고준위방사성폐기물 처분장의 완충재로 고려되고 있는 자연산 벤토나이트에 대해서 기존의 물리·화학적 및 광물학적 성질 외에 생물학적 특성을 살펴보았다. 국내산 ‘경주벤토나이트’를 대상으로 만든 현탁액을 영양배 지 세럼병에서 일주일 이상 숙성시키며 시간에 따른 벤토나이트의 변화를 관찰하였다. 영양배지에서 활성화 된 벤토나이트는 고체 시료뿐만 아니라 용액도 함께 변하였다. 용존황산염 수용액으로부터 검은색의 미립자 황화물이 생성되기 시작하였으며, 시료를 채취하여 배양한 결과 4 종류의 황산염환원박테리아(SRB)가 자체 생존하고 있음이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 벤토나이트 분말시료 내에 황산염환원(혹은 금속환원)박테리아 가 고착 및 서식하고 있음을 말해주는 것으로, 이는 지하의 환원환경 조건하에서 완충재 내외부에 장기적으로 생지화학적 영향이 발현될 가능성이 있음을 의미한다.

ontological distinction between "presence-at-hand(Vorhandenheit)" and "readiness-tohand( Zuhandenheit)". Roughly put, the former indicates the way in which things exist regardless of a cognitive agent's interest or purpose. Whereas the latter signifies the way in which things exist in connection with a cognitive agent's particular interest or purpose. The distinction in question has been chiefly used to uncover the priority of human existence to indifferent, natural realities in the world. While taking the Heideggerian ontological idea seriously, I propose to formulate and explore the following questions: What does the mind associated with the presence-at-hand(MPH) look like? Also, what does the mind linked to the readiness-to-hand(MRH) look like? As an answer to the questions, I provide the suggestion that on the whole, MPH is representational and self-contained, whereas MRH is non-representational and others-contained, and those two different aspects or kinds of the mind are somehow united in the same self that interacts with the two different ways of being, i.e. Vorhandensein and Zuhandensein. This consideration of MPH and MRH can shed light on some baffling issues about the nature of the mind. In that regard, for example, a clue as to how we can resolve the theoretical conflict between representationalism and non-representationalism in perceptual intentional experience is suggested.

PURPOSES: The existing method evaluating the existence of the hollows in concrete pavement does not consider the stiffness of pavement. In addition, the method uses unreasonable logic judging the hollow existence by the deflection caused by zero loading. In this study, the deflection of slab corner due to heavy weight deflectometer (HWD) was measured in concrete pavement sections where underground structures are located causing the hollows around them. METHODS: The modulus of subgrade reaction obtained by comparing the actual deflection of slab to the result of finite element analysis was calibrated into the composite modulus of subgrade reaction. The radius of relative stiffness was calculated, and the relationship between the ratio of HWD load to the radius of relative stiffness and the slab deflection was expressed as the curve of secondary degree. RESULTS: The trends of the model coefficients showing width and maximum value of the curve of secondary degree were analyzed by categorizing the pavement sections into three groups : hollows exist, additional investigation is necessary, and hollows do not exist. CONCLUSIONS: The results analyzed by the method developed in this study was compared to the results analyzed by existing method. The model developed in this study will be verified by analyzing the data obtained in other sections with different pavement structure and materials.

Since the 1970's, UNESCO and ICOMOS have adopted or emphasized on the principles of historic preservation. One of them is what to require a repair should not be repaired beyond the limits of the features and techniques which had been adopted in those days of establishment. On the premise, this paper is to examine the materials and technique of wall plaster work in the government building constructions in the Joseon dynasty. The result of this examination shall come up with a basic conformity in the case of repairing the building established in the late of Joseon dynasty. This paper is carried out for the proper repair and restoration of architectural cultural properties. Construction reports and other documents in those days are examined for the study. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. The materials and technique which applied to wall plaster work in those days were quite different from the present. The technique that was used to wall plaster of government buildings in those days was not a lime wall plaster, but sand coat one. The kinds of material for setting of the sand coat wall plaster had been revised with the change of the times or constructions. The main kinds of material were composed of sand, white clay, paper fiber, and cereal starch. However, the present materials were composed of sand, white clay. Therefore, the present materials and technique which applied to wall plaster work for the repair and restoration of architectural cultural properties have to be revised and corrected.

