Background : In recent years, the demand for oriental cuisine has increased due to the increase of multicultural families and dietary changes, and Coriandrum sativum is also consumed steadily. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish the optimum planting density for high-quality seed production of Coriandrum sativum in order to increase the utilization of leafy vegetables and establish a foundation for production throughout the year through house cultivation Methods and Results : This experiment was carried out from March to August 2017 at a house facility located in Namwon-si (500 m above sea level) in Jeollabuk-do. Seeds of Coriandrum sativum were sown on March 10, 2017 and planting density was set at 4 levels of 10 × 5 ㎝, 10 × 10 ㎝, 10 × 20 ㎝, and 10 × 30 ㎝. Seeds were harvested on August 2 and 142 days after sowing. Growth characteristics of C. sativum were investigated on May 16, 66 days after sowing. Plant height, leaf length and leaf width were good at 52.9 ㎝, 3.8 ㎝, and 4.1 ㎝ in planting density of 10 × 10 ㎝, respectively, but there was no statistically significant difference between treatments. As a result of examining the number of leaflets per plant, 20.9 leaves in 10 × 30 ㎝ treatment was the best and the difference was significant. The fresh weight of the overground part was the highest at 2,322 ㎏/10a in 10 × 10 ㎝ treatment. The total fresh weight of the overground and underground parts were 2,633 ㎏/10a and 2,572 ㎏/10a at 10 × 10 ㎝ and 10 × 20 ㎝, respectively. The total weight of seeds per treatment was the highest at 146 ㎏/10a at 10 × 10 ㎝ treatment, but the difference was not significant. Conclusion : As a result of the experiment to determine the proper planting density, the growth characteristics and the total weight of seeds were good at 10 × 10 ㎝ treatment, but there was no statistically significant difference. Therefore, when C. sativum are cultivated for the purpose of seed production, the planting density of 10 × 30 ㎝ is considered to be the most appropriate for seed requirement and labor saving.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of cosmetics materials by comparing growth characteristics, photosynthetic rate and major functional components of Rosa multiflora and Perilla frutescens at different altitudes. Methods and Results : This experiment is being carried out in April 2018 in Namwon (500 m above sea level) and Iksan (15 m above sea level) in Jeollabuk-do. The growth characteristics of R. multiflora were investigated at the end of May. Flowers were collected at this time and used as samples for functional analysis. The growth characteristics of P. frutescens were investigated in the middle of August and the ground part was collected at this time and used as a sample for functional analysis. Photosynthetic rates were measured using LCpro+ (ADC, UK). The marker compound were investigated and analyzed using HPLC Alliance e2695 and 2998 PDA detector (Waters, USA). Photosynthetic rate (based on 1,600 μ mole of light intensity) was measured in mid-June as follows. The R. multiflora showed 9.8 μ mole․CO2/㎡/s in Iksan and 7.9 μmole․CO2/㎡/s in Namwon. The P. frutescens showed 15.0 μmole․CO2/㎡/s in Iksan and 8.8 μmole․CO2/㎡/s in Namwon. Overall, Photosynthetic rate was higher in Iksan. As a result of analyzing 18 kinds of marker compound, gallic acid and astragalin were found in R. multiflora, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid were found in P. frutescens. Gallic acid and Astragalin of R. multiflora showed 5.4 ㎎/g and 28.4 ㎎/g in Iksan and 3.2 ㎎/g and 21.6 ㎎/g in Namwon, respectively. Caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid of P. frutescens were 2.7 ㎎/g and 49.7 ㎎/g in Iksan and 2.5 ㎎/g and 33.6 ㎎/g in Namwon, respectively. Conclusion : Comparing the yield of the harvesting parts by region, both R. multiflora and P. frutescens was higher in Namwon. As a result of quantitative analysis of four detected elements of gallic acid, astragalin, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, all four components were high in Iksan. It is considered that this is due to optical environment difference.

