기후변화에 따라서 강수량과 강수의 강도는 지속적으로 증가하여 집중호우의 빈도가 높아질 것으로 예측되고 있으며, 이러한 집중호우에 의한 피해를 최소화하기 위해서는 강수에 대한 지속적인 관측 및 그에 대한 특성 분석이 필요하다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 집중호우 사례에 대한 종관기상상태에 따라 그 원인을 분류하고, 분류된 사례의 강수율, 수직낙하 속도, 강수입자의 크기 등에 대한 제반 특성을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 경상남도 김해시를 대상으로 2011년 여름철 기간 동안(총 34일의 강수일) AWS와 2DVD를 이용하여 관측을 수행하였다. 집중호우 사례는 장마전선, 태풍, 기압골, 고기압 가장자리의 4가지 원인으로 분류되었다. 각 사례에 대한 대표사례일의 강수율, 빗방울 크기분포, 강수의 침강속도, 강수직경에 따른 입자의 편평도를 분석해본 결과, 강수 입자크기와 입자에 따른 수직 낙하 속도와 편평도의 변화를 알 수 있었다. 또한 각 시간대의 강수율은 평균 강수율이 아닌 수 차례의 peak를 나타내었는데 이를 10분 단위로 세분화 시켜 분석해본 결과, 시간 강수량의 강수율과 강수입자의 분포와 거의 유사하게 나타났으며, 10분 간격으로 나타나는 강수량의 편차가 크게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 강수에 의한 재해는 짧은 시간에 많은 비가 내리는 것이기 때문에 기후변화에 따른 집중호우의 특성을 밝히고, 대비책을 수립하는데 기초자료를 제시해 줄 것으로 판단된다. 향후 보다 장기적인 관측을 통해 많은 사례에 대한 분석이 이루어진다면 기후변화로 인해 변화하고 있는 강수의 특성에 대해 이해할 수 있을 것이며, 향후 집중 호우 등에 의한 재해를 예방하는데 중요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

최근 우리나라의 기후 환경의 변화에 따라 국지적 집중호우로 인해 상습적인 침수 및 인명, 재산 피해가 빈번히 발생하는 위험지역이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 집중호우로 인해 순간적으로 발생하는 침수피해를 효율적으로 대처 할 수 있는 기상정보와 현장상황을 실시간 모니터링하는 CCTV 통합연계 자동 모니터링 시스템이 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 서울특별시 서초구 및 노원구를 시범 서비스 대상지역으로 선정된 CCTV 위치제원을 수집하여 GIS DB로 구축하였다. 이를 기반으로 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 AWS(Automatic Weather Station) 정보 및 기상관측소에서 수집되는 데이터를 연계하고, 시범 지역의 현장 CCTV 영상정보를 GIS기반의 공간정보 서비스 개념을 도입하여 GIS/기상정보 기반의 통합 CCTV 모니터링 시스템을 구축하였다. 본 시스템은 웹서비스 제공을 위해 GIS 공간지리정보 개념 및 2D기반의 지도서비스를 적용하여 보다 가시적이고 효율적인 CCTV 자동 표출 시스템을 구축하였다. 기상 관측소 위치정보 데이터 실시간 강수량 정보데이터를 활용한 IDW 정보를 생성할 수 있는 알고리즘을 적용하여, 주기적으로 서버에서 IDW(Inverse Distance Weighted) TIN(Triangulated Irregular Networks)정보를 생성한 후 공간정보상에 표시할 수 있는 이미지 데이터로 지도 위에 해당정보를 표시하여 가시적으로 표출하였다. 생성된 데이터와 위험강수량 값으로 설정된 정보를 이용하여 위험지역 CCTV 영상정보를 자동으로 감지하여 모니터링 할 수 있는 서비스 기능을 개발하였다. 향후, 본 시스템을 통해 집중호우 및 태풍경로지역의 피해우심지역에 대해 자동으로 CCTV를 표출해주므로 지자체 방재관련 담당 공무원의 신속한 의사결정지원에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 섬진강댐 유역을 대상으로 기상학적, 수문학적 가뭄을 평가하였다. 우선 기상학적 가뭄을 평가하기 위하여 표준강수지수(Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI)와 표준강수증발산지수(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI)를 계산하여 비교하였다. 비교결과, 두 지수간(SPI, SPEI)가뭄 순위는 서로 근사하게 추정되었다. 또한 SPEI의 결과를 통해 증발산량이 건조상태를 다소 완화시키고 있음을 확인하였는데 이를 바탕으로 수요와 공급이 반영된 가뭄지수인 SPEI가 보다 현실적으로 가뭄을 추정하고 있음을 확인하였다. 수문학적 가뭄을 평가하기 위하여 하천수가뭄지수(Streamflow Drought Index, SDI)를 적용하였다. 적용결과, 1994년도에 가장 큰 수문학적 가뭄이 확인되었는데 이 시기는 기상학적 가뭄이 발생하였던 시기와 잘 일치 하였다. 또한 섬진강댐 유역의 고정 공급량인 월별 기본계획공급량을 이용하여 과거의 물 부족량을 추정하였다. 그 결과, 1994년도에 가장 큰 물 부족이 발생하였음을 확인하였으며 이는 앞서 추정된 적용결과들과 비교적 잘 일치하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 직관적으로 과거의 가뭄을 평가하고자 하였고, 향후 본 연구에서 제시한 방법을 토대로 국내 댐 유역의 물 관리에 대한 현안을 제시하고자 한다.