This study is to present a female high school summer blouse with high movement functionality and satisfying appearance. For the experimental research 6 subjects with closest average body shapes and their body surface was measured at beginning and after selecting a representative movement the tested uniform was worn and the appearance and movement functionality was evaluated. The results of this research are as follows. In the research with the aims to improve the sleeve designed the height in 3 types as A.H/4+3, A.H/4+2, A.H/4+1 and their evaluation showed that in the order of best appearance was A.H/4+2, A.H/4+1, A.H/4+3. In the order of best comfort was A.H/4+2, A.H/4+3, A.H/4+1 and the best order for movement functionality was A.H/4+1, A.H/4+2, A.H/4+3. Additional height types designed produced from elastic materials were A.H/4+3, A.H/4+2, A.H/4+1 and the resulting order of appearance was A.H/4+3, A.H/4+2, A.H/4+1, order of comfort was A.H/4+3, A.H/4+2, A.H/4+1 and the order of movement functionality was A.H/4+1, A.H/4+2, A.H/4+3. Integrating these results shows that in using the same concurrent materials, the experiment pattern of setting the sleeve height as A.H/4+2 was the best while in using elastic materials, the experiment pattern of setting the sleeve height as A.H/4+3 was the best.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of essential amino acids (EAA) and/or non-essential amino acids (NEAA) on the development of parthenogenetic and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) porcine embryos in vitro. To evaluate the timing of amino acids supplementation, activated oocytes were cultured in NCSU23-PVA with EAA, NEAA or NEAA+EAA (AAs) during specific periods as below: EAA, NEAA or AAs were supplemented during Day 0 to 6 (whole culture period: ALL), Day 2 to Day 6 (post-maternal embryonic transition period: POST-MET), Day 5 to Day 6 (post-compaction period: POST-CMP), Day 0 to Day 2 (pre-maternal embryonic transition period: PRE-MET), or Day 0 to Day 4 (post-compaction period: PRE-CMP). Supplementation of NEAA decreased cleavage rates in PRE-MET and PRE-CMP and also decreased blastocyst rates in POST-CMP. On the other hand, EAA significantly enhanced blastocyst formation rate in POST-MET and no detrimental effect on embryonic development in other groups. Interestingly, NEAA and EAA had synergistic effect when they were supplemented to the medium during whole culture period. Supplementation of AAs also enhanced SCNT porcine embryo development whereas BSA-free medium without AAs could not supported blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos. In conclusion, existence of EAA and NEAA in defined culture medium variously influences the development of parthenogenetic and SCNT porcine embryos, and their positive effect are only occurred when both EAA and NEAA are supplemented to the medium during whole culture period. Additionally, AAs supplementation enhances the blastocyst formation of SCNT porcine embryos when they are cultured in the defined condition.

