Cyber attacks have become a grave threat to international peace and security. Northeast Asia is a critical point of many of these cyber operations. First, South Korea has been the target of cyber attacks from North Korea. Second, there are harsh debates on this matter between the US and China. While the United States have expressed their concerns about the growing threat of cyber intrusions from China, the People’s Republic of China has blamed the US for attacks against their respective computer networks. From the perspective of the jus ad bellum, potential cyber attacks raise a number of difficult and complex issues. The following article examines which cyber operations amount to the use of force as stipulated in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and discusses the conditions under which type of cyber attacks could trigger the right to self-defense. In addition, other available remedies outside the framework of Article 51 of the UN Charter will be discussed.

This paper gives a definition of the heating facility-Heated Kang and its primary form in northeast Asia using the method of typology. It also analyzes the origin and development of Heated Kang based on archaeological traces and literature materials, and traces back the word "Kang" from the viewpoint of linguistics, in order to make clear the origin time, place and development of Heated Kang.

This paper gives a definition of the heating facility—Heated Kang and its primary form in northeast Asia using the method of typology. It also analyzes the origin and development of Heated Kang based on archaeological traces and literature materials, and traces back the word “Kang” from the viewpoint of linguistics, in order to make clear the origin time, place and development of Heated Kang.

The Asian food market has been growing recently, due to the role played by major Asian countries, which include Korea, China, and Japan. This study is purposed to investigate the potential of the food market in these Northeast Asian countries and to suggest future direction for global food companies. For in-depth analysis, this study is limited in scope to the confectionery market and analyzes that market within two frameworks: first, the ‘Market Attractiveness Matrix’ which transforms the ‘BCG Matrix’ to fit into the food market in order to analyze the flow in the Asian confectionery market; and second, analysis of the potential growth of the market using a Category Development Index (CDI), which aids in understanding the growth potential of a market. The European food market has recently reached its capacity and is now experiencing a low growth rate (Data Monitor, 2011). It is time for food companies to find a new ‘blue ocean’ to avoid fierce competition in the mature markets of Europe. Therefore, this analysis of the confectionery market, using the Market Attractiveness Matrix and CDI will suggest opportune directions for global food companies.

Spatial and temporal variations of Yellow Dust source area and desertification in dryland regions of the Northeast Asia were evaluated based on extensive literature review on field and modeling evidences. In overall, Yellow Dust occurrence decreased since 1960s but it increased again in Mongolia and northeastern China after 2000s, the latter of which indicates eastward encroachment of major Yellow Dust source area for the last decade. The phenomena seem to coincide well with recent desertification of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Manchuria. Vegetation cover is evaluated as an important biophysical variable for controlling both dust occurrence and desertification, which considerably depends on both precipitation and livestock pastoralism. Hence, dryland sustainability should consider dynamic balancing between vegetation productivity and livestock utilization under varying climate and socio-economic situations, which requires socio-ecological perspective on sustainable dryland management.

The main goal of this study is to show promising future food market of Northeast Asia countries, including China, Japan, and South Korea. Drinks market, including soft and alcoholic drinks is selected to show global food companies new opportunities for next strategic movements. Market Attractiveness Matrix is developed based on BCG matrix as a main framework for this study. CDI (Category Development Index) is also used. It is found that Asia-pacific has fast-growing markets and it has strong potential for future investment. Northeast Asia countries (China, Japan, and South Korea) turned out to be ones of the most attractive regional markets. However, European drinks market is saturated even though its size is still big. This study suggests that Northeast Asian market be considered a market for the next strategic movement and investment.

외부형태에 근거하여 한반도 시호속은 시호군(시호, 참시호), 등대시호, 그리고 개시호군(개시후, 섬시호)로 구분이 가능하다. 시호군은 경생엽이 선형 또는 선상 피침형으로 기저부가 줄기를 감싸지 않는 유저인 반면, 개시호군과 등대시호는 경생엽이 난상 피침형 또는 제금형으로 기저부를 완전히 감싸는 이저 또는 전저이다. 그리고 시호군과 개시호군은 정생하는 복산형화서를 중심으로 복잡한 취산배열을 하는 반면, 등대시호는 정생하는 복산형화서를 중심으로 단순 취산배열을 하고 있다. 한편, 등대시호는 식물체가 소형이고 소회경의 길이가 짧고 그 수가 20여개 이르는 반면, 개시호군과 시호군은 식물체가 대형이며 소화경이 길게 신장하고 그 수가 10여개에 불과하다. 화분의 특징으로 섬시호와 개시호는 화분의 공구가 미약하게 발달하는 반면, 참시호, 시호 및 등대시호는 화분의 공구가 뚜렷하게 발달한다. 염색체는 시호가 2n=20, 참시호와 개시호가 2n=12, 등대시호 및 섬시호가 2n=16으로 관찰되었지만, 등대시호와 섬시호의 핵형이 달라서 서로 유연관계가 없는 것으로 나타난다. 이상에서 섬시호는 개시호와 가장 유연관계가 깊은 것으로 보이지만, 분지 분석 결과 섬시호의 유연관계는 뚜렷하게 분석 되지는 않았지만, 오히려 러시아에 분포하는 B. bicaule와 가까운 것으로 나타나고 있다. 보전생물학적 측면에서 섬시호는 인위적 남획과 방목 염소가 최대 위협요인으로 판단된다.

