Plodia interpunctella, Indianmeal moth, is world-widely distributed pest in stored and manufactured agricultural products. Practically, this species seriously damaged by the infestation of most stored and manufactured agricultural products. It is necessary to find useful techniques for the control of stored-product pests insects including P. interpunctella. Recently, heating at 55℃ for 48 h can be practically used to disinfest stored-product insects in the filed of manufactures. To improve efficiency of this technique we conducted combination treatments with heat and diatomaceous earth. At room temperature, wandering larvae, which is most tolerant developmental stage to heat, were not dead regardless of diatomaceous earth (4 mg/L) treatment within 24 h. However, incubation at 40℃, all the larvae were dead with diatomaceous earth treatment while its mortality was 28% without diatomaceous earth treatment. Thus, heating effects was significantly improved by the combined treatments of diatomaceous earth. This effect was increased when temperature was higher and the exposed time is longer. Our results clearly showed that the combined treatments of both heat and diatomaceous earth showed synergistic effects for the control of P. interpunctella.

화랑곡나방은 국외 뿐만아니라 국내 식품제조, 가공회사 제품(스넥, 면, 제과 등) 들의 곤충이물관련 클레임 중 60% 이상을 차지하는 주요 해충 종으로, 식품제조, 가공회사는 제품으로의 해충의 접근을 억제하여 경제적 손실을 최소화하고자 많 은 노력을 하고 있다. 기피효과 실험은 식품공전 상에 등재된 한약재 배합물에서 추 출한 기피물질 고형분을 각 농도 0, 10, 20, 30, 40%로 처리하여 제조한 식품 포장소 재(PE 필름)에 화랑곡나방 4령 유충을 투입한 후 기피효과를 조사한 결과, 0% 처리 에서는 상단면 9.8, 하단면 10.2마리로 차이가 없었으나(df=8, t=-0.17, P>0.05), 10% 처리의 경우 처리면(상단면) 4.6마리, 무처리(하단면) 15.4마리로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(df=8, t=4.77, P<0.05), 20% 처리에서는 처리면 4.4, 무처 리면 15.6마리, 30% 처리에서는 처리면과 무처리면에서 각각 4와 16마리, 40% 처 리의 경우 처리면 6.4, 무처리면 13.6 마리로 0%를 제외한 모든 기피물질 처리농도 에서 통계적 유의한 차이를 보였다(20%: df=8, t=11.68, P<0.05, 30%: df=8, t=7.75, P<0.05, 40%: df=8, t=4.21, P<0.05). 식품포장 소재에 기피물질을 처리하였을 경우 제품으로의 화랑곡나방 유충의 접근을 억제 할 수 있는 것으로 추정되었으며, 적절한 처리 농도에 대해서는 더 많 은 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

화랑곡나방은 경화된 입술과 강력한 턱으로 포장지를 직접적으로 천공하여 제품 내로 유입, 제품을 오염시켜 전 세계적으로 뿐만아니라 국내 식품제조, 가공회사 제품(스넥, 면, 제과 등)들의 곤충이물관련 클레임 중 60~70%를 차지하는 주요 저장해충 종이다. 천공력 시험을 위해 천공기기를 제작하여 식품공전 상에 등재된 한약재 배합물에서 추출한 기피물질 고형분을 각 농도(Repellent(5): 고형분 0.25%, Repellent(10): 고형분 0.5%, KP2(5): 고형분 1.0%, KP2(10): 고형분 2.0%, KP3(5): 고형분 1.5%, KP3(10): 고형분 3.0%)로 주입한 포장소재를 이용하여 만든 포장지에 대한 화랑곡나방 3령 유충의 천공률 조사 결과, 유충 투입 후 무처리의 경우 1.5일, 기피물질 처리 소재에서는 2일 정도 늦은 약 3.5일부터 천공이 확인되었으며, 소재가 접힌 부분에서 대부분의 천공이 발생하였다. 무처리 포장소재는 94%, 기피물질이 처리된 포장소재의 천공률은 59~87% 범위로 나타났으며 Repellent(10) 처리 포장소재에서 59%로 가장 낮은 천공률을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 유충 투입 후 일정시간이 지나면 기피물질 처리 여부에 상관없이 거의 모든 포장소재가 천공의 가능성이 있으며 기피물질이 해충에 의한 포장소재의 천공을 지연시키는 것으로 판단되었다.

