The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the effect of human capital supply chain on the firm performance mediated by innovation culture and innovation process on small- and medium-sized construction enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. A survey has been distributed to all construction SMEs that have direct involvement in construction work (contractors and subcontractors). The construction SMEs including medium- and small-scale construction services in three Provinces, namely, the special region of Yogyakarta, East Java, and Central Java. Through purposive sampling technique, primary data is collected by giving a questionnaire to the owner/manager of construction SMEs. The target sample in this study was 200 respondents who have been operating for a minimum of two years. 154 valid questionnaires could be processed. Data analysis uses structural equation modeling with AMOS 24. The results of the study conclude that there is a positive effect on human capital supply chain on firm performance mediated by innovation culture and innovation process, while innovation culture does not affect firm performance. In sum, the innovation culture mediates the relationship between human capital supply chain and firm performance, and the innovation process mediates the relationship between human capital supply chain and firm performance.

조선은 文으로 빚고 禮로 다듬은 文治國家이자 禮治의 공동체였다. 朱子學을 尊信했던 양반 사대부들은 ‘文治’ 구현의 충실한 수행자를 자임했고, 국가의 기초 단위인 ‘家’의 실현 공간인 마을에 대한 애착은 강렬했다. 그들에게 마을은 住居와 生活을 넘어 學術·文化를 자급하는 知識共同體로 착상되었고, 그것의 보편적 구현을 朱子學의 朝鮮化로 받아들였다. 인문 景觀으로서의 마을은 形成되는 것이 아니고 특정한 이념과 가치를 지닌 인간이 造成하는 공간이다. 그 공간의 우열은 그것을 디자인하는 인간의 능력과 직결된다. 시대를 내다보는 안목과 식견을 지닌 인간이 디자인에 개입할 때 그 공간은 形質의 수월성, 즉 格調를 담보할 수 있다. 안계마을 河氏의 本源的 思惟는 朱子學과 南冥學이었다. 전자가 보편성을 지닌 종적 思惟라면 후자는 특수성에 바탕한 횡적 가치였다. 이들은 양자를 종횡으로 엮에 자신들의 문화를 만들어 갔고, 또 그것을 통해 자신들의 존재성을 부각시키며 사회·학문적 영역을 확대해 나갔다. 15세기에 안계에 정착한 하씨들이 이 공간에 대한 우월적 지배력을 확보하고 주자학·남명학적 개념과 구도 속에서 마을을 경영하기 시작한 것은 17세기 초반이었고, 그 정점에는 그 시대의 嶺南學界가 선호했던 河弘度라는 학자가 존재하고 있었다. 그와 그 자손들이 조성하고 경영했던 文巖[門巖]·敬勝齋·慕寒齋·宗川書院·直方軒·光影亭·尼谷書堂·士山書堂 등의 학술문화 인프라는 안계마을의 학술문화적 지향과 정치사회적 노선을 반영하는 것이었다. 안계마을을 무대로 펼쳐졌던 그들의 삶의 모습은 300년의 시간 속에서 역사의 지층으로 남았고, 우리는 이 지층을 통해 그들의 삶을 반추하려 한다. 마을은 이런 것이다. 글은 인간의 필요와 이해에 따라 고칠 수도 있고, 곱게 단장할 수도 있지만 시간의 경과 속에 견고하게 다져진 삶의 자취는 섣부른 개변을 용인하지 않는다. 이것이 마을의 문화사가 지니는 質實하면서도 혹독한 장면이다.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been routinely cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers with a medium containing animal materials. For clinical application of hESCs, animal-derived products from the animal feeder cells, animal substrates such as gelatin or Matrigel and animal serum are strictly to be eliminated in the culture system. In this study, we performed that SNUhES32 and H1 were cultured on human amniotic fluid cells (hAFCs) with KOSR XenoFree and a humanized substrate. All of hESCs were relatively well propagated on hAFCs feeders with xeno-free conditions and they expressed pluripotent stem cell markers, alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-4, TRA1-60, TRA1-81, Oct-4, and Nanog like hESCs cultured on STO or human foreskin fibroblast feeders. In addition, we observed the expression of nonhuman N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5GC) molecules by flow cytometry, which was xenotransplantation components of contamination in hESCs cultured on animal feeder conditions, was not detected in this xeno-free condition. In conclusion, SNUhES32 and H1 could be maintained on hAFCs for humanized culture conditions, therefore, we suggested that new xenofree conditions for clinical grade hESCs culture will be useful data in future clinical studies.

