In this study, the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of ECC coated with silane-based protecting materials were evaluated. The evaluation was carried out according to NT BUILD 492. The test results show that when the protective material is applied to ECC, the chloride diffusion coefficient is reduced by 40-50%.

There are more than 9,300 bridges on the highway, of which about 34%(3,150) are PSCI bridges. The safety of these bridges is directly influenced by the tensile strength of the internal tendons(strand) and the strength of the concrete compared to the reinforcing bars from the design viewpoint. Therefore, in this paper, for the maintenance plan considering the damage of the internal tendons, the internal tendon cutting and truck loading test was conducted and deflection and appearance status change was analyzed. As a result of the test, deflection increased and flexural cracks occurred on center of the girder. And longitudinal direction cracks followed tendon placement occurred on a bottom flange.

In this study, the severing tests of prestressing steel in old PSCI bridges were carried out. The behavior of the bridge is investigated by measuring the displacement and strain at midpoints of severing girder. The effects of severing some prestressing steel were not noticeable enough to be visible.

In this study, the grouting condition and the corrosion of prestressing steel in old PSCI bridges were investigated. There are many places where the construction quality of the grout is poor to prevent the corrosion of prestressing steel. Partial surface corrosion was found regardless of the construction condition of the grout.

Post-tension system was applied most PSC bridges in Korea. Also Grouting was applied to prevent corrosion of the strand. For this reason, it is difficult to inspection the condition of the strand after completion. Therefore, in this paper, the Nondestructive testings(NDTs) developed at domestic and foreign was investigated. In addition, the current level and limit of the NDTs were analyzed considering the existing bridge environment. As a result of the study, Strand condition inspection using NDTs have been analyzed to have technical and environmental limitations.

This study investigated the durability performance of concrete to which Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was applied for penetrating water repellency. As the results of study, From test of the resistance to chloride ion penetration, superior salt-resistance was shown in comparison to plain concrete, by the application of PDMS. Experimental results of SM and IM showed more than twofold improved salt-resistance compared to plain concrete.

This paper is concerned with the eco - friendly precast concrete parking block method which can reduce the environmental problem and maintenance cost by applying the high - strength concrete block manufactured at the factory, will be.

본 연구는 하중 조건에 따른 화해를 입은 중공슬래브의 잔류성능에 대한 실험적 연구이다. 이를 평가하기 위하여, 하중조건을 변수로 하는 2개의 중공슬래브 실험체를 제작하여 ISO 834 표준화재 곡선에 따라 120분간 가열하였으며, 이를 상온으로 냉각하여 잔류 휨 성능을 평가하였다. 실험결과 하중조건에 따라 중공슬래브의 온도분포가 상이한 것으로 나타났으며, 재하 실험체가 비재하 실험체에 비해 전단면에 걸쳐 온도가 빠르게 상승하는 경향을 보임을 확인하였다. 고온으로 가열 후 냉각한 중공슬래브의 잔류 휨 강도의 경우 화해를 입지 않은 중공슬 래브에 비해 34%~40% 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 휨 강성의 경우 15%~23% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 하중을 재하 한 중공슬래브의 경우 재하하지 않고 가열한 중공슬래브에 비해 약 10%의 강도 저감이 발생하였으며, 휨 강성의 경우 15% 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 하중 재하에 따른 휨 균열에 의해 슬래브의 하부 주인장 철근의 온도가 비재하 실험체에 비해 높아지며, 하부철근 피복의 박리현상이 가속화되기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.

