We investigated the sexual maturity time of B. ignitus. In investigating ovary development, the time of sexual maturity of queen was 10 days after eclosion. In case of male, the number of sperm was 246 thousand at immediately after eclosion, and was highest as 480 thousand at 9 days, and tended to show a dramatic decline at 35 days (87 thousand). In consideration of number of sperms, the time of sexual maturity of male was 3-15 days after eclosion. In the sexual maturity time of queen in mating, the queen was not mated at immediately after eclosion, and showed a decrease in 20 days. On the other hand, the male showed 3.3% of mating at immediately after ecolosion, showed the highest of 43.3% at 6 days after eclosion, and tended to decrease in 25 days. In summary, sexual maturity time of B. ignitus in reproductive organs and mating is most favorable in 9-12 days after eclosion for queen and 6-9 days for male.

We investigated the effects of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony size on the pollination of greenhouse-cultivated watermelon grown under the forcing cultivation system. The highest pollination activity of bees was observed (14.3 ± 5.0 honey bees/day) when the bee colony size was 10,000 honey bees, followed by 7,500 and 5,000 honey bees. There was a positive correlation between the bee colony size and pollination activity (R = 0.262). There was no significant difference in the fruit set with different honey bee colony sizes (88%–91%). However, the larger the bee colony size, the higher the number of seeds fertilized and the rate of seed fertilization (p > 0.05). The number of seeds and the content of sugar were negatively correlated (R = -0.714). Overall, we found that a colony size of 5,000 honey bees was the most effective for the pollination of watermelon grown under forcing cultivation.

아메리카왕거저리(Zophobas atratus)는 대형 거저리류로, 영양적 가치가 높아서 현재는 식용, 사료용 곤충으로 활용하고자 연구가 진행 중이다. 아메리카왕거저리의 산란율 향상을 위해서 산란에 적합한 광주기 조건을 조사하였다. 9L/15D, 12L/12D, 15L/9D (암수비율 1:2, 온도 30 ℃, 습도 65% RH, 조도 1800 lux) 의 광조건 하에서 산란수 조사 결과, 아메리카왕거저리의 산란수은 약 5주간은 증가하다가 이후 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 아메리카왕거저리 1마리의 일일 평균 산란수은 15L/9D가 22.9±6.5개로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 9L/15D 16.8±8.5개, 12L/12D 7.5±4.6개 순이었다. 누적 산란수(15주) 역시 15L/9D가 291.1±120.2개로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 9L/15D 200.9±111.3개, 12L/12D 87.7±64.1개 순이었다. 그러나 폐사율은 9L/15D가 53.3%로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 12L/12D 50.0%, 15L/9D 43.3% 순이었다. 이런 결과로 볼 때 아메리카왕거저리의 산란에 적합한 광주기는 15L/9D로 판단된다.

We have investigated the developmental characteristics of super mealworm on different temperatures. The test was conducted with four different temperatures of 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, and 33℃. In developmental period of 1 to 18 instars of four temperatures, 30℃ showed the shortest developmental period as 120.0±5.8 days, and 33℃ (132.6±10.7 days), 27℃ (136.5±9.2 days), 25℃ (156.7±7.5 days) in the following order. The death rate of 33℃ larvae was 2.7- 3.3 times higher than that of other temperatures. The lower temperatures tended to show the longer larval developmental period except 33℃. In the body weight, 30℃ showed the heaviest body weight and 27℃, 33℃, 25℃ in the following order. The head capsule, body capsule and body length also showed a similar tendency with body weight. The 88.8% of prepupa time of super mealworm was 16-18 instars. The longer prepupa time was accompanied by the lower temperature. In average prepupal period of 15-18 instars, 27℃ was 18.8±1.9 days, 18.8±2.3 days in 30℃, 23.0±2.4 days in 33℃, 23.1±2.9 days in 25℃. The average of pupal period of female and male in 25℃- 33℃ was 11.1±2.2 days and 11.6±2.4 days, respectively. In conclusion, the most suitable rearing temperature of super mealwarm was turned out as 30℃.

We have investigated the most suitable photoperiods for development of Zophobas atratus, super mealworm. The test was conducted with three different photoperiods of 9L/15D, 12L/12D and 15L/9D. The rearing conditions were 30℃, 65% R.H and 1,330 to 1,800 lux with wheat bran. In developmental period of 1 to 15 instars of three photoperiods, 12L/12D showed the shortest developmental period as 79.2±2.6 days, and 9L/15D (82.6±3.1 days), 15L/9D (84.2±2.3 days) in the following order. larval developmental period was statistical significant difference. The death rate was not statistically different. In the body weight, 12L/12D showed the heaviest body weight and 15L/9D, 9L/15D in the following order. But there was no significant difference at body weight. The head capsule, body capsule and body length also showed a similar tendency with body weight. The 79.6% of prepupa time of super mealworm was 15-17 instars. The longer prepupa time was accompanied by the lower daylength condition. In average prepupal period of 15-20 instars, 9L/15D was 17.7±2.5 days, 18.4±2.5 days in 12L/12D, 16.2±3.7 days in 15L/9D. The average of pupal period of female and male was 9.0±1.1 days and 9.6±1.3 days, respectively. In conclusion, the most suitable rearing photoperiod of super mealwarm was turned out as 12L/12D