백두대간을 중심으로 한 강원도 산간지역은 복잡한 지형과 동해의 영향으로 다른 지역과 구별되는 독특한 기상현상과 대설, 강풍 등 위험기상이 자주 발생한다. 특히, 겨울철 대설은 찬 대륙성 기단이 상대적으로 따뜻한 동해를 지나면서 열과 수증기를 교환하면서 나타나게 되는데, 산간지역을 중심으로 발생하는 대설을 이해하기 위해는 종관적인 기압패턴과 함께 지형을 고려한 다각적이고 심층적인 연구가 필요하다. 또한 봄과 가을철에 주로 나타나는 강풍현상은 건조한 대기와 맞물려 대형 산불의 원인이 된다.본 연구에서는 백두대간을 중심으로 나타나는 대표적인 위험기상인 대설과 강풍의 사례에 대해 이와 관련된 기상인자들을 분석하고, 지형의 연관성에 대해 알아보았다. 또한 지상일기도, 상층일기도, 단열선도 및 위성 구름사진 등을 이용해 종관적인 특징을 조사하고, 기상청에서 사용하고 있는 수치모델 분석장을 이용하여 백두대간을 중심으로 눈의 패턴에 대해 연구하였다.한편, 산간지형이 영동지역의 강설량과 분포에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 태백산맥 지형을 제거한 수치 모의결과를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 동해상에서 열과 수분의 공급을 받으면서 유입된 북동기류가 산 경사면을 타고 강제상승하면서, 강한 연직 운동이 존재하는 산간에서 많은 눈이 내리는 지형성 강수임을 알 수 있었다. 겨울철 대설과 강풍 등 위험기상에 대한 기상정보는 재해예방 측면에서 매우 중요하다. 이에 산간에서 나타날 수 있는 위험기상에 대한 정보를 생산하는데 활용하고자 한다.

본 연구는 TOPLATS 지표해석모형의 물수지와 에너지수지 해석에 따른 수문기상성분 비교를 통해 그 적용성을 평가하 는데 목적이 있다. 대상지역은 낙동강유역을 선정하였으며 2003∼2012년에 대해 1시간, 1 km의 고해상도 수문기상성분을 산출하였다. 안동댐과 합천댐유역의 관측 일/월단위 댐유입량과 모의유량 비교하여 두 유역의 모의치가 관측값과 유사함을 보였다. 또한 C3와 C4지점의 에너지성분에 대한 Diurnally 분석을 수행한 결과 에너지수지 해석에 따른 순복사량, 현열, 잠열의 일중 변화패턴이 물수지 결과에 비해 정확도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 C4지점의 순복사량과 잠열의 평균제곱근 오차는 각각 22.18 W/m2와 7.27 W/m2로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 여름철과 겨울철의 계절평균 토양수분과 증발산량은 각각 36.80%, 33.08%와 222.40 mm, 59.95 mm로 산정되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 고해상도의 수문기상성분 모의 시 에너지수지 해석방법을 이용하는 것이 더 합리적인 것으로 판단되며 본 연구 결과는 공간수문기상정보를 활용한 홍수 및 가뭄 등의 재해기상 감시 및 예측에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study was to analyze correlation between phenological characteristics of Salix spp. and meteorological factors in the Upo wetlands. Phenology of Salix subfragilis Andersson and Salix chaenomeloides Kimura was monitored from 2007 to 2012. Meteorological variables were monitored by Korea Meteorological Administration (Hap-chon). Average date of flowering, fruiting, seed dispersion was 86, 113, 136 days for S. subfragilis and 112, 140, 164 days for S. chaenomeloides as Julian days. Flowering of S. subfragilis and S. chaenomeloides were correlated with daily mean air temp. in March (r=-0.92, r=-0.85, p<0.05). Fruiting of S. subfragilis was correlated with total precipitation between Jan and March of previous year (r=-0.90, p<0.01), however, the fruiting of S. chaenomeloides was highly correlated with max. temp. in Jan of previous year (r=0.99, p<0.01). Seed dispersion of both species is correlated with min. temp. in Feb. Phenology monitoring will contribute to understanding Salix spp. response against climate change.