화랑곡나방 유충이 자유롭게 수직적 분포를 하도록 허용된 아크릴 실린더(지름 150 mm, 높이 85 mm, 현미 660 g 포함)에서 보리살이나 방고치벌 공격에 대응하는 화랑곡나방 유충의 행동반응을 용화장소 선택행동을 중심으로 평가하였다. 보리나방살이고치벌이 없을 때는 화랑곡 나방 유충의 용화가 표층(< 5 mm)에서 이루어졌으나 보리나방살이고치벌이 존재하는 경우 유충은 더 깊은 층에서 용화하였다. 보리나방살이고 치벌의 기주 탐색은 주로 표층에서(< 5 mm) 이루어 졌으며, 따라서 화랑곡나방 유충은 표층보다 깊은 층에서 용화함으로써 공격을 피할 수 있었다. 유충의 용화 장소 선택은 기생자의 공격에 대한 효과적인 방어 행동으로 판단되었다. 이러한 유충의 방어 행동은 보리나방살이고치벌의 수반응에는 영향을 미치지 않았는데, 이는 알려진 바대로 보리나방살이고치벌이 기주 유충 당 산란 수를 피공격 유충 수에 따라 조절하기 때문이라고 생각된다. 본 실험에서도 공격된 화랑곡나방 유충 수가 감소하면서 기주 유충 당 고치벌의 산란 수는 증가하였다.

저장물 해충에 살충효과와 기피효과를 보인다고 알려진 12종의 한약재를 선발, 이들 추출물을 이용하여 저곡해충 중 심각한 피해를 야기하는 화랑곡나방과 어리쌀바구미에 대한 기피효과를 조사하였다. 화랑곡나방 유충은 건강(Zingiberis officinale), 견우자(Pharbitis nil ), 고삼(Sophora flavescens), 구척(Cibotium barometz), 백강잠(Bombyx mori), 목적(Equisetum hiemale), 몰약(Commiphora myrrha), 삼내자(Kaempferia galanga), 석창포(Acorus gramineus), 선복화(Inula britannica), 선퇴(Cryptotympana atrata), 쇄양(Cynomorium songaricum) 등 모든 처리 한약재 추출물에서 기피효과를 보이지 않았으나 어리쌀바구미 성충의 경우 모든 한약재 추출물에서 시간경과에 따른 뚜렷한 기피효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 동일한 한약재일지라도 해충 종에 따라 그 효과가 달라질 수 있음을 나타내는 것으로 보다 효과적인 한약재 선발을 위해서는 여러 종의 해충을 대상으로 효과검증이 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

전 세계적으로 광범위한 종류의 식품 및 저장물을 가해하고 저장해충들 중 가장 심각한 문제를 야기하며 우리나라 식품제조 및 가공회사의 곤충관련 클레임 중 60~70%를 차지하는 화랑곡나방 (Indian meal moth)을 대상으로 두 실온조건(실험실, 복도)에서 발육 양상을 비교, 조사하였다. 실험실조건에서 화랑곡나방의 발육일수는 암, 수 각각 44.99±3.26일, 43.82±3.79일 이었으며, 복도조건에서는 각각 58.12±7.91일, 57.67±8.27일로 조사되었다. 화랑곡나방 유충의 두폭을 토대로 각 령기 별 두폭의 크기를 조사한 결과 실험실조건의 경우 2령, 3령, 4령은 각각 0.412, 0.590, 0.841mm 이었으며, 복도조건에서는 각각 0.427, 0.640, 0.883mm로 조사되었다. 또한, 실험실과 복도조건에서의 유효적산온도와 유충 두폭 크기와의 관계는 실험실조건에서는 5일 간격으로 6번, 복도조건에서는 5일 간격으로 9번째 이후 성충이 우화하여 복도조건에서 발육기간이 실험실 조건보다 더 길게 나타났다. 이러한 관계를 토대로 적산온도의 값을 얻을 수 있다면 그 적산온도에 해당하는 유충 두폭의 크기와 령기를 얻을 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