우리나라에는 1970년 이전부터 총 5,396개의 광산이 개발되었다. 하지만, 1980년대 이후 해외 광산물의 유입, 인건비가 상승하게 되면서 휴･폐광산이 증가하게 되었으며, 현재 362개의 광산만이 가행 되고 있는 실정이다. 오염방지시설이 미미한 채 방치되어 있는 휴･폐광산 부산물은 주변 토양 및 지하수를 오염시켜 광범위한 환경오염을 초래하고 있기 때문에 처리가 필요한 상황이다. 이러한 부산물을 처리하기 위해 많은 양의 토사를 사용하는 폐기물 매립지의 복토재로 사용가능 한 방법들이 연구 중에 있다. 많은 방법들 중 산업폐기물을 첨가하여 일반 토사의 사용량을 줄이는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 일반적인 산업폐기물을 이용한 복토재의 경우 높은 pH와 악취를 발생시키는 문제점이 있었다. 이에 따라 산업폐기물을 이용한 복토재의 pH와 악취를 조절할 필요가 있다고 사료된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 휴･폐광된 광산 주변의 오염토양과 MCIP 미생물과 제강슬래그를 혼합하여 중금속 용출 실험을 실시하였으며, MICP 미생물과 제강슬래그의 혼합비율을 변화하여 복토재로 적합한 조건을 알아보고자 하였다.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the variables that lead consumers to visit traditional markets and buy market goods. Thus, the current research examined the relationship between satisfaction and return intention as among the factors influencing loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology – This study was conducted to examine the effects of the perceived level of factors on loyalty and how it influenced consumers’ visits to traditional markets in 125 adult adolescents and women living in Mok-po area. The results of the questionnaire were obtained. The statistical data of the questionnaire were verified by SPSS. Results – In this study, consumers' perception level of eight loyalty factors can be perceived by the traditional Korean market. The empirical analysis is summarized as follows. First, by selecting five representative variables influencing intention to return to traditional markets, Mok-po area consumers were affected by the intention to revisit according to the intensity of recognition level among these variables. Second, the higher the perceived level of product price, quality of access (accessibility) among the factors that consumers perceive as important factors in visiting traditional markets were heightened. Third, Mokpo residents are aware of the main important factors of visiting the market such as receiving a friendly atmosphere (image) about traditional market, market environment (hygiene and cleanliness), connection with the local economy, and customer service such as kindness, refund and return. These loyalty factors did not affect consumers' intention to revisit. In other words, image, environment, regional economic linkage, and these factors did not have a positive effect on revisit intention. Conclusions – The empirical analysis of this study suggests that factors that directly affect loyalty among the key factors that play a major role in visiting traditional markets should be identified and developed as loyalty factors. It is necessary to identify the key factors influencing the satisfaction and loyalty of traditional market users, and operate a system that systematically and comprehensively manages and evaluates them. In order to do this, the government, the local governments, and related organizations should regularly conduct loyalty and satisfaction surveys on visa recognition levels and establish strategies for dramatic improvement measures.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the crack characteristics of concrete by comparing the previously developed transparent bubble sheet and the aluminum deposited bubble sheet whose surface is exposed by applying to the walled structure apartment actually constructed. The aluminum deposited bubble sheet was developed for the purpose of temperature reduction through heat reflection.

본 연구에서는 프라이머 도포 여·부 및 압축강도수준 그리고 바닥 마감재 시공재령에 따른 주차장용 바닥 마감재 부착성능을 평가 하였다. 또한 현행 KS 기준에서는 바닥 마감재 부착성능을 모르타르 공시체를 활용하여 평가하도록 제안하고 있지만, 실제 현장에서 바닥 마 감재는 콘크리트 상부면에 시공되기 때문에 바탕면 변화에 따른 부착성능을 추가변수로 계획하여 평가를 진행하였다. 모르타르는 현행기준에 서 제안하고 있는 배합표에 준하여 제작하였으며, 콘크리트 설계기준강도는 18, 30, 50 MPa로 계획하였다. 프라이머는 모르타르 및 콘크리트 재령 28일 변수에 따라 바닥 마감재와 함께 도포되었으며, KS 기준에 준하여 바닥 마감재 재령 일에 따라 부착성능을 평가하였다. 변수에 따른 부착성능 평가결과 바닥 마감재 재령이 경과함에 따라 바닥 마감재 부착성능은 향상되는 것으로 나타났으며, 압축강도가 높아짐에 따라 바닥 마감재 부착성능 또한 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 파괴양상을 고려하였을 때 콘크리트 쪼갬 인장강도의 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. 프 라이머 도포에 따른 부착성능은 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 프라이머의 사용은 부착강도에 문제없이 콘크리트 표면의 내구성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 콘크리트 및 모르타르 바탕면의 부착강도 특성을 비교한 결과 바닥재의 부착강도는 구성재료 보다 압축강도에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 현행 KS 기준의 모르타르 바탕면 실험체의 부착강도를 근거로 실제현장의 부착강도를 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

절대를 향한 엘리엇의 희구는 1927년 그가 영국국교회교도로 개종하 기 훨씬 전부터 존재해 왔다. 엘리엇이 철학자에서 시인-비평가로 ‘돌아 선 것,’ 시의 몰개성 이론을 주창한 것, 그리고 의식 대(對) 무의식을 뛰어넘는 ‘비(非)의식’ 논쟁을 펼친 것 등은 모두 이처럼 절대에 대한 갈망의 결과이다. 그리고 이 갈망은 본질적으로 낭만적이며, 이상주의적이 고, 궁극적으로는 시인 단테가 의미한 바와 같이 종교적이다. 재의 수요일 은 종교적 구원에 대해 긍정적인 암시로 인해 이전의 시와는 구분 된다. 그러나, 평자들이 주장한 바처럼 절대를 노래한 시가 아니라, 이 시의 1인칭대명사 ‘I’와 접속사가 충실하게 기록하듯이 회의주의와 종교 사이에서 여전히 고민하는 정신에 관한 시이다.