Background : Matricaria recutita and Dendranthema indicum are known to have effects such as antioxidant and antihypertensive effects, and they are used as processed food materials. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the possibilities as a natural material for cosmetics. This study was carried out to analyze the volatile flavor components of flowers during cultivation in order to examine the possibility of cosmetics using M. recutita and D. indicum. Methods and Results : This experiment was carried out from April to October, 2017 at Unbong-eup (500 m above sea level) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do. M. recutita and D. indicum were planted in late May. Then, flowers were collected in October and volatile flavor components were analyzed by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) method. Samples of flowers for component analysis were weighed in 0.4 g each and placed in a 20 ㎖ vial. GC/MS was used with Agilent Technologies 7890A/5975C (Agilent, USA). Column and carrier gas were DB-5MS (30 m × 0.25 ㎜ × 0.25 ㎛) and helium gas, respectively. As a result of the analysis of M. recutita flowers, we identified a total of 24 components. The major flavor components were mono terpenes and ketones. The main compounds were β-ocimene (24.08%), artemisia ketone (22.82%), γ-terpinene (16.65%), cis-3-hexenyl isovalerate (3.92%), artemisiatriene (3.72%) and O-cymene (3.44%). As a result of analyzing the composition of D. indicum flower, we identified 33 kinds of ingredients. The major flavor components were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The main compounds were sabinene (19.67%), trans-oiperitol (13.22%), α-phellandrene (10.05%), myrcene (7.53%), cineole (4.36%), α-terpinene (3.60%) and trans-ocimene (3.57%). Conclusion : We identified 24 flavor components and 33 flavor components in flower of M. recutita and D. indicum, respectively. Eight of the identified or estimated compounds were common to both samples. The reason why the flavor components kinds of M. recutita flowers were few was thought to be due to the influence of collection time. The main flowering period of M. recutita and D. indicum were May and October, respectively, but the use of the samples collected in October seemed to have influenced.

Background : Although Aster scaber is a perennial plant, it needs to be renewed every three years in the cultivation of the facility, so it is necessary to increase the efficiency of production by extending the cultivation period. This study was carried out to investigate the differences in the growth characteristics of facility grown A. scaber according to the treatment of soil conditioner for the extension of the plant cultivation. Methods and Results : Soil physics improvement material for the extension of cultivated aster scaber was selected from rice straw, rice husk charcoal and coir fiber. In this study, 1,000 ㎏ of coir fiber, 1,000 ㎏ of rice straw, and 1,000 ㎏ of rice husk charcoal were treated per 10a of the soil improvement material, and the untreated control was set as a control. After the test treatment, the growth conditions such as survival rate, plant length, leaf length, leaf width, and stalk diameter were investigated. The control group was investigated as the survival rate was 96.1%, plant length average was 16.3 ± 1.8 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.7 ± 1.2 ㎝, leaf width average was 7.4 ± 0.7 ㎝, and stalk diameter average was 1.97 ± 0.3 ㎜. rice straw treatment is as the survival rate was 95.8%, plant length average was 13.8 ± 1.9 ㎝, leaf length average was 6.5 ± 0.8 ㎝, the leaf width average was 5.9 ± 0.7 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 1.85 ± 0.4 ㎜. Rice husk charcoal treatment is as the survival rate was 99.7%, plant length average was 17.4 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 8.4 ± 1.1 ㎝, the leaf width average was 7.5 ± 0.8 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.15 ± 0.5 ㎜. Coir fiber treatment is as the survival rate was 96.9%, plant length average was 16.9 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.9 ± 1.4 ㎝, the leaf width average was 6.9 ± 1.0 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.01 ± 0.5 ㎜. The results of the study showed that the growth of rice husk charcoal was good and the survival rate was high and the growth of straw treatment was relatively low and the rate of survival was low. However, no significant difference was found in the treatment of the remedies. Conclusion : As a result of investigating the differences in the growth characteristics of the A. scaber according to the treatments of the soil improvement agent, the growth and survival rate of the rice husk charcoal treatments were relatively high, but no significant difference was found. Therefore, the use of rice straw, rice husk charcoal, and coir fiber as a soil improvement agent does not appear to have much effect on the initial growth of the A. scaber.