The flow of the 4th Industrial Revolution calls for fundamental changes in the way of business pursued by manufacturing companies. In the service industry, various business models have been developed to include tangible products in services in order to secure differential competitive advantage in the market. Discussion of servitization and productization in academic research reflect the trends of these industries, and related researches are widely carried out in business administration, engineering, and design fields. In the meantime, customer value created by manufacturing companies and service companies has been proposed mainly about function, quality and utility of products or services. However, E3 Value (economic, ecological, experience), which is discussed from the viewpoint of product-service system (PSS), is newly recognized as an important factor in creating customer value. The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement model for the effects of product value, service value, and newly illuminated E3 Value on various business performance of a company. This study suggests a research model to extend the discussions on E3 Value, which was limited to concept studies and case studies, to empirical studies.

Since the opening of Gyeongbu Expressway, the first Korean expressway of 428km connecting Seoul and Busan in 1970, the total length of expressway exceeds 4,200km at the moment. The Expressway Traffic Management System (ETMS) started at the Seoul-Daejeon section of Gyeongbu Expressway in 1992 and it was expanded to the whole expressway network. Although the introduction of a successful traffic management system, the total recurrent congested sections below 40kph are 51 sections of 373km on expressways and the traffic congestion cost as a social cost reaches a total of 2.8 trillion KRW (about US $2.6 billion) only on the expressways. Measures to improve traffic congestion can be applied to expanding the supply of facilities and increasing the efficiency of facilities. Physical improvement, which means expansion and construction of roads, is cost and time constrained, and there is also a limit for the improvement of traffic operation. In order to maximize the effect of traffic congestion management, there is a need to harmonize the both, but there is still a lack of awareness of the importance of integrated traffic management in Korea. In this study, the concept of Integrated Traffic Management (ITM) on expressways integrating various individual traffic management techniques such as ramp metering, toll metering, and variable speed limit is proposed and the effect of the effect of Integrated Traffic Management was carried out by the microsimulation model for 15km section on the Seoul Outer Ring Expressway.

제주지역 방울다다기양배추 포장에서 발생하는 병해충에 대한 발생특성을 구명하기 위하여 2016 ~ 2017년(2개년) 7월(파종기)부터 이듬해 2월(수확기)까지 육안 관찰과 성페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 조사 하였다. 방울다다기양배추에 발생하는 병해충은 병해 5종, 해충 15종으로 총 20종이 조사되었으며, 주요 병해는 검은썩음병, 검은무늬병, 해충은 배추좀나방, 도둑나방, 배추흰나비, 양배추가루진딧물이었다. 성 페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 주요 나방류 발생시기를 조사한 결과 배추좀나방은 연중, 파밤나방과 담배거세미나방은 9월～11월에 주로 발생되었으며, 도둑나방은 성 페로몬 트랩에 의한 포획 개체수는 적었으나 피해는 심한 편이었다. 얻어진 결과를 활용하여 방울다다기양배추의 시기별 주요 병해충 발생 및 방제체계를 도식화하였다.

말라위는 농업생산성 향상을 위해 관개시설 설치를 적극적으로 확대하고 있는데. 주로 외국의 원조에 의존하고 있다. 따라서 말라위의 효율적인 관개시설 구축을 위해 우리나라의 영산강유역농업종합개발사업(이하 영산강사업) 사례를 검토한 후 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. 우리나라의 영산강사업은 유관기관들의 체계적인 협업 시스템으로 장기간에 걸쳐 시행되었다. 따라서 말라위의 중장기적인 관개시설 구축을 통한 농업생산성 향상을 위해서는 정부의 강력한 의지와 해당 사업을 주도적으로 시행할 수 있는 기관의 역할을 분명히 할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 법적으로 규정해야 할 것이다. 현재 말라위의 사회경제적 여건은 우리나라의 영산강사업 추진 시기와는 매우 상이하다. 또한 한국의 영산강사업은 중장기적으로 걸쳐 시행되면서 각 과정에서 시행착오를 통한 노하우(know-how) 및 기술이 축적되었다. 따라서 말라위도 영산강사업과 같은 대규모 국책사업을 일괄적으로 시행하기 보다는 테스트 베드를 거쳐 말라위 여건에 맞게 시행할 필요가 있다. 영산강사업은 시행 초기에 환경문제가 크게 부각되지 않았지만, 90년대 후반부터는 ‘환경’에 대한 경각심이 커져 현재 영산강사업 5단계 설치는 중단된 상태이다. 따라서 말라위에서도 이러한 환경문제 및 제반 정치경제적 여건에 대한 면밀한 검토가 필요하다. 다만, 영산강사업은 벼농사를 위한 관개시설 위주의 사업이므로, 밭작물 위주의 관개시설은 그 형태 및 시사점이 달라질 수 있다 . 그리고 우리나라 영산강사업은 장기간에 걸려 축적된 노하우와 기술이 단계적으로 적용된 것으로 , 각 토목기술별로 말라위에 적용 가능한지는 추후 검토가 필요할 것이다 . 이러한 정책적 한계점은 추후 연구과제로 남겨둔다.