To investigate the effectiveness of ventilation in bumblebee colony, we ventilated bumblebee(bombus terrestris) colonies using PC cooling fan to replace the fanning behavior of bumblebees, unventilated colonies were used as controls. The temperature of the colonies that were ventilated using the cooler fan was 3 ℃ lower than the control colonies, and the rate of fanning behavior were 9 times lower in ventilated colonies than in the control colonies. Foraging activity and survival rates of worker bees in ventilated colonies doubled compared to the control colonies. Rates of seed set per flower and number of seeds set by bees in the ventilated colonies was 12 % and –15 % and 1.1 and –1.4 times higher pollination, respectively, than for the control colonies. We conclude that installing a ventilation device on the colony box can improve the internal environment of bumblebee colonies at high temperatures through ventilation and that this is a good option to increase pollination effectiveness for the crops in high temperature greenhouse conditions.

The purpose of this study is to assess the role of marketing to the area of strategic alliances. We suggest that marketing capability – the ability to deploy resources to serve customers better- is a key determinant that facilitates value creation in strategic alliances. Specifically, we investigate the interaction effects of marketing capability on performance of strategic alliance experience and types of strategic alliances (introducing three types: SI-SF alliance, AI-SF alliance and AI-DF alliance), and whether these interaction effects are moderated by high vs. low technological industry. This study analyzed the panel data from 39 international firms and their 2,158 alliances during the period 1994 - 2014, 21 firms from computer industry (high-tech industry) and 18 firms from food industry (low-tech industry), respectively. The results indicate that the contribution of marketing capability on the relationships between alliance experience, types of strategic alliances and firm value varies with environmental contexts. First, when a firm has strong marketing capability, the effect of strategic alliance experience on firm value is greater than those of firms with low marketing capability. Also, the strength of its interaction effect is lower in high-tech industry than low-tech industry. Second, when a firm has strong marketing capability, the effects of three different types of strategic alliances on firm value are greater than those of firms with low marketing capability. However, their interaction effects to firm value were significant only in high-tech industry. Specifically, when a firm has strong marketing capability, the stock market reacts most favorably to the AI-DF alliance than those of SI-SF alliance and AI-SF alliance in high-tech industry. In contrast, even a firm has strong marketing capability, the stock market reacts favorably only to AI-SF alliance in low-tech industry. In sum, our research suggests that the interactive performance impact of marketing capability to the strategic alliance experience and the types of strategic alliances can be obtained in particular environmental contexts.

We compared the fruit set and the quality of the Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) among flowers pollinated by insect pollinators such as the honeybee(Apis mellifera) and bumblebee(Bombus terrestris) and pollinated artificial. The hand pollination rate was 1.3 times higher than bumblebee and 1.9 times higher than the honeybee pollination rate. Moreover, the artificially pollinated flowers produced fruit that was 5 to 10% higher in weight, 2 to 3% larger in size, and had a higher fruit shape index(L/D) than pollinated by the insect pollinators. On economic analysis, net profit from insect pollinator was 93.5 to 97.1% of net profit from hand pollination. Therefore, artificial pollination is more efficient than insect pollination in 'Niitaka' pear. However, regarding fruit quality and net profit, these results suggest that bee pollinator can be an good alternative to hand pollination in pear cv. Niitaka.