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the differences of growth characteristics, photosynthetic rate and ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer according to the covering materials during house cultivation. Also the results of this study will be used as basic data for the standardization of ginseng house cultivation. Methods and Results : This experiment site was conducted from March to October, 2017 in the house located in Jinan - gun, Jeollabuk-do. The ginseng cultivar used in the experiment was a violet stem variant of 4-years-old. There are three kinds of covering materials used in the experiments: polyethylene (PE) film, scattering film, and blue-white film. PE film and the scattering film were first coated with 85% of light shielding net after the first installation, and then secondly coated with 75% and 30% of the light shielding net respectively in the middle of May when the house temperature reached 25℃. The blue-white film was cultivated after the initial installation without further treatment. The light transmittance of each covering materials were in the order of scattering film (14.5 ± 1.5%), blue-white film (10.0 ± 1.0%) and PE film (6.7 ± 1.0%). The average photosynthetic rate of each treatment was in the order of scattering film (2.94 μmol CO2/㎡/s), blue film (2.71 μmol CO2/㎡/s) and PE film (2.34 μmol CO2/㎡/s). Aboveground growth characteristics of ginseng were good in a scattering film and blue-white film. Root weights were found in the order of scattering film (47.1 g/plant) > blue-green film (41.3 g/plant) > PE film (37.6 g/plant). Conclusion : In order to select proper covering materials for ginseng house cultivation, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of each treatment were compared with each other in order of scattering film, blue-white film and PE film. The photosynthetic rate of each treatment was measured according to the growing season. PE film was relatively low during the entire growth period. In the case of scattering film and blue-white film, the rate of photosynthesis was higher in the scattering film with high light transmittance until May, but showed a similar tendency after July. As a result, the difference in the growth characteristics of ginseng is thought to be due to differences in photosynthesis and assimilation according to the coating materials.

Background : The hyphal growth of Poria cocos are known to grow well under medium temperature(25 - 28 ℃) and acidic(pH 4.0 - 5.0) conditions. Also, it is known that a large difference in the yield of Poria cocos depending on the cultivation method and environment. Therefore, this research was carried out to secure stable yield of Poria cocos using plastic house and bed soil. Methods and Results : The inoculation time was in mid-April 2016 and the inoculation amount was 3/4 lb each in pine trees of 60 (L) × 10 (D) ㎝. The inoculated wood was buried directly in the bed by soil composition and growth characteristics investigated after cultivating in plastic house from April to September, 2016. The composition of the bed soil was 6 treatments using peatmoss, cocopeat and perlite. The combination ratio ranges of peatmoss, cocopeat and perlite were 0 to 80 %, 0 to 60 % and 20 to 60 %, respectively. We assumed that the combination ratio of peatmoss (organic material) 60 % : perlite(inorganic material) 40% is good for the growth of the Poria cocos. In this ratio, instead of peatmoss, the amount of cocopeat was replaced by 20, 40, and 60 %, respectively. The pH and EC range of bed soil was 4.8 - 5.6, 0.7 - 2.2 dS/m, respectively. pH and EC tended to be lower in treatments with only peat moss and perlite. On the other hand pH and EC tended to raise with increasing cocopeat content. Volumetric soil water content and soil temperature were in the range of 13 - 28 % and 20 - 29℃, respectively, during the period of July to September. Soil water content tended to be higher with increasing cocopeat and peatmoss content and soil temperature tended to be lower. The degree of initial hyphal development and sclerotia formation were good in all treatments compared to the control. However, the number of sclerotia was 6 times higher in the ② treatment than in the control. The size of sclerotia was also the best at 12 (L) × 8 (W) ㎝ in the ② treatment. Conclusion : As a result of cultivating Poria cocos in plastic house, growth characteristics were different according to composition of bed soil. The first reason for this result is that the difference of soil moisture content depending on organic matter content affected the soil temperature. Actually, the average soil water content and soil temperature of ① treatment (organic material 80% ) showed 24% and 22℃ respectively during July to September, and no sclerotia was formed. However, in the ② treatment(organic material 60%), the average soil moisture and soil temperature were 14% and 26℃ during July to September, respectively and sclerotia formation was good. Another reason is that the pH of the bed soil affects the formation of sclerotia. Overall, the degree of hyphal development was good in low pH treatments, but no significant difference was found between the pH and the formation of sclerotia.

