human, shape, function, etc.), it should be noted that the correct use of classifiers requires syntactic knowledge as well as semantic knowledge (K. Lee and S. Lee, 2009). However, little is known about the L2 acquisition of syntactic knowledge related to classifier construction such as EPP feature (Byun and Ha, 2015). Against this background, this study aims to articulate what must be acquired by English-speaking learners for the correct use of Korean numeral-classifier constructions, and to investigate whether the syntactic properties are acquirable for them. 85 adult English-speaking learners at four proficiency levels (low intermediate; high intermediate; low advanced; advanced) and 31 native Korean speakers performed an elicitation task. The findings show that the advanced group produced the correct classifier constructions in the majority of cases in a similar way to the native speaker (NS) control group, while the lower proficiency groups supplied classifiers significantly less frequently than the NSs. The overall group results suggest that highly proficient learners have successfully acquired the required syntactic knowledge, even though its complete acquisition is delayed until advanced stages of L2 development.