Education reform is being deployed in Vietnam in the direction of developing learner’s competencies in which integrated teaching is viewed as a practical, effective way to achieve educational goals. However, Vietnamese teachers are not familiar with integrated teaching. Therefore, instructing teachers in how to design integrated lessons and how to implement integrated teaching is necessary and meaningful. This article presents some measures to help teachers design and teach integration in Mathematics.

The purpose of this study is to explore how Korean university students develop their readership in integrated reading classes that address both conventional and critical reading instructions. The two researchers taught university students in Busan and Seoul, alternatively, to read texts in English critically. Fifty-nine students (thirty-two from the researcher A’s class and twenty-seven from the researcher B’s class) participated in the study. The proficiency level of each class was different; one class is much higher than the other. The teachers followed the same teaching procedure of decoding and comprehension, personalizing the reading contents, and critiquing and reflecting on the reading texts and the students were guided to comprehend the texts that they read, analyze reading texts critically, and discuss alternative perspectives of the reading in class. Students’ discussion notes and observation notes of five three-hour class sessions were collected. Data analysis revealed that an integrated approach in reading class was helpful for the students not only to develop their language sensitivity and awareness in critical stance and challenge dominant social assumptions and ideology, but also to develop reading strategies and emotional engagement. Pedagogical implications were discussed.

The application of the theoretical model to real assembly lines has been one of the biggest challenges for researchers and industrial engineers. There should be some realistic approach to achieve the conflicting objectives on real systems. Therefore, in this paper, a model is developed to synchronize a real system (A discrete event simulation model) with a theoretical model (An optimization model). This synchronization will enable the realistic optimization of systems. A job assignment model of the assembly line is formulated for the evaluation of proposed realistic optimization to achieve multiple conflicting objectives. The objectives, fluctuation in cycle time, throughput, labor cost, energy cost, teamwork and deviation in the skill level of operators have been modeled mathematically. To solve the formulated mathematical model, a multi-objective simulation integrated hybrid genetic algorithm (MO-SHGA) is proposed. In MO-SHGA each individual in each population acts as an input scenario of simulation. Also, it is very difficult to assign weights to the objective function in the traditional multi-objective GA because of pareto fronts. Therefore, we have proposed a probabilistic based linearization and multi-objective to single objective conversion method at population evolution phase. The performance of MO-SHGA is evaluated with the standard multi-objective genetic algorithm (MO-GA) with both deterministic and stochastic data settings. A case study of the goalkeeping gloves assembly line is also presented as a numerical example which is solved using MO-SHGA and MO-GA. The proposed research is useful for the development of synchronized human based assembly lines for real time monitoring, optimization, and control.

지금까지의 노인자살 연구들은 대부분이 노인자살에 관한 이론적 조망과 그에 따른 노인자살 요인들을 파악하는 데 집중되어 왔다. 그래서 노인자살의 예방대책에 관한 논의는 개괄적이고 제안적인 수준에 머 무르고 있다. 현재 우리나라는 자살사고를 효과적으로 예방하기 위한 자살예방사업 및 인프라가 극히 미비한 상태이 며 특히 노인자살의 특수성이 정책에 반영되지 못하고 있다. 우리사회에서 사회적 이슈가 되고 있는 노인 자살문제에 대해 효과적이고 실효성 있는 정책과 대안을 제시하기 위해서는 노인자살에 대한 정확한 특성 과 실태에 대한 분석이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구자는 통계청에서 제시하고 있는 마이크로데이터를 활용해 MDIS(MicroData Integrated Service)에서 2017년 10월 31일 공개된 통계 기초자료(Microdata)인 인구동향조사 「2016년 사망(원인) 통계」마이크로데이터를 수집하여 우리나라 자살에 대한 특성 및 실 태를 역학적으로 분석하였으며, 실천적이고 정책적인 제언을 제시하였다. 분석방법은 자살통계 데이터를 중심으로 첫째, 자살자의 인구사회학적 특성, 및 자살특성을 파악하기 위해 빈도분석 및 기술통계분석을 실시하였고. 둘째, 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 자살특성 차이를 알아보기 위해 교차분석을 실시하였다.