Background : This research was conducted to investigate the effect of organic compost treatment on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng seedlings(Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) in growing medium. Methods and Results : The test cultivars was used a native species of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer that most commonly cultivated in Korea. By seeding interval(3×3cm), seeds of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer were sowed on March 29, 2016 . Bed size was 85 (W) × 1800 (L) × 30 (H) cm and shading material of plastic house was used blue-white vinyl. Growing medium composition(V/V) were mixed in a ratio of peat moss 60%, perlite 30%, vermiculite 10%. The mixing ratio of Organic compost was livestock manure compost (2%, V/V), mixed oil cake(2%, V/V), poultry manure compost (2%, V/V) and was applied to growing medium basal application. The emergence rate of ginseng seedling was contorl 95.7%, livestock manure compost 97.0%, press cake 92.3%, poultry manure compost 94.2%. Shoot growth characteristics of ginseng seedlings did not show a significant difference in plant height, stem length, stem diameter but shoot fresh weight was higher tendency in livestock manure compost(0.34 g/plant) in comparison to control(0.26 g/plant), mixed oil cake(0.29 g/plant), poultry manure compost(0.27 g/plant). Similarly, root fresh weight was higher tendency in livestock manure compost(0.52 g/plant) in comparison to control(0.33 g/plant), mixed oil cake(0.47 g/plant), poultry manure compost(0.43 g/plant). Root length was in control 10.2cm, livestock manure compost 11.8cm, mixed oil cake 8.9cm, poultry manure compost 8.6cm. As mentioned above, the reason that root length is shorter in mixed oil cake, poultry manure compost is thought to be due to the influence of gas injury. Conclusion : Growth characteristics of ginseng seedling showed a good growth trend in the organic compost treatment groups , especially livestock manure treatment root fresh weight increased 57% compared to control group. However, early defoliation phenomenon occured at mixed oil cake, poultry manure compost in late June. This is thought to have occurred by the disturbance of gas such as ammonia gas, nitrous acid gas. Therefore, if you use mixed oil cake, poultry manure compost to cultivate ginseng seedling, it is expected to pay attention to the damage caused by the gas disturbance.

Background : For increasing saponin content of ginseng cultivated in shaded plastic house, this research was performed to investigate growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng according to foliar spray of chitosan and water-soluble silicates processing. Methods and Results : The ginseng cultivars to be used this research were Cheonpung, Yeonpung and 1-year-old seedlings of Cheonpung, Yeonpung was transplanted on March 24, 2015. Planting density was 72 plant/3.3㎡and Shading material of plastic house used blue-white shading vinyl. The processing method of organic matter is as follows, we were applied chitosan (40 kg / 10a), silicate (3kg / 10a) to soil scheduled for ginseng cultivation with basal application. Then, we were diluted with chitosan and silicates to 1000-fold and investigated growth characteristics, saponin content of ginseng after foliar spray twice a month from May to September. Conclusion : Photosynthetic rate of ginseng according to treatment of organic matter was higher in the chitosan experimental group compared to the control group and photosynthetic rate of ginseng cultivars was the highest in Cheonpung’s silicate group(3.70 μmole CO2/㎡/s). The growth characteristics in above-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the organic matter treatments compared to the control group. Above-ground part’s growth characteristics of ginseng according to treatment of organic matter showed a good trend in plant height, stem length, stem diameter of chitosan experimental group. The growth characteristics in under-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the organic experimental groups. In Yeonpung of the chitosan experimental group, fresh root weight per plant was 9.2 g/plant that increased by 46 % compared to the control group. In Cheonpung of the silicate experimental group, fresh root weight per plant was 8.3 g/plant that increased by 56 % compared to the control group. In the chitosan experimental group, crude saponin content of under-ground part was Cheonpung(10.38 ㎎/g), Yeonpung(12.29 ㎎/g), control(11.53 ㎎/g), respectively. In the silicate experimental group, crude saponin content of under-ground part was Cheonpung(11.73 ㎎/g), Yeonpung(14.21 ㎎/g), respectively. Crude saponin content of ginseng according to treatment of organic matter was. generally higher in Yeonpung than Cheonpung.