식품회사에서 식품원료를 대상으로 실행중인 냉동방제의 효율과 경제성을 극 대화하기 위하여 주요 저장해충인 화랑곡나방에 대한 땅콩 포장상태에서의 냉동 처리시간 (실온, 품온이 -15℃ 도달 후 냉동시간: 24, 36, 48hr)에 따른 충태별(알, 유충)부화, 치사, 우화율 등을 조사하였다. 부화율 조사결과 대조군의 30개 소포장 에서는 100% 부화하였으나 냉동처리 된 소포장에서는 0%였다. 유충 치사율은 대 조군에서 23.63%의 치사율을 보였으나 실험군에서는 냉동처리시간(24, 36, 48hr) 에 관계없이 100% 치사되었다 (df=3, 119, F=81876, P<0.01). 유충 우화율은 대 조군에서 73.33%였고 실험군에서는 0%를 나타냈다 (df=3, 116, F=464.77, P<0.01). 냉동방제 처리 시 품온이 -15℃에 도달한 시점으로부터 24hr, 36hr, 48hr 경과한 실험군에서 화랑곡나방의 부화, 유충 우화 등이 관찰되지 않았으므로 냉동 방제 시스템의 규격을 식품원료의 품온이 -15℃에 도달한 시점으로부터 24hr으로 규격화하는 것이 방제효율이나 경제성을 극대화하는 방안으로 판단되었다.

The larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor, attacks third or older larvae of indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella), which results in laying eggs or simply paralyzing the larvae. We studied the influence of the parasitoid’s attack on the larval development of indianmeal moth. The third larval instars of the same age were collected from the experimental colonies and each larva introduced in an acrylic cube (2 x 2 x 2 cm) treated with: 1) empty, 2) three rice grains, 3) three rice grains and a female parasitoid without ovipositor (by removing) and 4) three rice grains and a paralyzed larva. The larval activity in the experimental cube was photographed every five minutes until the larva died or pupated. Only the larvae in the cube with paralyzed larvae could pupate and emerge. The other larvae in the three treatments died before pupating, although the survival time was significantly different in relation to the treatment (F=5.27; df=2,14; P=0.019); the larvae in the empty cube had a shorter survival time than those in the rest of treatments. The results indicated that the paralyzed larvae could be fed by the health larvae and contribute to prevent population crush in the situation of food shortage with the presence of the parasitoids. The host parasitoid interaction between indianmeal moth and Bracon hebetor might not always be negative to the indianmeal moth population.

Insect pest monitoring program in subsistence warehouses can detect pest problems in early infestation stages. Temporal and spatial distributions of pests produced by monitoring allows facility managers and pest control operators to visualize pest problems and evaluate effectiveness of cleaning, sanitation and pest management practices. Pheromone-based insect monitoring traps were placed to study temporal and spatial distribution of Lepidopteran and Coleopteran stored product pests in two central distribution centers of United States Military Forces in the Republic of Korea, from March to December 2008. The two distribution centers receive store and issue subsistence and they are located in two different cities, Seoul and Taegu. As a result, three pests, Plodia inter punctella Hübner (Indian meal moth), Lasioderma serricorne F. (cigarette beetle), and Trogoderma variabile Ballion (warehouse beetle), were detected on the traps. P. interpunctella was most abundant, followed by L. serricorne and T. variabile. Different phenologies and spatial distribution of each species were seen from the two warehouses, that were related with internal temperature of the two warehouses and food availability. The program benefited to lead a better understandings for existence and extent of local pest problems in the two subsistence distribution centers, and also helped to find effective pest management periods and locations.

Effects of host density and refuge on the sex ratio of progeny of hymenopterous parasitoids was tested with Bracon hebetor Say parasitizing Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The overall sex ratio (male/total) of progeny produced per female with and without refuge was estimated to be 0.49 and 0.41, respectively. Regardless of refuge, the sex ratio decreased as host density increased. But, at host density of 128 with refuge the sex ratio was significantly lower than that without regfuge (t=-2.17, df=24; P=0.040). The number of pupae per host larva with refuge was similar to that without refuge at the host densities tested (t=-0.10, df=53.4; P=0.921). The number of attacked host larvae showed significantly different at all host densities with and without refuge (t=-3.33, df=209; P=0.001).

