Sacbrood virus(SBV) causes a fatal disease(sacbrood) of honeybee larvae, which fail to pupate, change color and shape, and finally die. The complete nucleotide sequence of SBV has recently been determined, and with these data, we now report a Reverse Transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) test for the direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of these viruses. To detect the SBV infection in Korea, we collect beekeepers from various apiaries, which the RT-PCR technique was used. And we designed SBV specific primers in conserved region of the viral genome in the GenBank database. We confirmed the SBV amplicon using cloning and sequence. Homology between determined sequences of SBV korean strain and published virus sequences were 97% in DNA sequence, and 100% in amino acid sequence. We describe the first time that presence of sacbrood virus(SBV) in Korea honey bee colonies using RT-PCR. We also developed and validated a RT-PCR assay for the detection of SBV in Korea.

Viruses of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. are known to reside at low levels in colonies, typically showing no apparent signs of infection. Chronic paralysis virus(CBPV) is known to induce significant losses in honey bee colonies. The pathology is characterized by clusters of trembling, flightless, crawling bees and by individual bees, sometimes hairless, standing at the hive entrance. A minusstrand-specific RT-PCR was used to assess viral replication. This is the first report on the infection of CBPV in Korea. Using (-)RT-PCR, 27 apiaries in korea were screened for the honeybee viruses, with positive colonies being analysed for viral genetic diversity. We got 550-nt PCR product from CBPV genomic RNA. Nucleotide sequences were aligned to the complete CBPV genomic RNA sequence deposited in the GenBank database and was revealed 96%(AM-CBPV) identity, respectively. Sequence comparison with other CBPV and honeybee virus.

Mortality of honeybees is a serious problem that beekeepers have to face periodically in Korea and worldwide. The presence of RNA viruses, in addition to other pathogens may be one of its possible causes. In this work, we detected Deformed wing virus(DWV), Israle Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Black queen cell virus (BQCV), Cloudy wing virus(CWV), Kashmir bee virus(KBV), Sacbrood virus(SBV), Chronic bee paralysis virus(CBPV) in samples of korea honeybees with or without Varroa destructor and Nosema apis. The detection of viruses in all provinces, simultaneous co-infection of colonies by several viruses and the fact that 96.3% of the samples were infected with one or more virus, indicates they are widely spread in the region. Using uniplex and multiplex RT-PCR we screened honey bee colonies for the presence of several bee viruses, including DWV, IAPV, BQCV, KBV, CWV, and described the detection of mixed virus infections in bees from these colonies. Conclusively, investigated disease of the bee, and confirmed new virus that lead to bee disease, this is thought by valuable thing as data for development of beekeeping industry such as CCD(Colony Collapse Disorder)'s cause searching examination.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the 1st most common malignancy in oral and maxillofacial area. HPV 16 has been strongly linked to progression of cervical carcinoma. E6 and E7 as a small DNA virus encoding two major oncoproteins of HPV 16 can act together to produce efficient immortalization of primary human epithelial cells. Thus it is important to pursue the development of Immortalized human oral keratinocyte(IHOK) culture model which could be related to the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. If we establish IHOK transfected by E6/E7 genes, IHOK will be accepted as a model system for HPV-linked oral carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study were to culture primary normal human oral keratinocyte(NHOK), and to establish IHOK for studying oral carcinogenesis in the future. NHOK was primarily cultured under normal culture condition, and transformed into IHOK by transfection of E6/E7 genes. After 100 passages depend on Ca++ condition, cultured IHOK was confirmed by growth curve, cornified cell envelope measurement, TGase 1activity, mRNA detection, tumorogenecity and anchorage independence assay. After 100 passages, cultured IHOK showed most basal cell and monolayer of polyhedral cells under 0.15mM Ca++, and small area of stratification and flattened epithelial cells with irregular border under 1.2mM Ca++. The cultured IHOK showed relatively resistant growth under high calcium condition. The E6/E7 mRNA was detected in cultured IHOK by RT-PCR. During the terminal differentiation in cultured IHOK, increased insoluble cornified cell envelope formation was accompanied with induction of TGase 1 activity. But the cultured IHOK showed less CEM and TGase 1 activity than those of cultured NHOK. Cultured IHOK showed non-tumorogenecity, but slight anchorage independence. We had developed a technique to transform NHOK into IHOK by transfection of E6/E7 genes. Cultured IHOK was established as intermediate stage cell to study the pathogenesis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

We have analyzed vector magnetograms and Hβ filtergrams of two sunspot groups, one in a growing phase and the other in a decaying phase. In this study, the temporal evolution of their magnetic morphology has been investigated in association with solar activity. The morphological variations of the growing and decaying phase of these sunspots revealed in detail the coalescence of small spots into a large spot and the fragmentation of a large spot into many small spots, respectively. Numerous small flares were detected in the spot group during the decaying phase. This seems to be intimately associated with the shearing motions of many spots with different polarities created by fragmentation of a large sunspot. The magnetic flux and the average shear angle are found to be substantially reduced during the decaying phase, especially in the course of the flarings. This implies that the decaying phase of the sunspot is, to some degree, involved with magnetic field cancellation. The growing spot group has not shown any large activities, but numerous small spots have grown into a typical bipolar sunspot.