Wildfires are recently increasing in frequencies and intensities worldwide. Hence, reliable and continuous monitoring of sudden occurrences of wildfire is demanded, and geostationary meteorological satellites are an alternative to detection of wildfire in large areas. We currently have two geostationary meteorological satellites for the Korean Peninsula: the Korean COMS(Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite) and the Japanese MTSAT(Multifunctional Transport Satellite). However, neither of them provides satellite products for wildfire detection although the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on polar-orbiting satellites has been operated for wildfire detection for a decade. In this study, we applied the MODIS algorithm for wildfire detection to the COMS and the MTSAT in order to evaluate the detection performances for South Korea. Both satellites were successful in detection of big fires, but the COMS was better in detecting small fires because of its higher saturation temperature of 350 K approx. at 4-μm band. The comparison results will be informative for an emergency plan of COMS and for the preparation of next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite.

Climate change is the most direct threatening factors in sustaining agricultural productivity. It is necessary to reduce the damages from the natural hazards such as flood, drought, typhoons, and snowstorms caused by climate change. Through the vulnerability assessment to adapt the climate change, it is possible to analyze the priority, feasibility, effect of the reduction policy. For the vulnerability assessment, broad amount of weather data for each meterological station are required. Making the database management system for the meteorologic data could troubleshoot of the difficulties lie in handling and processing the weather data. In this study, we generated the meteorologic data retrieval system (MetSystem) for climate change vulnerability assessment. The user interface of MetSystem was implemented in the web-browser so as to access to a database server at any time and place, and it provides different query executions according to the criteria of meteorologic stations, temporal range, meteorologic items, statistics, and range of values, as well as the function of exporting to Excel format (*.xls). The developed system is expected that it will make it easier to try different analyses of vulnerability to natural hazards by the simple access to meteorologic database and the extensive search functions.

PM10 concentration is related to the meteorological variables including to local and synoptic meteorology. In this study the PM10 concentrations of Busan in 2007~2011 were analyzed and the days of yellow sand or rainfall which is more than 5 mm were excluded. The sections of PM10 concentration were divided according to 10-quantiles, quartiles and 90-quantiles. The 90-quantiles of daily PM10 concentration were selected as high concentration dates. In the high concentration dates the daily mean averaged cloudness, mean daily surface wind speed, daily mean surface pressure and PBL height were low and diurnal variation of surface pressure and daily maximum surface temperature were high. When the high PM10 dates occurred, the west and south wind blew on the ground and the west wind blew strongly on the 850 hPa. So it seemed that long range transboundary air pollutants made effects on the high concentration dates. The cluster analysis using Hysplit model which is the backward trajectory was made on the high concentration dates. As a result, 3 clusters were extracted and on the short range transboundary cluster the daily mean relative humidity and cloudness were high and PBL height was low.