The use of electron beam irradiation has been emerged as one of alternative ways of the restriction of methyl bromide usage for the disinfestation of stored-products and quarantine pests. Here we demonstrated effects of electron beam irradiation on development and gene expression of P. interpunctella, which is a serious pest of various stored-products. P. interpunctella at various developmental stages were irradiated at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 kGy. Eggs failed to hatch at all treated doses of electron beam. Fifth instar larvae pupated only 6.7% by 0.25 kGy irradiation but failed pupation at above doses. Interestingly, survived larvae by low-dose irradiation did not pupated until 40 days. Pupae eclosed to adults only 12.1% by 0.25 kGy irradiation but failed at above doses. In addition, 5-day-old pupae eclosed 94.4, 91.6, 100 and 49.9% at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 kGy, respectively. However, most of those emerged adults were malformed, especially in wings, and showed very low oviposition rate. We demonstrated whether the electron beam irradiation induces gene expression. Upregulated genes at any doses were hsp70, which is a stress-responsive protein, at fifth instar larval stage and hemolin, which is an immune-responsive protein, at pupal stage. Some genes of pupae, such as β-1,3 glucan recognition protein, hsp70 and acp25 (small hsp) were upregulated only at high doses. However, other genes, such as prophenoloxidase, ultraspiracle , ecdysone receptor and heat shock proteins (hsp90, hsc70) were downregulated by irradiation of electron beam

A glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) gene, which is belongs to a heat shock cognate 70 (hsc70) subfamily, was cloned from Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Its full length cDNA was 2679 bp and contains a 1980 bp open reading frame. The translated amino acid sequence consists of 660 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 72,975 Da and an isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.27. It contains several highly conserved functional motifs of the Hsp70 family and, particularly, C-terminal motif of KDEL that is characteristic for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hsc70. Its deduced amino acid sequence shows a high identity (83-94%) with Hsc70s of other insects and grouped with Hsc70-3 among 5 Hsc70 members of Drosophila melanogaster. During development the grp78 transcript level was high in egg, feeding larval and adult stages but low in molting and wandering larval and pupal stages. Particularly its level was higher in the gut than integument and fat body of fifth instars. Furthermore its level was greatly decreased when fifth instar larvae were starved for 48 hrs but recovered at 3-6 hrs after re-fed diet. Our data suggests that grp78 is a member of hsc70 gene that belongs to ER and may have a role for energy metabolism at cellular level.

The biology of indian meal moth and maize weevil on the trehalose gene introduced rice (var "Nakdong") (T-Nakdong) was compared to that on the rice without gene introduction (Nakdong) at 28±1.0℃. Development of the both two insects was significantly delayed, on T-Nakdong, the developmental periods of female moth (±SE) and weevil were 38.46±0.42 and 36.38±0.28 days, respectively. Whereas those on Nakdong were 36.38±0.28 and 34.33±0.18, respectively. Net reproduction rate of Indian meal moth on T-Nakdong (3.0±0.14) was significantly lower than that on Nakdong (9.25±0.13), due to the lower emergence rate (21.08±0.04% vs 48.30±0.06%). The life table statistics of maize weevil on T-Nakdong was estimated to be similar to those on Nakdong. The delayed development of T-Nakdong suggested that the factor for development of the insects could be changed by the introduction of trehalose gene into the rice variety.

Effects of three packing materials and exposure time on the mortality of Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum were studied using CO₂-modified atmosphere control. Materials used were triple layered craft paper (KKK), triple layered craft paper with one laminate coating layer (KLK), and triple layered craft paper with one HD film coating layer (KHK). In the test balls (ø 1.2 m) containing 85% CO₂-modified atmosphere, concentration of CO₂ in small packing envelopes (9.8×9.8 ㎝) made of the materials after one day was higher in KKK (26.67±0.58%) than KLK (23.33±0.58%) or KHK (20.67±0.58%). Both P. interpunctella and T. castaneum showed higher mortality in KKK than in either KLK or KHK. Similar results were obtained by larger space (9×4×3 m) and packing volume (20 ㎏) studies. The effect of the packing materials was clearer on T. castaneum more tolerant to CO₂ than P. interpunctella. Regression of the insect mortality on cumulative concentration time (∫<SUP>t</SUP>₀c × tdc ≈ ∑concentration × time) was highly significant. Control of P. interpunctella and T. castaneum by CO₂-modified atmosphere were discussed in relation to packing materials, cumulative concentration time of CO₂ and food products.