The evolution of the Galaxy is examined by the halo-disk model, using the time-dependent bimodal IMF and contraints such as cumulative metallicity distribution, differential metallicity distribution and PDMF of main sequence stars. The time scale of the Galactic halo formation is about 3Gyr during which the most of halo stars and metal abundance are formed and ∼ 95 of the initial halo mass falls to the disk. The G-dwarf problem could be explained by the time-dependent bimodal IMF which is suppressed for low mass stars at the early phase (t < 1Gyr) of the disk evolution. However, the importance of this problem is much weakened by the Pagel's differential metallicity distribution which leads to less initial metal enrichment and many long-lived metal-poor stars with Z < 1 / 3 Z ⊙ The observational distribution of abundance ratios of C, N, O elements with respect to [Fe/H] could be reproduced by the halo-disk model, including the contribution of iron product by SNIs of intermediate mass stars. The initial enrichment of elements in the disk could be explained by the halo-disk model, resulting in the slight decrease and then the increase in the slopes of the [N/Fe]- and [C/Fe]-distributions with increasing [Fe/H] in the range of [Fe/H] < -1.

Nonylphenol (NP) is known to be an endocrine disruptor with estrogen-like activity. In this study, we tested low dose of NP and its alternative candidate Octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (OG) on F1 female mice (n=10) from parents (P) generation to postnatal days(PND) 56. Animals [Control (tap water), NP-50 (50ug/L, drinking water), OG-50(50ug/L, drinking water)] were fed with normal chow and drinking water. ad libitum. Body weights and tissue weights were measured after sacrifice, and sera were measured using creatinine assay (n=8) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ELISA kit (n=8). Histopathology of kidney was used Hematoxylin & Eosin staining method and Periodic Acid-Schiff(PAS) staining method. NP treatment significantly increased body weight and kidney weight of F1 female(p<0.05). The serum levels of creatinine in NP-50 and OG-50 significantly decreased(p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) compared to the control group. In histopathological study, renal tubules spaces were increased and severe glomerular anomalies were found in NP-50 and OG-50. In NP-50, the thickened basal membrane was observed. The present study demonstrated that NP and OG has renal toxicity, and this toxicity due to long-term low dose treatment seems to be occurred in the next generation and female-specific.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity in 9 extracts from 8 medicinal plants, such as leaf extract of Lonicera maackii (Llm), leaf extract of Platycarya strobilacea (Lps), flower extract of Fagopyrum dibortryis (Fdf), stem extract of Physostegia virginiana (Spv), root extract of Allium senescence (Ras), aerial part extract of Allium schoenoprasum (Aas), aerial part extract of Artemisia japonica var. manshurica (Aaj), stem extract of Caryopteris incana (Sci), and leaf extract of Caryopteris incana (Lci), on human cancer cell lines. Methods and Results : Dried plant extracts were granted from National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences. The extracts of each plant were dissolved in DMSO and stored in deep freeze at –20℃. The cell viabilities were examined by MTT assay. On SK-OV-3 cell line, Lps, Aas, Sci ans Lci showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effect. On A549 cell line, almost samples show dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, but especially Aaj showed relatively high cytotoxic effect. In case of HCT-15 cell line, Llm and Aas showed relatively high cytotoxic effect. Conclusion : These results suggested that Lonicera maackii, Platycarya strobilacea, Fagopyrum dibortryis, Physostegia virginiana, Allium senescence, Allium schoenoprasum, Artemisia japonica var. manshurica, and Caryopteris incana can be utilized as potential sources of anticancer agent due to their cytotoxicity.

Next generation sequencing technologies provide opportunities to reveal the genetic variants and differentially expressedgenes. The genetic variants are closely relevance to understanding of genes and phenotypic differences related to agronomic characteristics among cultivars. In this study, we conducted RNA-seq using two Korean soybean accessions, including Daewon and Hwangkeum, by using next generation sequencing against Williams 82 genome as reference. A number of variants such assingle nucleotide variants (SNV), multiple nucleotide variants (MNV), insertion/deletion (InDel) and replacement, was 34,411 and 55,544 in Daewon and Hwangkeum, respectively. Among these variants, 9,611 nonsynonymous variants were detected within 4,290 genes in Daewon and 13,225 non-synonymous variants were located on 5,672 genes in Hwangkeum. The distribution of nonsynonymous variants and expression values of genes can serve as invaluable resource for genotyping and study of traits within genes for soybean improvements.