Highly homogeneous and functional stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are considered a promising option in the treatment of liver disease and the development of effective in vitro toxicity screening tool. However, the purity of cells and expression and/or activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in stem cell-derived HLCs are usually too low to be useful for clinical or in vitro applications. Here, we describe a highly optimized differentiation protocol, which produces more than 90% albumin-positive HLCs with no purification process. In addition, we show that hepatic enzyme gene expressions and activities were significantly improved by generating three-dimensional (3D) spheroidal aggregate of HLCs. The 3D differentiation method increased expressions of nuclear receptors that regulate the proper expression of key hepatic enzymes. Furthermore, a significantly increased hepatic functions such as albumin and urea secretion were observed in 3D hepatic spheroids and HLCs in the spheroid exhibited morphological and ultrastructural features of normal hepatocytes. Importantly, we show that repeated exposures to xenobiotics facilitated the functional maturation of HLC, as confirmed by increased expression of genes for drug metabolizing enzymes and transcription factors. In conclusion, the 3D culture system with repeated exposures to xenobiotics may be a new strategy for enhancing hepatic maturation of stem cell-derived HLCs as a cell source for in vitro high-throughput hepatotoxicity models.

Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells have received extensive attention in the development of drug screening and toxicity testing. However, it has been reported that stem cell-derived HLCs showed hepatic functions that were too limited to be of use in drug screening and toxicity testing, possibly due to the lack of sufficient intercellular communication under conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture conditions. Therefore, a 3D differentiation system may overcome the in vitro limitation of 2D culture to produce stem cell-derived hepatocytes with mature metabolic functions. In this study, the feasibility of using a silicone-based spherofilm, specifically designed to produce spherical cell clusters, to generate uniformly sized 3D hepatic spheroids from hESCs was investigated. Hepatic spheroids generated on the spherofilm showed more homogenous size and shape than those generated in conventional low-attachment suspension culture dishes. Results of immunohistochemical analysis showed that expression of the mature hepatic marker albumin (ALB) increased over time during the hepatic maturation process. Furthermore, the 3D culture system mimicked the in vivo 3D microenvironment. Laminin, which is an important component of hepatic ECM, was expressed in hepatic spheroids. The results of immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the 3D culture environment is capable of generating an in vivo-like microenvironment. In addition, quantitative PCR analysis showed that the mature hepatic marker ALB and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 were expressed at higher levels in 3D culture than in 2D culture. This indicates that the 3D culture system is suitable for hepatic maturation and that our size-controlled 3D culture conditions might accelerate hepatic function. These results suggest that 3D hepatic spheroids significantly enhance metabolic maturation of hepatocytes derived from hESCs

The development of humanized culture system of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold promise for therapeutic applications. However, conventional culture system contain animal-derived components such as fetal bovine serum and mouse embryonic fibroblasts that bear a risk of transmitting non-human pathogens and incorporation of non-human immunogenic molecules to hESCs. In this study, we developed an efficient xeno-free hESCs culture system using humanized materials, the CELLstartTM, human foreskin feeder and xeno-free medium containing knockOutTM SR XenoFree (XF-medium) without animal-derived material. The hESCs were gradually adapted to the XF-medium; 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. Two karyotypically normal hESC lines, SNUhES4 and H1, were used for the experiments of xeno-free culture condition. The attachment rates at xeno-free culture system were 52.6±12.4%, 67.0±16.6%, 59.0±13.9%, 28.3±2.9% in SNUhES4, 79.3±5.4%, 53.8±20.9%, 69.4 ±6.4%, 59.8±12.6% in H1 and the spontaneous differentiation rates were 42.2±12.7%, 31.4±2.9%, 40.8±14.5%, 55.2±35.5% in SNUhES4, 35.6±8.5%, 36.4±13.5%, 48.4±7.8%, 80.1±6.0% in H1 in the first four passage. Although the attachment rates were low and the spontaneous differentiation rates were high compared to that of conventional system in the early passages using this humanized culture condition, hESCs in this culture condition were found to maintain hESC characterizations; morphology, expression of cell surface markers and stable karyotype. Our results indicate that simplified compositions of humanized culture system can be applicable to the further optimization for a xeno-free culture of hESCs without the loss of pluripotency and contamination from xenogenic sources.

태반은 성체줄기세포의 보고이다. 특히 양막상피세포는 배아줄기세포의 줄기세포 능력을 나타내는 세포 표면 표시자들을 그대로 발현하는 줄기세포로 알려져 있다. 하지만 상피세포를 실험실에서 지지세포 없이 대량 증식 배양하는 것은 상피세포가 가지고 있는 내인성 성격으로 인해 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 디티오트레이톨(Dithiothreitol; DTT)과 ROCK 저해제(Rho-associated kinase inhibitor)를 이용하여 양막상피세포를 분리하고 배양

중간엽 줄기세포(MSC)를 체외배양할 때 사용하는 소태아혈청 (FBS)의 생물학적 불안전성은 이를 임상적으로 사용하는데 있어 제한점으로 작용한다. 본 연구에서는 소태아혈청 및 인간의 제대혈청을 사용하여 인간의 양막유래 중간엽 줄기세포 (HAM)를 각각 배양한 후, 세포의 성장속도와 유전자 및 단백질의 발현 양상을 비교하였다. 제왕절개 후 얻은 양막으로부터 HAM을 분리하여 10% FBS, 5% HCS 혹은 10% HCS가 각각 첨가된 DMEM 배양액에서