The expansion on the scale of international trade and rapid economic growth in Northeast Asia have caused intense competition among global companies for securing international logistics center in Northeast Asia. Analyzing location competitiveness for international logistics center in Northeast Asia, this paper aims to extract implications for enhancing locational competitiveness. Employing the relative importance among location selection factors extracted from AHP analysis in prior study, we evaluated the major five port-cities in Northeast Asia including Busan, Gwangyang, Shanghai, Qingdao and Tokyo. In the evaluations, Shanghai (3.926) ranked as the first, followed by Busan (3.859), Qingdao (3.555), Tokyo (3.013) and Gwangyang (2.915). Furthermore, the causal relationships between determinants for location choice decision (logistics factor, cost factor, market factor, service factor and environmental factor) and dependent variables (competitiveness of international logistics center, potentiality to growth, present intention to move into and future plan to move into) were analyzed to provide implications. Results provide useful insights for further improvements, and helps strategic agenda for future development of port-cities.

본 연구의 목적은 동북아시아 주요 컨테이너항만간의 상대적 효율성을 분석함으로써, 각 항만의 현재 효율성 수준을 파악하고, 효 율적 항만이 되기 위한 주요 전략수립 방안을 제시하고자 하는 것이다, 동북아시아 지역의 주요 16개 항만을 대상으로 개별항만 효율성 및 상대적 효율성을 분석하였으며, DEA기법을 사용했다. DEA모형 중 규모수익불변모형인 CCR모형과 규모수익가변모형인 BCC모형을 통해 항 만 효율성을 분석하며, 또한 CCR모형에 의해 평가된 효율성을 BCC모형에 의해 평가된 효율성으로 나눈 비율인 규모의 효율성 측면에서도 효율성을 분석하였다. 이러한 방법의 실증분석을 시행함에 있어서 투입요소로는 선석 수, 안벽 길이, 수심, 부두 총면적, C/C 대수를 이용하 고, 산출요소로는 컨테이너 물동량을 이용했다. 연구 결과, 중국의 경우, 대부분의 항만이 효율적으로 나타난 반면, 한국과 일본의 경우 대체 적으로 비효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 부산항과 상해항, 롄윈강항과 인천항, 다롄항과 광양항이 투입요소가 유사하지만 산출요소인 컨테 이너 물동량은 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

There were many attempts to increase the level of environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia. However, intergovernmental cooperation has not brought a substantial effects so far. This article aims to provide a model for multilateral joint research of environmental technologies. Each field of environmental problem requires a Consortium of joint research team and R & D mechanism. This model emphasizes joint-funding, tax-break for environmental investment and the importance of multilateral contract.

현재 동북아 지역은 냉전적 요인의 영향를 받아 주요국간의 경쟁과 불신이 중첩되는 가운데 여전히 상당한 불확실성을 내재하고 있다. 한편 중국의 부상과 일본의 상대적 쇠락, 미국의 아세아 귀환 등 국제정세의 변화를 배경으로 한 댜오위다오 분쟁은 동북아의 경제 발전과 평화 안정에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 이는 댜오위다오 분쟁의 고리를 풀려면 다자적 시각과 동북아 지정학적 관점의 접근이 필요함을 시사해주고 있다. 본 연구는 현 단계 심화되고 있는 중일 댜오위다오 갈등은 동북아 국제 정세가 변화 되고, 관련 각국이 동북아 미래 질서에 관한 전략을 구상하고 있는 시점에서 발생되고 전개 되고 있다는 점을 주목하며 동북아 질서라는 구조적인 측면에서 댜오위다오 분쟁이 격화된 배경과 촉매 요소 ,분쟁의 심화가 미친 영향 등을 분석하고, 댜오위다오 분쟁의 해결에 관한 시사점을 모색하고자 한다.

The result of comparison and analysis study of institutionalization and exchange status of environmental education in South Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Japan, Northeast Asian countries that are closely related to Korea, is summarized as the following: First, this study shows that the process of environmental education institutionalization requires an instigation. For example, a specific environmental policy is established after raising awareness to modify environmental policies, as the result of aggravation of damage due to pollution. Therefor, it is the necessary process for the establishment of an environmental policy in order to proceed environmental education institutionalization. Second, even though institutionalization processes of environmental education for the three countries are considered to be very similar, differences are apparent if one carefully examines the content of environmental education for each country. In particular, South Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Japan all agree that environmental education is necessary, but differ in their ideas of main body for advocating institutionalization, as well as maintenance level of environmental education. Third, the order of establishment of environmental education institutionalization is Japan, South Korea and China and there exists about a 10 years time gap between each country. Fourth, the environmental education exchange was formed between South Korea and the People's Republic of China and between South Korea and Japan, first. Then it was enlarged to TEMM(Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting) and TEEN(Tripartite Environmental Education Network) among three countries.