訓詁와 義理는 경전해석의 중요한 두 국면이다. 훈고는 경전의 구절에 대한 의 미 추구에 앞서 경전에 등장하는 글자와 구절에 대하여 정확한 字義와 語義를 분 석하는 학문이다. 즉 훈고는 그 경전의 정확한 의리를 파악하기 위한 전단계의 과 정으로서 경전해석의 기초적인 토대가 되면서 올바른 의리추구의 선결조건이 되 는 것이다. 조선 후기의 학자 다산 정약용과 추사 김정희는 정확한 字義해석에 기초한 훈 고를 바탕으로 경전에 담겨진 의리를 탐구하는 것이 경학 연구의 본령이라는 점 에 동의했다. 이러한 문제의식은 성리학적 관점, 즉 훈고의 관점보다는 의리의 관 점으로 경전을 해석하는 경향을 강하게 표출하였던 조선 성리학자들의 전 경학저작에도 대입시켜 검토해 볼 여지가 있다. 경전의 의리의 추구는 무엇보다 정확한 經文의 자의를 정확하게 이해한 다음 추구되어야 설득력을 가지기 때문이다. 이 것은 조선의 경학 해석에 큰 영향을 끼쳤던 주자가 자신의 사서집주를 저술하 면서 행한 방식이기도 하다. 주자는 철저하게 고증을 통한 훈고의 바탕위에서 경 전의 자의와 구절의 뜻을 무엇보다 먼저 밝히고, 大文의 대의를 밝힌 다음 자신의 의리적 관점을 반영하는 등 경전해석에서 훈고와 의리의 조화를 추구한 바 있다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 성립기의 조선 맹자학의 대표적인 저술인 퇴계 이 황의 맹자석의와 사계 김장생의 맹자변의를 검토해 보면 다음의 사실을 확인 할 수 있다. 퇴계의 맹자석의는 조선 초기 조선의 학자로는 드물게 경전의 본문에 나아가 정확한 자의와 구절의 해석에 주의하는 훈고학적 자세를 보여주었다. 그는 한 자 한 자의 문맥에서의 뜻에 집중하여 경전의 原義를 살리려고 하였으며, 경전의 해 석에서 빚어질 수 있는 의미의 차이를 文勢와 語勢에 기초하여 바로잡으려 하였 다. 그것은 훈고의 착실한 적용을 통한 경전의 본지파악 노력이었으며, 동시에 퇴계가 파악하고자 한 경전의 의리를 드러내는 방식이기도 했다. 한편 사계의 경서변의는 경서의 본지를 회복한다는 의욕적인 자세에서 저술 되었다. 그는 경서의 해석에서 논란이 되는 구절에 대한 국내외 일류 학자들의 견 해를 소개하고, 자의와 문맥의 정확한 의미에 대해 그 핵실한 의미를 찾기 위해 노력했다. 그러나 변의의 최종적인 목표가 경전 자체의 본지보다는 주자가 파악한 본지의 추구에 있었기 때문에 그 논의의 범위가 주자의 해석을 넘어서지 못하는 한계를 남겼다. 사계가 추구한 맹자 해석의 방향, 즉 주자의 견해에 대한 정확한 이해와 면밀한 논증의 경향은 서인들이 대부분을 차지했던 율곡학통의 학술적인 흐름이 되어 후대의 송시열과 한원진으로 이어졌다. 이것은 전대의 퇴계 이황이 맹자석의에서 주자의 해석을 수용하면서도 정확 한 훈고를 통해 경전의 본지를 추구하려는 경향을 보여준 것과는 대조적인 흐름으로, 경학의 본지가 어느 학자의 견해에 대한 추수보다는 경전 자체에 대한 본지 추구라는 점에서 적지 않은 아쉬움을 남긴다. 경전 자체의 본의에 충실하려는 시도는 경문을 중심으로 경전을 이해하려고 했던 일군의 학자들을 지나 박세당이나 이익 등의 학자들에게 이르러 다시 활발하게 이루어졌다.

'Eco-feminism' as a combination of two words, 'ecology' and 'feminism', rests on the basic principle that patriarchical philosophies are harmful to women, children, and other living things. Eco-feminists feel that the patriarchical philosophy emphasizes the need to dominate and control unruly females and the unruly wilderness. What is stressed in eco-feminism is to change the still prevailing idea that the male-dominated civilization must be justified: eco-feminists think that human beings came to recognize that such civilization can't be the source of happiness. Meanwhile we can find that in Yeats's and Heaney's poems land and landscape are personified as an oppressed woman, from which I drew a hypothesis that these two poets may offer the prominent examples of literature based upon eco-feminism. By contrast, we can also find that these two poets also reveal patriarchism based upon Catholicism. Therefore, if anything, we can suppose that many works of these poets are reflecting both eco-feminism and patriarchism. The Irish poems and poets cannot but reflect these two ideas: eco-feminism and patriarchism. Meanwhile, in Irish poetry, woman is mainly reflected as three types of human-sovereign, procreator and lover. In Yeats's and Heaney's poems, woman and nature are to be appraised as important materials. Women in Yeats's poems are faithful to the traditional image as the lover or rarely the sovereign. And also, we can find that the persona wants to use her as his poetic inspiration by admiring her beauty and seeking sexual energy and wisdom from her. By contrast, women in Heaney's poems are mainly described as procreators who are to survive the oppressed land. The two poets are to be appraised to reflect eco-feminism in that they both show their love for woman and nature. Strictly speaking, however, Heaney's poems are more declined to eco-feminism while Yeats's poems are more declined to patriarchism: in Heaney's poems land and landscape sometimes appear as the oppressed woman; in Yeats's poems the persona blames woman for her violence, emphasizing that woman should have courtesy, wisdom and sexual attraction, not the intellectual hatred, whereas in Heaney's poems the persona never blames woman but feels pity for her oppressed situation.