Recent climate change has led to fluctuations in agricultural production, and as a result national food supply has become an important strategic factor in economic policy. As such, in this study, panel data was collected to analyze the effects of seven meteorological elements and using the Lagrange multipliers method, the fixed-effects model for the production of five types of food crop and the seven meteorological elements were analyzed. Results showed that the key factors effecting increases in production of rice grains were average temperature, average relative humidity and average ground surface temperature, while wheat and barley were found to have positive correlations with average temperature and average humidity. The implications of this study are as follow. First, it was confirmed that the meteorological elements have profound effects on the production of food crops. Second, when compared to existing studies, the study was not limited to one food crop but encompassed all five types, and went beyond other studies that were limited to temperature and rainfall to include various meterological elements.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of partial solar eclipse on 21 May 2012 in Korea on meteorological variables in Busan. 0800 LST(Local Standard Time) solar radiation was similar or lower than 0700 LST solar radiation, and sunshine duration decreased by 0.2∼0.5 hours in Busan and great cities under the influence of the partial solar eclipse. Temperature drop due to the partial solar eclipse was 0.2∼2.0℃, time taken to arrive at maximum temperature after onset of eclipse was 8∼62 minutes, and time taken to arrive at minimum temperature after maximum eclipse was -9∼17 minutes in Busan. Change of wind speed was negligible as partial solar eclipse occurred in the morning. Soil temperature of 5 ㎝was minute as well, the increase of soil temperature due to sunset was delayed by more than 1 hour.

The characteristics of meteorological conditions and air pollution were investigated in a valley city (Yangsan) on bad visibility days (from 05:00 to 09:00 LST) of the cold half year (November 2008 to April 2009). This analysis was performed using the hourly observed data of meteorological variables (temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and 2 m and 10 m temperature) and air pollutants (NO2, SO2, PM10, and O3). In addition, visibility data based on visual measurements and a visibility meter were used. The bad visibility days were classified into four types: fog, mist, haze, and the mixture (mist+haze). The results showed that the bad visibility days of the four types in the valley city were observed to be more frequently (about 50% of the total study period (99 days except for missing data)) than (27%) those near coastal metropolitan city (Busan). The misty days (39%) in the valley city were the most dominant followed by the hazy (37%), mixture (14%), and foggy days (10%). The visibility degradation on the misty days in Yangsan was closely related to the combined effect of high-level relative humidity due to the accumulation of water vapor from various sources (e.g. river, stream, and vegetation) and strong inversion due to the development of surface radiative cooling within the valley. On the hazy days, the visibility was mainly reduced by the increase in air pollutant (except for O3) concentrations from the dense emission sources under local conditions of weaker winds from the day before and stronger inversion than the misty days. The concentrations of NO2, PM10, and SO2 (up to +36 ppb, +25 ㎍/m3, and +7 ppb) on the hazy days were a factor of 1.4-2.3 higher than those (+25 ppb, +14 ㎍ /m3, and +3 ppb) on the misty days.

In this study, the use survey of domestic and international weather information on coastal regions and the demand survey (e.g. general and in-depth surveys) for customer needs with coastal industries were carried out to design customized coastal weather contents. The general demand survey showed that most of the customers working in the coastal industries were interested in a short-term forecast, such as a general weather outlook (approximately 29% of the total respondents) and typhoon information (19%), and they preferred to be given the forecast information from new media such as the internet web-pages (36%) and mobile utilities (23%) rather than old media such as TV (16%) and radio (11%). In addition, only 31% of the total respondents were found to be satisfied with the use of the current coastal weather service. This low percentage might mainly be a result of lack of information accuracy (about 64%) and diversity (28%). From in-depth survey with site visiting, the need of coastal weather contents, such as weather elements, data form, a tool of communication, and forecast interval, differed with the working stages in three coastal industries (e.g. shipbuilding, maritime trade, and passenger transport industries).

본 연구의 목적은 기록된 관측가뭄자료를 이용하여 수문기상 기반의 국내 가뭄판단기준을 제시하는데 있다. 과거 1991년에서 2009년까지 기록된 가뭄사례를 수집한 후, 관측기상정보와 LSM(Land Surface Model)으로부터 생산된 수문정보를 이용하여 백분위 해석을 수행하였다. 기간별 가뭄판단기준을 도출하기 위해 객관적 가뭄평가 기법인 ROC(Relative Operating Characteristics) 분석을 이용하였다. 국내 가뭄기준은 대표적으로 강수 및 유출이 지속기간 3개월에 평년대비 35% 이하, 토양수분이 지속기간 2개월의 35% 이하 그리고 증발산량이 지속기간 3개월에 65% 이상으로 나타났다. 가뭄판단기준의 적용성 평가를 위해 SPI(3)와의 ROC 분석을 수행한 결과 SPI(3)에 비해 적용성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 가뭄판단기준에 대한 지역별 분석을 수행한 결과 공간적으로 가뭄상황을 적절히 반영하는 것을 확인하였다.