최근에 와서 해양연구활동은 국가적 영토관리개념을 넘어 전지구적인 연구영역으로 급속히 확장되고 있다. 이와 같은 연구 추세는 기후, 자원, 환경과 영토관리 등 해양을 대상으로 하는 연구스펙트럼이 급격하게 확대되고 있다는 것을 의미하며, 이에 따른 해 양연구인프라 또한 대형화되고 정밀화되는 것이 불가피하다. 그러나 한편으로는 이와같은 연구인프라는 운용과 관리 측면에서 소요되 는 비용부담이 크고 국가재정 의존도가 높기 때문에 효율성을 고려한 국가전략적 차원의 대응방안 마련이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 국 내기관간 또는 국가간 해양연구의 기본인프라인 연구·조사선 공동활용체계를 구축하여 시행하고 있는 주요 선행국의 운용체계 형태와 특성을 분석하고 연구조사선을 보유하고 있는 국내 주요 기관을 중심으로 공동활용 운영체계 유형과 각 유형별 효율성을 비교·분석하 였다. 주요 선행국의 운영형태와 국내 여건을 고려하였을 때, 구현 가능한 국내 공동활용 운영체계는 공동활용위원회(유형 1), 민간기 업 위탁(유형 2), 정부출연기관내 기관출자(유형 3)과 위탁집행형(유형 4)로 요약될 수 있다. 현재의 운영체계와 4가지 유형의 운영체계 에 대한 비용-편익 분석 결과, 유형 1, 2, 3과 4의 효과성 비율은 각각 9.17, 5.82, 11.2와 -1.72%로 나타남에 따라 유형 1(공동활용위원회 운영체계)가 소요비용측면에서 가장 효율적인 대안인 것으로 나타났으며, 편익적 측면에서는 유형 3(정부출연기관내 기관출자)의 기관 출자 방식 운영체계가 가장 효과적인 것으로 해석되었다.

The present study compared the effects of isolated and integrated form-focused instruction (FFI) on the learning of vocabulary in reading passages. Their effects were also compared to those of incidental exposure on vocabulary learning. It further investigated whether such effects would differ depending on the types of vocabulary assessments. To this end, 80 college students in reading-oriented classes received either isolated or integrated FFI treatments over four 50-minute sessions. They also took the pretest and posttest designed to measure their vocabulary learning. The vocabulary tests consisted of two assessment types: one without contexts and the other provided with contexts. The results showed that the learners remembered the words instructed through isolated or integrated FFI better than those through incidental exposure while reading. However, no significant differences were observed between the two different types of FFI in learning target vocabulary. Some advantages were found for isolated FFI on the vocabulary test provided without contexts and for integrated FFI on the vocabulary test provided with context. Directions for further studies and pedagogical implications will be discussed.

이 연구의 목적은 지구과학 탐구에서 통합 탐구 기능에 대한 학생들의 학습발달과정을 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 과학 탐구 기능 발달과정 관련 문헌의 조사를 통해 ‘탐구 설계’, ‘자료 수집’, ‘자료 해석’, 그리고 ‘결론 도출’을 발달 변인으로 설정하고, 각각에 대한 가설적 학습발달과정(HLP)을 4개 수준으로 개발하였다. 또한, 통합 탐구 기능에 대한 학생들의 학습발달과정을 조사하기 위한 도구로 3가지 지구과학 탐구 과제를 개발하였는데, 이들은 학생들이 주어 진 문제 인식에서 출발하여 결론 도출에 이르기까지의 통합 탐구 기능을 포함하는 가설-연역적 탐구이다. 중학생, 고등 학생, 대학생 총 126명을 대상으로 각각 개발된 지구과학 탐구 과제를 수행하게 한 후 HLP를 토대로 개별 학생들의 통합 탐구 기능을 요소별로 평가하였다. 또한, 학생들의 평가 자료를 Rasch 모델에 적용하여 HLP에 대한 타당화 과정 을 거쳤다. 마지막으로, 분석 결과를 근거로 HLP를 수정 보완하여 경험적 학습발달과정을 개발하였다. 이 연구는 학생 들의 통합 탐구 기능의 발달에 영향을 주는 요인들을 규명함으로써 지구과학 탐구 수업에서 학생들의 통합 탐구 기능 을 효과적으로 향상시키기 위한 스캐폴딩 방안을 찾는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 지구과학 탐구 수업에 대한 교사들의 PCK를 향상시키는데 필요한 시사점을 제공한다.