콘크리트의 건조수축과 자기수축은 시멘트 재료적인 특성과 사용하는 혼수량에 따라 발생의 정도가 변화할 수 있다. 건조수축은 콘크리트의 작업성을 높이기 위하여 적정한 물이 투입되지만 이러한 물이 전량 수화과정에 필요한 것이 아니고 부분적으로 사용되고 나머지는 공극수로 남는다. 자기수축은 시멘트의 수화에 의해 초결 이후 거시적으로 생긴 체적 감소현상으로 일반적으로 건조수축에 비하여 1/10정도로 작기 때문에 균열에서 큰 영향을 미치지는 않는다. 자기수축은 건조수축과 달리 W/C가 낮고, 단위 시멘트량이 높은 콘크리트에서 많이 발생한다. 이러한 콘크리트 성능 저하 원인인 균열을 방지하기 위하여 여러가지 방법을 적용하고 있다. 수축량을 예건하여 초기 사전 팽창성을 부여함으로써 건조수축 보상을 실시하는 방법과 단위 수량을 감소하여 건조 수축량을 최소화하는 방법이 대표적이라 할 수 있고, 최근에는 균열 발생 후 특정한 환경 조건을 부여할 경우 균열을 스스로 치유하는 자기치유콘크리트의 연구도 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 타설 후 건조과정에서 발생하는 건조수축에 의한 균열발생을 최소화하기 위하여 기존 CaO를 과소(Dead Burn)화 한 팽창제를 사용하여 콘크리트의 건조 수축을 비교하고자 하였다. 과소 CaO 함유율을 결합재량의 최소 4%에서 최대 8% 까지 혼입하여 시험을 실시한 결과 흐름치로 측정한 유동성은 모두 200mm 전후로 발현되어 동등한 수준을 나타냈으며, 설계기준 강도 27 MPa에 맞는 압축강도 발현을 하였다. 건조수축성능을 평가한 결과 Plain 시험체가 최대 –600×10-6의 건조수축을 발현하였으며 과소 CaO 첨가량이 증가할수록 건조수축은 낮아져 8%를 첨가할 경우 –200×10-6으로 나타나 건조수축 제어에 효과 작용하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

As interest in sustainable concrete increases, research on replacing cement with alternative materials has been actively conducted. Therefore, in this study, flexural and compressive tests were carried out using sustainable specimens fabricated by replacing part of cement with blast furnace slag and activated Hwang-Toh as alternative materials and control specimen. Based on the test results, the specimen with blast furnace slag showed the best load-carrying capacity. Compared with the control specimen, the specimen with activated Hwang-Toh indicated about 94.8~102.1% load-carrying capacity. Thus, it appears that the sustainable concrete can be practically used in the construction field.

In this study, the risk matrix method was applied to reduce the number of post-tension survey in maintenance. The risk matrix weights and evaluation indexes were studied according to the maintenance system.

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using waste stone and waste stone sludge, generated by stone grinding operations, as substitutes for natural resources. In addition, the possibility of expanding the scope of safe recycling was confirmed via an environmental assessment. This assessment was carried out by measuring particle size distributions and physical and chemical characteristics, as well as via dissolution and content tests. Waste stones and powdered waste stone sludge generated from the I-, K-, and R-quarries located in the Geochang area were selected and sampled. The pH was weakly alkaline (7.74 - 9.7), and the water content ranged from 21.29% to 32.57%. Only the Iquarry sample exceeded the 30% water content limit. The Waste Control Act regulates the use of filler materials such as bottom restoration and lowland materials in the quarry to less than 30%. Leaching tests conducted using I-, K-, and R-quarry samples were analyzed. The samples did not exceed the controlled waste criteria for hazardous substances defined by the Waste Management Act. The limits for Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cd, and Cr6+ are 3 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, 0.005 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Based on the results of content tests, only Cu (252 mg/Kg) exceeded the 1 area standard (150 mg/kg) for troublesome soil contamination defined in the Enforcement Regulations of the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Based on this environmental assessment, current policies allow expansion of recycling.

As interest in sustainable concrete increases, research on replacing cement with alternative materials has been actively conducted. Therefore, in this study, flexural and compressive tests were carried out using sustainable specimens fabricated by replacing part of cement with blast furnace slag and activated Hwang-Toh as alternative materials and control specimen. Based on the test results, the specimen with blast furnace slag showed the best load-carrying capacity. Compared with the control specimen, the specimen with activated Hwang-Toh indicated about 94.8~102.1% load-carrying capacity. Thus, it appears that the sustainable concrete can be practically used in the construction field.

In this study, the risk matrix method was applied to reduce the number of post-tension survey in maintenance. The risk matrix weights and evaluation indexes were studied according to the maintenance system.

Zeolite (FZ), prepared from fly ash, was immobilized with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to fabricate PAN/FZ beads. The prepared PAN/FZ beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimum ratio to prepare PAN/FZ beads was 0.3 g of PAN to 0.3 g of FZ. The diameter of the prepared PAN/FZ beads was about 3 mm. Sr and Cu ion adsorption experiments were conducted with PAN/FZ beads. A pseudo-second-order model fit the kinetic data for Sr and Cu ion adsorption by PAN/FZ beads well. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 96.5 mg/g and 74.6 mg/g for the Sr and Cu ions, respectively. Additionally, the values of thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (ΔGo), enthalpy (ΔHo) and entropy (ΔSo) were determined. The positive values of ΔHo revealed the endothermic nature of the adsorption process and the negative values of ΔGo were indicative of the spontaneity of the adsorption process.