In this study we have produced daily maximum temperature, daily mean temperature, daily minimum, and daily precipitation data with 1 km horizontal resolution in daily time scale for 10 years from 2001 to 2010 using MK(Modified Korean)-PRISM(Parameter-elevation Regressions an Independent Slopes Model). Using the data produced in this study, we have investigated topographic effect and data histogram, and we have verified MK-PRISM using cross validation and grid point validation. Daily temperature and precipitation estimated by MK-PRISM have topographic effect which shows an decrease of daily mean temperature and an increase of daily precipitation at higher altitude. Histogram analysis result for daily mean temperature shows the distribution shift toward colder temperature due to temperature lapse rate with altitude at mountain area compared to observed daily mean temperature. On the other hand, no precipitation and light rain less than 1mm per day occur less frequently than observation due to rain shadow effect, while precipitation over 1mm per day occur more frequently than observation due to topographic effect.

There are many factors to influence the amount of terpene at the forest. However, it is poorly understood whether the amount is altered by meteorological factors. In order to study correlation analysis between terpene amount and meteorological(i.e., temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation) and environmental factors(i.e., oxygen, carbonb dioxide) at the artificial coniferous forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa (site 1) and Cryptomeria japonica (site 2) nearby the 1st reservoir at Mt. Moodeung, the research was executed during April to November in 2011. Forest density at site 1 was 1,692 trees/ha, being occupied with 87.2% of Chamaecyparis obtusa, higher than 925 trees/ha at site 2. Carbon dioxide at site 1 was in the range of 385∼410 ppm in June, similar to at Anmyundo(395 ppm in 2010). Solar radiation has positive correlation with ambient temperature and inversely negative with relative humidity. Main species of terpene released were α -pinene, camphene, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene and camphor at two sites and terpene was more effluent at spring and summer than at fall. The large amount of terpene was emitted in the afternoon than in the morning under the influence of the wind speed and the topographical property. The terpene amount has positive correlation with relative humidity and oxygen, and negative with wind speed and soil temperature. Because correlations of α-pinene and other terpene materials showed statistically significant within p=0.01. α-pinene could be suggested as the basic material in explaining the amount of other terpene materials.

Ozone is the secondary photochemical pollutant formed from ozone precursor such as nitrogen dioxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds(VOCs). The ambient concentration of ozone depends on several factors: sunshine intensity, atmospheric convection, the height of the thermal inversion layer, concentrations of nitrogen oxides and VOCs. Busan is located in the southeast coastal area of Korea so the ozone concentration of Busan is mainly affected from the meteorological variables related to the sea such as sea breeze. In this study the ozone concentrations of Busan in 2008~2010 were used to analyse the cause of the regional ozone difference in eastern area of Busan. The average ozone concentration of Youngsuri was highest in Busan however the average ozone concentration of Gijang was equal to the average ozone concentration of Busan in 2008~2010. The two sites are located in eastern area of Busan but the distance of two sites is only 9km. To find the reason for the difference of ozone concentration between Youngsuri and Gijang, the meteorological variables in two sites were analyzed. For the analysis of meteorological variables the atmospheric numerical model WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) was used at the day of the maximum and minimum difference in the ozone concentration at the two sites. As a result of analysis, when the boundary layer height was lower and the sea breeze was weaker in Youngsuri, the ozone concentration of Youngsuri was high. Furthermore when the sea breeze blew from the south in the eastern area of Busan, the sea breeze at Youngsuri turned into the southeast and the intensity of sea breeze was weaker because of the mountain in the southern region of Youngsuri. In that case, the difference of ozone concentration between Youngsuri and Gijang was considerable.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the meteorological characteristics of wintertime high PM10 concentration episodes in Busan. PM10 concentration has been reduced for the past four years and recorded near or exceeded 100 ㎍/㎥ (national standard of PM10). High concentration episodes in Busan were 6 case, PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.36∼0.39(mean 0.55). High PM10 concentration occurred during higher air temperature, more solar radiation and sunshine, lower relative humidity, and smaller cloud amount. Synoptically, it also occurred when Busan was in the center or the edge of anticyclone and when sea breeze intruded. An analysis of upper air sounding showed that high PM10 concentration occurred when surface inversion layer and upper subsidence inversion layer existed, and when boundary layer depth and vertical mixing coefficient were low. An analysis of backward trajectory of air mass showed that high PM10 concentration was largely affected by long range transport considering that it occurs when air mass is intruded from China.