This paper proposes an improved standard genetic algorithm (GA) of making a near optimal schedule for integrated process planning and scheduling problem (IPPS) considering tool flexibility and tool related constraints. Process planning involves the selection of operations and the allocation of resources. Scheduling, meanwhile, determines the sequence order in which operations are executed on each machine. Due to the high degree of complexity, traditionally, a sequential approach has been preferred, which determines process planning firstly and then performs scheduling independently based on the results. The two sub-problems, however, are complicatedly interrelated to each other, so the IPPS tend to solve the two problems simultaneously. Although many studies for IPPS have been conducted in the past, tool flexibility and capacity constraints are rarely considered. Various meta-heuristics, especially GA, have been applied for IPPS, but the performance is yet satisfactory. To improve solution quality against computation time in GA, we adopted three methods. First, we used a random circular queue during generation of an initial population. It can provide sufficient diversity of individuals at the beginning of GA. Second, we adopted an inferior selection to choose the parents for the crossover and mutation operations. It helps to maintain exploitation capability throughout the evolution process. Third, we employed a modification of the hybrid scheduling algorithm to decode the chromosome of the individual into a schedule, which can generate an active and non-delay schedule. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm is superior to the current best evolutionary algorithms at most benchmark problems.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the meanings and nature of the lived experience of participating in integrated simulation practice of standardized patients with complex problems. Methods: The hermeneutic phenomenological human science approach developed by van Manen was adopted in-depth interviews and observations were conducted with 6 standardized patients’ and recorded with their consent. The data were collected over two months, from March 1, to April 30, 2016. The statements were analyzed and revealed five essential themes of the standardized patients with complex problems. Results: The essential themes of outcomes consisted of <Conflict between the virtual and real world>, <Inadequate and surprise nursing interventions>, <Limitations of the standardized patient role>, <Identified with the standardized patient>, and <Rewarding patient role>. Conclusion: The standardized patients who participated in this study had difficulty in carrying out the role of the patient, and they said that the nursing students felt that they were rewarding because they were helpful.

Background:Active trigger points (TrPs) of the suboccipital muscles greatly contribute to the occurrence of chronic tension-type headache, with increased sensitivity of TrPs and facilitated referred pain.Objects:This study aimed to investigate whether the integration of high-frequency diathermy into suboccipital release is more beneficial than the use of suboccipital release alone.Methods:Thirty subjects were assigned to either experimental group-1 (EG-1) to undergo suboccipital release combined with high-frequency diathermy (frequency: 0.3 MHz, and electrode type: resistive electronic transfer), or EG-2 to undergo suboccipital release alone, or the control group (CG) with no intervention, with 10 subjects in each group. The assessment tools included the headache impact test 6 (HIT-6), perceived level of tenderness, neck disability index, and neck mobility. Intervention was performed for 10 minutes, twice per week, for 4 weeks, and measurements were performed before and after the interventions.Results:The between-group comparison of the post-test values and changes between pretest and post-test showed significant differences for all parameters at p<.05, except for the left-to-right lateral bending range. In the post hoc test, EG-1 showed significant differences for the parameters in comparison with the CG, while no significant differences in the perceived tenderness level, on both temporal regions, were found between EG-2 and CG. Furthermore, the HIT-6 score and perceived tenderness level, in the right temporal region, showed significant differences between EG-1 and EG-2. In the within-group comparison, EG-1 and EG-2 appeared to be significantly different between pretest and post-test (p<.05), except for the perceived tenderness level in the right temporal region, with significance for the EG-1 group only (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that the suboccipital release technique may be advantageous to improve headache, tenderness, and neck function and mobility, with more favorable effects with the incorporation of high-frequency diathermy.