Background : Schisandra chinensis is being weighted difficulties in stable production, there is increasing drought damage caused by climate change as shallow rooted crops. Therefore, the study was performed for water supply capacity and growth characteristics analysis by setting the irrigation method for the drought damage reduction. Methods and Results : Test material was used sophomore V-shaped planting Schisandra chinensis. Irrigation method were surface watering, underground watering, sprinkler and untreated. Underground irrigation was irrigation that buried hose and then dug up the 15㎝. Soil moisture tension was the irrigation after fixed at -30 ㎪(23%). Irrigation timing was performed in June-July that high drought damage and made the most fruit enlargement. The main investigating items were investigated fruit growth, normal fault rate, soil moisture and EC content according to the irrigation method. Normal fruit rate according to irrigation method were appeared in sprinkler(81, 74 %)>underground irrigation(76, 69 %)>surface irrigation(76, 67%)>untreated(66, 52 %). Cluster length of yield component was determined to effective irrigation method in fruit growth the highest in sprinkler. Soil moisture contents was maintained at appropriate level with significant -30㎪(23 %) in the sprinkler. EC content low with a downward trend in underground irrigation and sprinkler. Water supply capacity according to Irrigation Method were sprinkler 40 tons, underground irrigation 85 tons, surface irrigation 138 tons. Conclusion : Appropriate watering methods for drought damage reduction of Schisandra chinensis caused by climate change was determined in the most efficient irrigation method in sprinkler that high fruit growth and normal fruit rate, lower the required of water supply capacity.

Background : For increasing saponin content of ginseng cultivated in shaded plastic house, this study was performed to investigate growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) according to foliar spray of germanium and water-soluble silicates processing. Methods and Results : Used a native species in this study is violet-stem variant that most commonly cultivated in ginseng’s farms. 1-year-old violet-stem variant was transplanted on March 24, 2015 and planting distance was 11 × 20 cm. Shading material of plastic house was used blue-white shading vinyl. The processing method of inorganic dissolved matter is as follows, we were diluted with germanium and water-soluble silicates to 500-fold, 1000-fold and investigated after foliar spray twice a month from May to September. The growth characteristics in above-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the inorganic matters treatment compared to the control treatment, the difference of above-ground growth characteristics between the inorganic dissolved matters treatments was not significant. The growth characteristics in under-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the inorganic matter treatments and root weight per plant in the 500-fold dilution of germanium was 12.4 g that increased by 29 % compared to the control (9.6 g). Crude saponin content of under-ground part was higher generally in inorganic matter treatments compared to the control (11.53 ㎎/g). In the 1000-fold dilution of water-soluble silicate and germanium (50:50), crude saponin content was the highest in 12.91 ㎎/g. Crude saponin content of above-ground part was higher generally in inorganic matter treatments compared to the control (61.76 ㎎/g). In the 1000-fold dilution of water-soluble silicate and germanium (50:50), crude saponin content was the highest in 65.69 ㎎/g. Conclusion : From the above results, we concluded that germanium and water-soluble silicates could be useful matters in promoting growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer).

Background : This study was performed to set proper soil moisture tension for promoting seed emergence and yield of ginseng when direct seeding cultivation of ginseng was carried out in shaded plastic house. Methods and Results : The test cultivars were used Cheonpung, Yeonpung, Geumpung and seeds were sown on November 20, 2013. Irrigation starting point was set to 30, 40, 50 kPa and irrigation breakpoint was set to 20 kPa. Ginseng was cultivated in clay loam soil and shading material of plastic house were used blue-white shading vinyl. The emergence rate of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars in accordance with soil moisture tension indicated Cheonpung 97.0%, Yeonpung 95.0%, Geumpung 95.3% in each 50 kPa, 50 kPa, 30 kPa. In general, emergence rate of ginseng was higher tendency in 50 kPa (93.3∼97.0%). The average absolute soil moisture content during the growing season indicated a moisture content of 19.3% (30 kPa), 17.9% (40 kPa), 16.2% (50 kPa). Looking at the growth characteristics in above-ground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Yeonpung, Cheonpung and Geumpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. On the other hand, looking at the growth characteristics in underground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Cheonpung, Geumpung and Yeonpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. Yield per 10a was indicated that Yeonpung was the highest in the 50kPa to 456kg. Yield per 10a of Cheonpung and Geumpung indicated 347kg, 263kg in each 30kPa, 50kPa. Conclusion : From the above results, we concluded that ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) seems to be a difference of growth characteristics according to soil moisture tension. Therefore, it is need to manage soil moisture for each ginseng cultivars