메뚜기목 메뚜기과에 속하는 풀무치(Locusta migratoria)는 강한 집단행동 습성과 다양한 먹이식물에 대한 높은 유연성을 가진 대형 메뚜기이다. 이런 풀무치를 실내에서 사육하기에 가장 적합한 온도를 조사하였다. 실험온도는 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, 33℃ 등 4개구로 설정하였고, 12L/12D, 65% RH, 1,000 lux 이상의 사육조건하에서 밀을 먹이로 실험하였다. 풀무치의 영별 발육특성을 조사한 결과, 1령-5령 약충까지의 발육기간은 30℃가 26.4±2.0일로 25℃ (46.9±1.9일)보다 약 1.8배, 27℃(31.8±2.5일)와 33℃(30.7±2.6일)보다는 약 1.2배 단축되었다. 약충의 체중, 두폭, 체폭, 체장 등 발육 특성은 30℃가 가장 좋았고 그 다음은 33℃, 27℃, 25℃순이었다. 성충의 교미는 주로 09-10시와 13-14시에 가장 많이 이루어졌다. 우화-교미까지의 일수는 30℃가 10.2±1.5일로 25℃(23.8±13.7일), 27℃(19.3±10.2일), 33℃(12.0±7.3일)보다 약 1.8일-13.6일 빨랐다. 포토 당 산란된 난괴의 수는 평균 1.1개로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 풀무치를 사육하기에 가장 적합한 온도는 30℃인 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lumbar stabilization and sling exercise on visual analogue scale (VAS), Korean Oswestry Disability Index (KODI), and stability index (ST) in patients with chronic lower back pain (CLBP). This study included participants with a VAS scale of 6 or higher and a KOD of 20-40%. They were randomly divided into a mat group (n=15) to perform lumbar stabilization exercises and a sling group (n=15) to perform sling exercises, and then they underwent a four-week experiment. The experimental results of this study were as follows: the VAS and KODI showed a statistically significant difference (P<.05) and a larger effect size within each group after the intervention, it exhibited no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>.05). There were significant differences in ST before and after intervention in each group (P<.05), however there was no significant difference between the groups. The present study suggest that the effects of lumbar stabilization exercise and sling exercise are similar.

This study was carried out to explore possibilities of cultivating horticultural crops in the air-dome greenhouse in comparison to the common iron-frame greenhouse as the standard. The levels of carbon dioxide and atmospheric pressure measured inside the air-dome greenhouse turned out to be higher than those measured inside the iron-frame greenhouse. Contrastingly, light intensity was relatively weaker inside the air-dome greenhouse due to the air-inflated double layers. Plants of melon and cherry tomato were cultivated from May 2 to August 12, 2016, respectively in the two greenhouses. For melon plants, growth in the air-dome greenhouse effectively increased fruit weight as well as trunk circumference compared to iron-frame greenhouse. Moreover, soluble sugar content of melon fruit was significantly higher when cultivated in the air-dome greenhouse. For cherry tomato plants, fruit yield of cherry tomato was significantly increased inside the air-dome greenhouse. Furthermore, it has been found that the air-dome greenhouse was considerably effective in shortening the growing period of melon and cherry tomato plants in comparison to the iron-frame greenhouse.

MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is an alternative to the dark matter paradigm. MOND asserts that when the magnitude of acceleration is smaller than the acceleration parameter a0, the response of the system to gravity is stronger (larger acceleration) than the one given by Newtonian dynamics. The current value of a0 is obtained mostly by observations of spiral galaxies (rotation curves and the Tully-Fisher relation). We attempt to estimate a0 from the dynamics of elliptical galaxies. We seek elliptical galaxies that act as the lens of gravitational lensing systems and have velocity dispersion data available. We analysed 65 Einstein rings from the Sloan Len ACS survey (SLACS). The mass estimates from gravitation lensing and velocity dispersion agree well with each other, and are consistent with the estimates from population synthesis with a Salpeter IMF. The value of a0 obtained from this analysis agrees with the current value.

Planetary nebula in elliptical galaxies pose a problem in dark matter theory. Using data from the Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (PN. S), Romanowsky et al. (2003) reported that less dark matter than expected was found within 5 to 6 effective radii of three elliptical galaxies. We attempt to explain similar observations of elliptical galaxies with MOdied Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). We collect 16 elliptical galaxies with planetary nebulae from the public web data of PN. S. We investigate the dynamical behavior by analyzing the line-of-sight velocity dispersion in the framework of MOND.

This study aims to identify the effect of home physical therapy on patients who left the hospital after total knee arthroplasty, compared to the Daily living group, when it was applied to them, under the guidance of physical therapists. As research subjects, 20 patients that were scheduled to leave the hospital after unilateral total knee arthroplasty, were chosen, and they were randomly divided into a home physical therapy group(10 patients) and an Daily living group(10 patients) in order to conduct an experiment. During the 4-week research, home physical therapy was offered for 40 mins once for 5 days a week, and muscular strength, gait components were measured. For muscular strength, quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength were measured, and as gait components, endurance, speed, step time, single-limb support were analysed. For this experiment, pre- and post-measurement were performed, and collected data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 statistical program. From the analysis of data, the following study results were obtained. Home physical therapy group and Daily living group both showed significant improvements in quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength, and quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength of home physical therapy group more significantly improved than Daily living group's. In relation to gait components, gait endurance, gait speed, step time significantly improved in both of home physical therapy group and Daily living group, whereas home physical therapy group only showed significant improvements in single-limp support. According to the comparison between two groups, gait speed, single-limp support and step time improved more significantly in the home physical therapy group than in the Daily living group. In conclusion, positive results were revealed in both home physical therapy group and Daily living group, with regard to muscular recovery of lower limbs of patients discharged from the hospital after total knee arthroplasty and walking, but considering the comparison results between two groups, it seems that applying home physical therapy is more effective than maintaining a daily life.