The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effect of resistance exercise and balance exercise on proprioception and WOMAC index of patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis. A total of 40 subjects participated in this study. The subjects were diagnosed with degenerative knee osteoarthritis and all were more than 60 years old. They were divided into three groups. Group Ⅰ(n=8) was trained with resistance exercise, Group Ⅱ(n=6) was trained with balance exercise and GroupⅢ(n=6) was trained with range of motion as a control. The results of this study were as follows. It was significantly indicated that the resistance exercise group and balance exercise group elicited error-reduction on proprioception goal-angle (p<.05). There was a statistically significant difference on proprioception between resistance exercise group and control(range of motion) group. There was a statistically significant reduction on WOMAC index between resistance exercise group and balance exercise group (p<.05) and on the WOMAC index between resistance exercise group and range of motion group(p<.05). In conclusion, resistance exercise and balance exercise are effective on degenerative knee osteoarthritis and resistance exercise is the most effective for improving proprioception and WOMAC index. More research on the intervention according to the degree of degenerative knee osteoarthritis is needed.

전국 8개 지역별 각 사과원에서 채집된 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)에 대한 저항성 정도를 일본 감수성 계통과 비교한 결과 지역별 현저한 감수성 차이를 보였다. Azocyclotin, fenpropathrin, propargite 및 abamectin에 대해서는 낮거나 중간 정도의 저항성을, dicofol, fenpyroximate 및 pyridaben에 대해서는 높은 저항성을 나타내었다. 이들 계통은 한종 또는 두종 이상의 약제에 대해 감수성을 보여 특정 지역에 대해서는 적당한 살비제의 선택적 이용으로 점박이응애를 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

우리나라 전통 음료의 품질 향상과 산업화를 위한 기초 실험으로 오과차의 추출 시간에 따른 성분을 분석하였다. 오과차의 추출 시간에 따른 산도는 30분인 경우 2.4%, 50분에 2.3%, 70분에 1.7%였으며, 고형분은 추출 시간에 따라 각각 0.22g, 0.31g, 0.41g 이었고, pH는 4.70, 4.85, 4.98로 약한 산성을 나타냈으며, 총당은 54.01㎎, 108.82㎎, 142.92㎎으로 추출 시간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하였다. 오과차의 유리당은 glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, xylose 5종이 확인되었는데 유리당의 총량은 각각 1.14㎎, 1.36㎎, 2.17㎎ 함유하긴 있었으며 이중 glucose, sucrose, fructose가 전체의 98.2%, 92.6%, 92.6%로 그 대부분을 차지하고 있었다. 오과차의 추출물에서는 30분, 50분 추출시 valino, cystine을 제외한 16종의 아미노산이, 70분 추출시 cystlne을 제외한 17종의 아미노산이 검출되었다. 총유리 아미노산의 함량은 각각 84.94㎎, 99.67㎎, 120.40㎎으로 증가하였으며, serine, glutamic acid, threonine, proline, alanine의 5종 아미노산이 각각 94.5%, 93.6%, 94.7%로 대부분을 차지 하였다. 추출 시간에 따른 유리 아미노산의 함량 비율의 변화는 threonine이 50분간 추출하였을 때 헌저한 감소를 가져왔고, glutamic acid가 추출 시간이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하였으며, proline은 50분 추출하였을 때 그 비율이 가장 높게 증가하였다.

Background : Plants of Taraxacum spp. are widely used in medicine, but some of them have some problems related to propagation, such as strong dormancy and inactive germination. This study investigated the effects of temperature, gibberellic acid (GA3), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on seed germination in Taraxacum ohwianum. Methods and Results : The seeds (NIBRGR0000135524) were exalbuminous, and their length and width were 4.25 ± 0.118 mm and 0.89 ± 0.062 mm, respectively. Among various temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30℃), the optimum temperature for germination was found to be 20℃ (31.3%). High temperature (30℃) induced off-type in seedlings (thickened and crumpled cotyledons, and restricted root system). GA3 treatments increased germination percentage and speed, but germination percentage was higher with KNO3 treatment. Under KNO3 treatments (50 to 200 mg·L-1), germination percentage exceeded 80% after 12 days, with 50 mg·L-1 KNO3 being notably effective (91.2%, after 15 days). Conclusion : Seeds of T. ohwianum showed germination ability at low temperature. The best method for germination was pre-soaking in 50 mg·L-1 KNO3 (4℃, dark, 24 h) and incubating at 20℃ for 15 days.

