The soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) are plant-sucking insects, some of which are considered as serious agricultural pests. Here, we performed phylogenetic analysis of Coccidae, based on molecular fragments 1813bp containing mitochondrial DNA (COI), nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (18S and 28S), and elongation factor 1α (EF1-α). Data sets of 64 taxa were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Our molecular analyses represent: 1) Monophyletic clade of Ceroplastinae is nested within the major clade of Coccinae; 2) Four tribes of Coccinae are paraphyletic, especially Megapulvinaria and Paralecanium not clustered within the major clade of Coccinae; 3) Didesmococcus is separated from the clade of Eulecaniinae; 4) Filippiinae and Cardiococcinae are paraphyletic with respect to some of Coccinae and Eulecaniinae.

For reviewing Korean species of Denticollinae and reconstructing phylogenetic relationships between subfamilies in Elateridae, three kinds of studies were conducted: 1) taxonomic review based on morphology; 2) DNA barcode for Denticollinae; 3) molecular phylogenetic study of Elateridae using 12 genetic markers. In taxonomic study, a total of 54 species were reviewed including 13 new species and then unrecorded species. In DNA barcoding, six cryptic and/or pseudocryptic species were confirmed by their sympatric or allopatric distribution. We propose a conservative threshold of 3.6% for convenient molecular operational taxonomic unit identification in Denticollinae. From this study, we confirmed that COI sequence is useful for reassessing species diversity for polymorphic and polytypic species occurring in sympatric and allopatric distributions. In molecular phylogenetic study, the phylogenetic inference constructed robust phylogeny with almost very strongly supported nodal values(>90%) and showed that Hypnoidinae, Oxynopterinae and Denticollinae are monophyletic; Elaterinae, Hemiopinae and Melanotinae are a monophyletic group; and two tribes in Denticollinae are paraphyletic, it is needed to reclassify their systematic accounts.

Cicinela chinensis (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) is usually distributed from Asian countries; Korea, Vietnam, China and Japan. In larval stage, they make hole on ground and eat small insects that pass over the hole, adult also predator on other small insects and they can move fast. They have regional morphological variation, usually variations were showed in elytral pattern and body colors. There are four subspecies, Cicindela chinensis chinensis, Cicindela chinensis flammifera, Cicindela chinensis japonica and Cicindela chinensis okinawana in Cicindela chinensis all of the world. Because of a lot of variation in elytra pattern and body color, identification of Cicindela chinensis is difficult. Therefore to know the distinct differences, comparison analysis by DNA sequence in COI gene was examined. In this paper COI comparison analysis of Cicindela chienesis from different location was examined. Also COI comparison analysis of species with different elytra pattern and body color collected in same location was done. Although they have different color pattern is same region, the result of COI sequence was same. Otherwise, although they have same color pattern in other regions, the result of COI sequence was different.

Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea), the concealer moths, is worldwide in distribution and comprises more than 4,000 described, particularly in Australia with over 3,000 endemic species. To date, the phylogenetic relationships of Oecophoridae have been poorly known, except a few works on the higher-level phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea which includes some species of Oecophoridae. This study is the first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Oecophoridae, based on 4,395 base pairs of mitochondrial protein coding gene (COI), nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (18S and 28S) and nuclear protein coding genes (IDH, MDH, Rps5, EF1a and wingless) for 82 taxa. Data were analysed using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. The results are shown that the family Oecophoridae is not monophyletic, as the genus Casmara is closely clustered with Stathmopodidae far from the Oecophorid lineage and the genera Tyrolimnas and Phaeosaces are closely clustered with Depressariinae in the Elachistid lineage. Main clade of Oecophoridae comprises Xyloryctinae previously assigned to Xyloryctidae, closely claded with New Zealandian Oecophorids including the genera Hierodoris, Gymnobatra and Izatha; the problematic position group, Acryptolechia spp., Deuterogoniinae and Oecophorinae.

Previously, several levels of phylogenetic relationships in an insect order Odonata have been estimated using morphological and molecular markers. For the molecular phylogeny rRNA sequences were mainly, but other markers were not frequently employed. In this study, we sequenced both two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear genes (28S rRNA and elongation factor-1α), composed of ~4,002 bp from 71 species of Odonata, occurring mostly in South Korea. These concatenated sequences were utilized to test the previous phylogenetic hypotheses of Odonata via Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithms, along with the data partition option available in BI method. Each families and superfamilies represented by multiple taxa consistently supported monophylies with the highest nodal supports in both Anisoptera and Zygoptera. A close relationship of Anisozygoptera to Anisoptera represented by a single species was obvious. On the other hand, familial relationships within each suborder of Anisoptera and Zygoptera have shown two compelling topologies. The topology obtained by BI method with partitioning of the four genes showed an unresolved relationship among Gomphidae, Aeshnidae, and the suborder Anisozygoptera in Anisoptera clade, presenting the relationships ((((Libellulidae + Corduliidae) + Macromiidae) + (Gomphidae + Aeshnidae + Anisozygoptera)) + (((Coenagrionidae + Platycnemdidae) + Calopterygidae) + Lestidae)). Another topology obtained by both BI and ML methods without partitioning, on the other hand, placed Anisozygoptera the basal lineage of Anisoptera, but Lestidae in Zygoptera was placed as the sister to Anisoptera + Anisozygoptera, presenting the relationships (((((((Libellulidae + Corduliidae) + Macromiidae) + Aeshnidae) + Gomphidae) + Anisozygoptera) + Lestidae) + ((Coenagrionidae + Platycnemdidae) + Calopterygidae)). Topological test to find out better supported tree turned out a slight higher support for the former topology, but the monophyly of Zygoptera with the inclusion of Lestidae was supported only poorly (BPP = 0.68) in the former topology.