In order to attract more transshipment cargoes, Busan Port Authority (BPA) has, since 2003, adopted the volume incentive policy by which more than US 10 million annually have been paid back to shipping lines that were called at the port. However, having been a transshipment port for the Northeast region of China, the port of Busan has come under threat from bold Chinese port development projects, notably Shanghai, as northern Chinese regionnl ports place more emphasis on building facilities capable of handling growing trade volumes. Undoubtedly this would lead to a decline in transshipment container traffic moved via Busan. The purpose of this paper is to identify some core factors that have been affecting the increase of transshipment cargoes of Busan and further to recommend BPA an improved incentive scheme with which more T/S cargoes can be attracted into the port of Busan To clarity the reason why T/S cargoes have increased in the port of Busan, several steps are made as follows: The first step is to make a quantitative model for explaining the development of T/S cargoes during the last decade. The second step is to define the dependent and the independent variables for multiple regressions after testing variable significance. For this, data collection and the accuracy of validation have been done by the direct interview with the experienced staffs in shipping companies of both domestic and foreign country. After validating the model with collected data, the final step is to find variables which are explaining the model mostly. In conclusion, 2 variables were clearly identified as core factors that explain well the development of T/S cargoes in the port of Busan: 'Mohring effect' and total cost. It is strongly recommended, by an empirical study, that an incentive scheme be changed to a way which more feeder vessels rather than mother vessels can reduce their direct costs to call in the port of Busan.

세계 제조 산업의 국제 분업화는 아시아 지역 특히, 동북아 컨테이너 시장의 성장을 주도하고 있다. 이와 더불어 항만산업의 대외적인 환경도 변화하고 있는데, 글로벌 선사 및 터미널 운영사는 대형 M&A 통해 시장 점유율과 지배력을 강화하고 아시아 지역으로의 진출을 가속화하고 있다. 동북아 지역은 이러한 환경변화와 중국항만의 성장으로 그 경쟁이 심화되고 있으며, 부산항은 성장률과 점유율이 지속적으로 감소하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 동북아 지역의 항만 집중도 변화과정을 살펴보고, 부산항이 지역내 경쟁에서 어떠한 위치를 차지하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 분석결과 부산항의 경쟁적 포지션은 지속적으로 약화되고, 많은 물동량이 경쟁항만에 빼앗긴 것으로 나타났으며, 이를 기반으로 지속 가능한 경쟁력 확보를 위한 글로벌화 전략을 제시하였다.

Though the issue on the integration of maritime transport market in Northeast Asia has a long history, there has never been any notable progress. Especially the lack of country-wise analysis on the barriers of market integration appears as a serious problem for more concrete discussion and the design of the roadmap for market integration. This study analyzes the maritime market of each country in the aspect of infrastructure provision, the development of the industry, change of institutions, and network connectivity and compare the competitiveness of 3 countries in the Northeast maritime market. Furthermore this study analyzes the barriers for market integration on the basis of bilateral relation, i.e. Korea-Japan, Korea-China and Japan-Korea. Based on these analyses, this study finds out the fact that the most serious barrier for market integration among 3 countries is the egocentric policies for the protection of industries in each country rather than any other institutional or physical barriers. In conclusion, this study argues that 3 countries should try to find out a third policy alternative which can make 3 countries enjoy the win-win game, such as route integration among 3 countries and joint venture for the liners operated in the region.

본 논문의 목적은 우리 항만이 동북아 거점항만으로 변신하는데 필요한 항만배후부지전략을 도출하여 거점항만으로의 발전전략의 적합성을 분석하였다. 전략요인으로는 크게 개발정책방향, 개발방법론 및 부지조성전략요인으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 분석결과에 의하면, 부산항이 동북아 물류중심항만이 되기 위해서는 현재 진행 중인 항만배후부지가 실질적인 부가가치를 창출할 수 있도록 개발되는 것이 매우 중요한 것으로 나타나고 있다.

일본은 근대로 접어들면서 영토의 팽창을 계속적으로 추구해왔다. 이 과정에서 한국과는 독도의 귀속 문제가 제기되었고, 중국과는 조어도 (釣魚島) 귀속문제가 제기되었다. 특히 중국과 영유권 분쟁의 대상이 된 조어도는 전략적 가치가 대단히 중요한 곳이다. 여기에서 말하는 가치란 단순히 섬 본래의 영토적 가치 가 아니라, 잠재적인 경제적ㆍ군사적 가치를 가리킨다. 그러므로 중국은 조어도에 대한 영유권을 확보하여, 일본의 부당한 이익이나 강점(强占) 을 합법화시켜서는 안 된다.