Background : This study was conducted to determine the optimal conditions of growth medium, temperature, and light quality for efficient propagation of Pyrrosia petiolosa spores. Methods and Results : P. petiolosa spores were collected from Andong-si area in February 2015, and the spores were subjected to a careful selection process. The selected spores were stored at the Korea National Wild Plant Seed Bank (4℃, RH 40%) and used as our experimental materials (GR0000182302). The spore germination rate and prothalium development were high in Knop media (24.5%), which had low mineral content. The germination rate increased with the increase in temperature and reached its maximum, 24.5%, at 25°C. The germination rate was also measured under different light conditions, and the highest rate of 28.7% was observed under LED blue light compared to fluorescent lights (24.5%). The germinated spores developed into heart-shaped prothallia under LED blue light; however, 3 weeks after sowing, prothallium development decreased compared to fluorescent lights. Conclusion : In conclusion, the optimal P. petiolosa In vitro propagation method include spore germination on Knop medium at 25°C under LED blue light, and the change in light source to fluorescent light 3 weeks after sowing for prothallium formation and proliferation.

Treatment of spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage (SRH) is mainly conservative. However, if intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) or abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) develops, the treatment strategy should be more aggressive. Surgical decompression has been the gold standard; however, it is very invasive and highly morbid. Thus, percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) has been introduced as an alternative therapeutic option. We report on a case of successful PCD for prevention of progression of IAH to ACS in a patient with SRH after coronary stent implantation. This case showed that PCD can be an efficacious and safe method for treatment of IAH with impending ACS.

TCR subunits are members of membrane-bound receptors which allow the fast and efficient elimination of the specific fish pathogens have regulated function in adaptive immunity. Sequence structure of TCR subunits have been reported for various teleosts, but the information of each TCR subunit functional characterization through expression analysis in fish was unknown. In this study, we examined the gene expression of TCR subunits in the early developmental stages and observed transcript levels in various tissues from healthy adult olive flounder by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of alpha subunit was already detected in the previous hatching step. But the transcripts of another TCR subunit were not observed during embryo development and increased after hatching and maintained until metamorphosis at the same level. It was found that all TCR subunits mRNAs are commonly expressed in the immune-related organ such as spleen, kidney and gill, also weak expressed in fin and eye. TCR alpha and beta subunit were expressed in brain, whereas gamma and delta were not expressed same tissue. The sequence alignment analysis shows that there are more than 80% sequence homology between TCR subunits. Because it has a high similarity of amino acid sequence to expect similar in function, but expression analysis show that will have may functional diversity due to different time and place of expression.

Development of transgenic plant with desirable traits to cultivated plant is one of the important procedures in plant molecular breeding. However, applicable assessment of transgenic plant in laboratorial scale is not much except cultivating transgenic plant for a whole life in field condition. Here, we analyzed chlorophyll fluorescence in three transgenic soybean lines with AtMYB44 transcription factor for assessment of photosynthetic activity under abiotic stresses such as drought. Soybean varieties used in this study were ‘Bert’ and ‘Bert’ derived three transgenic soybeans, ‘AtMYB44 CM35101’, ‘AtMYB44 CM2471’, and ‘AtMYB44 CM4481’. Analyzed five different chlorophyll fluorescence variables are maximum PSII quantum yield (QY_max), steady state PSII quantum yield (QY_Lss), steady state non-photochemical quenching (NPQ_Lss), coefficient of photochemical quenching in steady-state (Qp_Lss), and fluorescence declineratio in steady-state (Rfd_Lss). To determine main chlorophyll fluorescence variable affected by abiotic stress, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with five chlorophyll fluorescence variables measured from four varieties. QY_Lss and NPQ_Lss were main chlorophyll fluorescence variables to evaluate abiotic stress, particularly in drought stress. In comparison with transgenic soybean lines based on chlorophyll fluorescence variables, ‘AtMYB44 CM2471’ and ‘AtMYB44 CM4481’ are more tolerant to drought than the others. Interestingly, three transgenic soybean lines which have a same AtMYB44 gene with different regions of chromosome revealed the quite different responses of chlorophyll fluorescence to drought treatment.

Shinnamjag is a round, smooth, white-skinned, and fleshed potato cultivar with erect plant shape and early maturity. It has excellent table quality. Its yields are high, especially with prominent marketable yield compared to Superior, a leading potato cul