The phylogeny of the subfamily Sciarinae is reconstructed by the result of maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference of 4,809 bp from two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and two nuclear (18S and 28S) genes. The current subfamily Sciarinae is polyphyletic, since the genera Chaetosciara, Mouffetina, Schwenckfeldina, and Scythropochroa are grouped separately as the sister clade of other subfamilies. The monophyly of the genera Chaetosciara, Sciara, Scythropochroa, and Trichosia s. str. is strongly supported; however, the genus Leptosciarella s. l. is polyphyletic due to the separation of subgenus Leptosciarella (Leptospina) as a sister taxa of remaining Sciarinae (Leptosciarella s. str., Sciara, and Trichosia s. str.). The classification of the Sciarinae is revised and discussed on the basis of molecular phylogenetic hypotheses.

We present the first comprehensive cladistic analysis of Miridae, the plant bugs, based on analysis of 3935 base pairs of mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) DNA for 91 taxa in seven subfamilies. We analyzed the data using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock was used to examine divergence times, and ancestral feeding habits were reconstructed using parsimony and a Bayesian approach. Clades recovered in all analyses are as follows: Cimicomorpha, Miroidea, and Miridae; Bryocorinae: Bryocorini; Stenodemini; Mirinae; Deraeocorinae (Clevinemini + Deraeocorini); Cylapinae; Isometopinae; Bryocorinae: Dicyphini; Orthotylini; Phylinae (Phylini + Pilophorini), and Phylinae is sister-group to all the remaining mirid taxa. These results are largely congruent with former hypotheses based on morphological data with respect to the monophyly of various subfamilies and tribes however, our results indicate that the subfamily Bryocorinae is not a monophyletic group as the two tribes, Dicypini and Bryocorini, were separated in our phylogeny. Ancestral feeding state reconstructions based on Bayesian and parsimony inference were largely congruent and both reconstructed phytophagy at the root of the Miridae.

The first comprehensive cladistic analysis of Miridae, the plant bugs, based on ~3000 base pairs of mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) genes, is presented. For 105 taxa (101 Mirid species in 7 subfamilies and 11 tribes, and 4 outgroups) in 7 subfamilies and 11 tribes of Miridae, the combined dataset was analyzed using ML (maximum likelihood), BC (bayesian criteria) and MP (maximum parsimony). Clades recovered in all analyses, comprise 6 main groups: Cimicomorpha and Miridae; Phylinae; Mirinae (Eurystylus + Polymerus + Proboscidocoris + Taylorilygus + Stenodemini); Orthotylinae; Mirini (Adelphocoris group except “Apolygus complex”); Apolygus complex; Deraecorinae; Bryocorinae + Isometopinae + Cylapinae. Our results indicate 1) the monophyletic relationships of two subfamilies Phylinae and Deraeocorinae within the family Miridae; 2) the paraphyly of subfamily Mirinae. Phylogenetic relationships at the tribal or subfamily level are provided in comparison with the prior studies based on morphological data.

The flower bugs (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) is usually known as biological control agents against various kinds of agricultural pests such as aphids, mites, thrips and so on. Since the classification of the family Anthocoridae has been controversial, the molecular phylogenetic study was conducted with 44 species including 6 outgroup taxa. Three genes, a total of 3277 bp of sequence data (nuclear 18S rDNA: 2022bp, 28S rDNA: 755bp, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA: 498bp), were analyzed using ML (maximum likelihood) and Bayesian methods, excluding MP (maximum parsimony) as the incongruence length difference (ILD) test has very low (0.001) P-values on all partition tests. Our results support the rank and monophyly of the family Lasiochilidae which was exclusively separated from the main clade of Anthocoridae proposed by Schuh and Stys (1991), and indicate the monophyletic relationships among tribes and genera within the family Anthocoridae. According to our results, the genus Amphiareus should be out of the tribe Dufourini and treated as the tribe level and The three genera, Blaptostethus, Scoloposcelis and Xylocoris should be placed to the family Lyctocoridae. We also propose the evolutionary theory of Anthocoridae based on their habitats, hunting behavior and the molecular phylogenetic results.