Low temperature is a major factor restrict to growth and limiting productivity of rice crops. We used a cDNA microarray approach to monitor the expression profile of rice (Oryza sativa) under chilling stress and identified 20 chilling inducible genes in previously study. Ten such genes encoding bHLH, metal transporter and, zinc finger protein with unknown functions showed a significant change in expression under various abiotic stresses. Among them, OsCHI1 (Os07g15460), OsCHI2 (Os02g43660), and OsCHI3 (Os01g61160), were selected for further study. They have structural features such as metal-binding signature sequences in their protein sequences, and OsCHI genes were expressed in root of rice seedling and induced in chilling and salt or drought. Expression of OsCHI1, OsCHI3 and OsCHI2 were targeted to membrane and ER when transiently expressed in tobacco cell, respectively. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic plants overexpressing showed increased tolerance to salt and drought stress in the seed germination and root elongation than that of wild type. This comprehensive study provides insight into the biological function of OsCHIs, which may be useful in understanding how rice plants adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions.

This research study was to develop methods for inhibiting the germination of cotton seeds. Germination rates after heating treatment at 80℃ with 10, 20, 30, 40 min. were 9.3, 9.3, 5.3 and 1.3 percentage, respectively. Heat treatment over 85℃ with 10 min. caused no germination of cotton seeds. Germination was significantly reduced with gamma rays treatment more than 10,000 gy, while the treatment within 2,000-8,000 gy induced less effects. Microwave processing for 30 seconds and 60 seconds inhibit the germination of cotton seed under 8 and 0%, respectively. As a physical treatment, rollmill milling with 1.5, 2, 2.5 mm gap inhibited any germination of cotton seeds. The optimum gap of roll-mill for processing physical cracking was below 51% of the thickness of seed.

SELDI-TOF MS를 활용한 저분자 펩타이드 분석을 위해 서는 분석시료에 대한 최적화 분석조건을 확립하는 것이 필수적으로 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구는 수수 종자 내 존재하는 10 kDa 이하의 저분자 펩타이드를 프로파일링하기 위하여 활용된 SELDI-TOF MS의 최적화 분석조건을 확립하는데 있다. 분석조건은 (1) 프로테인 칩: CM10(weak cationexchanger), Q10(strong anion exchanger), (2) 바인딩 버퍼의 희석배수: 1/2, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100, 1/200, (3)Q10의 바인딩 버퍼 강도: 10 mM, 100 mM, (4) 단백질 추출버퍼: sodium borate, sodium borate + acetone, phenol,TCA 버퍼로 하였다.1. 바인딩 버퍼의 희석배수는 CM10과 Q10 모두 1/20과1/50이 최적화로 나타났다.2. Q10의 바인딩 버퍼 강도는 농도가 약한 10 mM에서 더많은 피크가 검출되었다.3. SELDI-TOF MS 분석에 적합한 수수 종자단백질 추출버퍼로는 2~10 kDa 범위에서는 sodium borate 버퍼와10~20 kDa 범위에서는 phenol 버퍼로 분석되었다.

Acinetobacter baumannii is usually considered an opportunistic pathogen that it responsible for a variety of nosocomial infections, such as, pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, meningitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections. However, over the years, the organism has developed substantial antimicrobial resistance, and thus, the management of infections has become more difficult. The less common infective endocarditis is one of the more serious consequences of nosocomial bacteremia. Here, we report the successful treatment of the first case of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii endocarditis in a 33-year-old patient.

“Onnuri” is a new orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.) variety developed by the National Institue of Animal Science (NIAS) in 2011. To develope the new variety of orchardgrass, 5 superior clones were selected and polycrossed for seed production. Agronomic growth characteristics and forage production of “Onnuri” were examined at Cheonan from 2009 to 2011, and regional trials were conducted in Cheonan, Pyungchang Jinzu and Jeju from 2009 to 2011, respectively. “Onnuri” showed medium type growth habit in fall and spring and medium in length of flag leaf and long upper internode. Plant height of “Onnuri” was more than 10cm that of standard variety, “Amba” and heading date was 5 days earlyer than 16th May compared to Amba. Characteristics such as waterlogging, disease resistance of “Onnuri” were stronger or better than those of Amba, specially “Onnuri” showed 18% higher dry matter yield (14,775kg/ha) compared to Amaba(12,523kg/ha). Nutritive value was appeared to be similar in both varieties.

Italian Ryegrass is a high productivity and feed value, and an upright grass that behaves like a biennial or short-lived perennial. It grows vigorously in winter and early spring. Italian ryegrass and a related species, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, are the two common weedy ryegrassses. Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass can hybridize, resulting in offspring that are difficult to identify as either species. Ryegrasses are cultivated for turf and forage. Sometimes Italian ryegrass is grown as cover crop. It has the potential to produce high yields and, with proper management, can be high quality with good animal performance. To develop of a high quality, productivity and early variety, 20 varieties examined growth and yield characteristics. The heading date of Green farm with high cold tolerance was on 28 April. Most of Introduced varieties except Grazer have mid and late heading date.