This paper describes to evaluate the performance of ventilation as a change of CO2 concentration with ventilation rate under 35 occupants in a school classroom. Variations of the CO2 concentration as a function of time are measured at center point of classroom with air ventilation rates by the CO2 gas monitor. For 800 m3/h of ventilation rate in the classroom, the average CO2 concentration is 913 ppm. The ventilation rate is sufficient to meet acceptable indoor air quality (≤ 1,000 ppm of CO2, KS school standard) in the classroom of 35 students.

본 연구는 zebrafish를 실험어류로 하여 국내에서 혼합제로 사용되고 있는 dichlorvos와 phosalone을 선정하여 단독 및 혼합폭로시 생물농축계수와 배설속도상수를 측정함으로써, 두 농약의 공존이 개별농약의 생물농축성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. Dichlorvos의 phosalone의 혼합폭로시(dichlorvos : 0.55㎍/㎖, phosalone : 0.01㎍/㎖) zebrafish 체내에서 dichlorvos의 농축정도는 6시간에 정류상태에 도달하여 72시간까지 거의 일정하였으며 단독폭로시(12시간0보다 더 빠르게 정류상태에 도달하였다. 6시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값은 0.080(n=5)으로 단독폭로시의 12시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값 0.74(n=4)보다 더 높게 측정되었다. 배설속도상수는 0.12h^-1으로 단독폭로시와 차이가 거의 없었다. Dichlorvos와 phosalone의 혼합폭로시(dichlorvos : 0.55㎍/㎖, phosalone : 0.01㎍/㎖) zebrafish 체내에서 phosalone의 농축정도는 단독폭로시와 같이 12시간 정류상태에서 도달하여 72시간까지 거의 일정하였고, 12시간에서 72시간 사이의 BCF평균값은 53.89(n=4)로 단독폭로시의 BCF평균값 48.88(n=4)보다 더 높게 측정되었다. 배설속도상수는 단독폭로시와 같이 6시간 안에 어류체내에서 phosalone이 모두 배출되어 구하지 못했다. 두농약(dichlorvos, phosalone)의 혼합폭로시의 BCF평균값이 단독폭로시의 BCF평균값보다 더 높게 나왔으나 각 실험시간대(6, 12, 24, 48, 72시간)의 BCF실험값을 t-test로 분석한 결과 phosalone의 48시간을 제외하고는 두 농약의 단독폭로와 혼합폭로시의 BCF값에는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, dichlorvos와 phosalone을 zebrafish에 혼합폭로시 개개 농약의 생물농축성과 배설속도상수에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the physical therapist's explanation of the treatment prior to electrical stimulation affects the subjects level of anxiety. Eighty healthy subjects participated in this study and were assigned either to the experimental group receiving information on the treatment (=40) or to the control group not receiving information on the treatment (=40). Transcutaneus Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), a sphygomamometer and the Spielberger State Anxiety Scale Questionnaire were used to investigate the threshold of anxiety. Analysis of data revealed significant differences in pulse and diastolic blood pressure compared to the control group when the subjects were stimulated electrically after receiving information on the treatment. We found significant differences between the two groups. The results of the study indicate that the patient's anxiety can be reduced by the physical therapist's explanation on the treatment.