Multivariate morphomatric analyses were conducted to cluster the morphologically similar group using species units within the tribe Aphidini. Some species of the genus Aphis are morphologically very similar each other and, mentioned by aphid taxonomists as well, possibly grouped by some characteristics. To cluster the morphologically related groups and find some significant characteristics to define morphological groups for 59 Aphidini species, we perform two statistical analyses of 30 morphomatric characters, Principle Component Analysis (PCA; SAS Procedure PRINCOMP) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA; SAS Procedure CANDISC) using SAS/STAT version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). The results of the morphological clustering analyses were compared with the molecular phylogeny of Aphidini obtained from the previous study using three molecular gene fragments: partial mitochondrial tRNA-leucine + cytochrome oxidase II (tRNA/COII), partial mitochondrial 12S + tRNA-valine + 16S (12S/16S), and nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α) (total 3,289bp) for 37 representative species among them. The congruence or difference between morphological and molecular analyses is also discussed in Aphidini group

지렁이과 (family Megascolecidae) 왕지렁이속 (genus Amynthas) 그룹을 rDNA ITS 유전자를 이용하여 계통 유연관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 2과 10속에서 26종의 DNA 염기서열을 이용하여 종간 계통적 유연관계를 MP (Maximum Parsimony), NJ (Neighbor Joining), QP (Quartet Puzzling)로 계통도를 작성하였다. 염기서열이 확보된 Megascolecidae (지렁이과)의 국내외

본 연구는 쥐노래미과(Hexagrammidae)에 속하고 양식산업에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 노래미, Hexagrammos otakii(Jordan et Starks)와 쥐노래미, H. agrammus(Temminck et Schlegel)의 미토콘드리아 cytochrome b(cyt b)유전자의 염기서열을 서로 비교 분석하였다. 총 489 bp크기의 cyt b 염기서열에서 종간의 변이는 거의 없었다(96%의 유사성).Neighbor-joining

This study analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of the Red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Perciformes, Serranidae), and used for construction of molecular phylogeny and for association between maternal haplotypes and phenotypic differences of F1 progeny. This study revealed phylogenetic position of the endangered red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Perciformes, Serranidae) based on the nucleotide sequences of complete mt genome. Complete nucleotide sequences were determined from the mt genomes of two individuals of the red-spotted grouper caught in South Korea. The mitochondrial genome had 16,795 base pairs (bp) and 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a noncoding control region. The two mt genomes were highly homologous (99.71% similarity). The two mt genomes of E. akaara determined in this study were found in Clade I in the phylogenetic tree with those of E. awoara, E. fasciatomaculosus, E. sexfasciatus, E. diacanthus, E. sticus, and E. morio, suggesting that this may be helpful to understand phylogenetic position of Epinephelus species including red-spotted grouper. The genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship were investigated in the red-spotted grouper populations using the sequence polymorphisms of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) gene and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of the control region (CR). A total of forty-one COIhaplotypes were found from 174 COIsequences from East Asia. The Jeju Island population (n=5) had four haplotypes, and the South Sea population (n=105) had twenty-five haplotypes. The Hong Kong population had nineteen haplotypes from fifty-nine COIsequences determined in this study. Among the COIhaplotypes, EAC_03 is commonly found in all populations (Jeju Island and South Sea of Korea, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan). In addition, there were four haplotypes (EAC_12, EAC_14, EAC_28 and EAC_35) also common among the populations tested in this study and collected from NCBI database. However, twenty haplotypes were specific in the Korean populations, and fifteen haplotypes were specific in the China and Hong Kong populations. The neighbor-joining (NJ) trees constructed from the phylogenetic analyses based on the polymorphisms of the COIhaplotypes showed the monophyletic branching pattern within the genus Epinephelus, indicating that the red spotted grouper populations had evolved from common maternal ancestors. Consequently, East Asian red-spotted grouper populations are maternally related at least in part, as well as sharing the same evolutionary history, and still affected by the East Asian ocean current (Kuroshio). From the haplotype analysis for mtDNA CR, we obtained VNTR polymor-phisms in all populations tested. We found five haplotypes for the CR VNTR patterns. The 133-bp repeat units were counted two to five. Using CR VNTR haplotypes, the statistical association was examined between mtDNA haplotypes and growth traits of aquafarming young fishes of the red-spotted grouper. A total of 386 F1 progeny, which were randomly selected from a progeny population produced by artificial insemination in the farm, were genotyped and statistically compared their body length (BL), body weights (BW) and length-weight indexes (LWI) at 11-months after hatching. There haplotypes H03, H04 and H05 were detected for CR in the parents and progeny populations. The significant difference was found in the BL values among three haplotypes (p<0.05). The F1 animals with haplotype H03 had freater level of BL (19.22±2.000 cm) than those of H04 (18.64±1.964 cm) and H05 (18.86±1.512 cm). There were no significant differences in BW and LWI among haplotypes (p<0.05). These results concluded that the maternal lineages affected the growth rates during early developmental stage in the red-spotted grouper. These findings suggested that the mitochondrial background of the fertilized eggs may play an important role in the early development, and the markerassisted selection system for broodstork animals may be helpful in improving performance traits for aquaculture industry as well as for conservation biology of the endangered red-spotted grouper. However, the results from the association analysis between haplotypes and phenotypes of F1 progeny (n=1,093) at 60-days after hatching showed that there were no significant difference (p>0.05). Consequently, the results of this study may be useful information for understanding the evolutionary relation with other species and may be good genetic markers for breeding management in the red-spotted grouper aquaculture system.