이온교환막은 전기투석, 연료전지 외에도 수처리 공정에 있어 관심도가 매우 높다. 본 연구에서는 이온교환막에 사용되는 이온교환수지를 대신할 물질로써 입자를 제조하였다. 나노단위의 입자가 표면적을 증가시켜 기존의 이온교환수지보다 더 높은 이온교환능이 기대된다. 단분산된 나노크기의 입자를 제조하여 양이온은 -NH3+,-NR3+,-PR3+,-SR2+등의 관능기를 그리고 음이온은 –SO3-,-COO-,-PO3-,-C6H4O- 등의 관능기를 도입함으로써 각각 양전하와 음전하로 높게 하전시킬 수 있다. 입자를 제조하고 이에 따른 제타전위를 측정하고 IEC, FT-SEM, TGA 및 FT-IR을 측정하여 특성을 파악하였다.

선체의 횡관성모멘트는 선박의 횡운동 특성을 다루는 경우 제외될 수 없는 요소로서 그 크기의 적정성은 선체 동특성 해석의 결과와 신뢰성에 큰 영향을 미친다. 그러나 선박은 질량분포와 형상이 복잡하므로 이를 직접적인 계산을 통해 값을 구하기에는 과정이 매우 복잡하고 대상 선박의 구체적인 관련 자료를 얻기도 어렵다는 점에서 실용적으로는 선체 질량의 등가적 관성반경을 선체폭의 일정비율로 계산하는 간접적인 방법이 통용되고 있다. 한편, 어느 선체의 자유 횡운동이 나타내는 횡요 주기와 감쇠형태는 관성모멘트에 의해 영향을 받기 마련이고 따라서 이러한 응답의 결과적인 모양으로부터 역으로 해당 선박의 관성모멘트를 구하는 일반식의 도출이 가능할 것으로 유추될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 관찰에 의한 선체의 횡요 주기는 경사각의 진폭 감쇠비에 의해서도 달라지는 관계를 해석하여 횡요 주기와 경사각 진폭 감쇠비 모두를 함수 인자로 포함하는 일반식에 의해 횡관성모멘트 크기가 구해질 수 있음을 나타내었다. 또한 이러한 일반식에 횡요 관찰 선박의 주요 제원을 적용하였을 때 나타나는 특성 그래프들을 분석한 결과 횡요주기 뿐 아니라 진폭감쇠비가 함께 검토될 때 얻어지는 관성모멘트 값이 보다 정확해진다는 것을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 silicalite-1 제올라이트 분리막 합성 시에 종결정 코팅용액 pH 변화가 제올라이트 분리층 미세구조에 미치는 영항을 고찰하였다. 75 nm 크기로 합성된 종결정은 에탄올에 분산된 후 침지코팅법으로 지지체 표면에 코팅되었으며 분산용액의 pH는 2.2, 7.0, 9.3으로 조절되었다. pH가 7인 경우, 균일하고 두께가 3~4 μm인 silicalite-1 제올라이트 분리층이 형성되었고 분리층 결정입 크기는 100 nm로 미세하였다. 반면, pH가 2.2와 9.3인 경우, 분리층 두께가 얇고 불완전하였으며 분리층 결정입 크기도 약 1 μm로 조대하였다. pH 7에서 완전한 제올라이트 분리층이 형성된 것은 침지코팅 중에 지지체와 종 결정이 서로 다른 부호의 전하를 가져 정전기적 인력이 작용하여 균일하고 조밀하며 두껍고 다층의 종결정 코팅층이 형성되었 기 때문이었다. 반면에 pH가 2.2와 9.3인 경우, 침지코팅 중에 지지체와 종결정이 서로 같은 부호의 전하를 가져 정전기적 반 발력이 작용하기 때문에 불완전한 덮힘에 의하여 불완전한 분리층이 형성된다고 판단되었다. 결론적으로, 종결정 코팅용액의 pH가 silicalite-1 제올라이트 분리층의 두께, 결정립 크기 등 미세구조를 결정하는 중요한 인자임을 확인할 수 있었다.

1970년대부터 경제적·사회적 측면에서 자연자원(natural capital) 가치를 제고하는 연구가 지속적으로 확대되는 추세 를 보였다. UN환경계획(UNEP)의「새천년생태계평가 (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)보고서」는 생태 계 서비스에 대한 각국의 정책적 관심을 촉구한다. 생물다 양성협약(CBD)에서는 당사국들로 하여금 생태계와 생물 다양성의 경제학(TEEB, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2010) 연구를 활성화시키고 국가별 이행 체계 수립을 촉구한다. 생태계 서비스(ecosystem service), 즉 생태계 편익이란 자연 생태계가 인류에게 제공하는 편익을 말한다. 여기에는 경작·수렵·채취·방목, 독특한 경관, 레크리에이션, 휴양, 생 물자원, 맑은 공기와 물, 연료, 풍수해 조절 및 미사용 가치 등이 포함된다. 그동안 생태계 서비스는 무상으로 향유할 수 있는 재화로 간주되었으나 도시의 팽창과 개발의 가속화 로 인하여 자연환경용량(carrying capacity)이 침해되면서 서비스 기능이 저하되자 이를 인위적으로 복원·증진시키려 는 노력들이 경주되었다. 생태계 서비스를 제공하는 자연자 본을 지속 가능하게 유지하고 보전하기 위해서는 소유자가 자연자본을 유지․보전하기 위해 감수해야 하는 기회비용의 보전이 필요하다. 그렇지 않으면 자연자본을 훼손하는 등의 방향으로 토지이용이 전개되어, 생태계 서비스가 지속적으 로 공급되지 못한다. 한강 물이용 부담금처럼, 생태계 서비스(ecosystem services) 를 누리는 소비자들이 이 서비스를 생산하는 토지소유 자․관리자나 지역주민들과 자연자원으로부터 비롯하는 혜 택을 공유하고 이러한 공유를 환경보전과 연동시키는 체계 [생태계 서비스의 제도화]는 매우 필요하고 고무적이다. 하 지만 이러한 체계가 정부만의 노력에 그치거나 민간의 자발 적 캠페인에 머무른다면, 지속성이 떨어질 수 있다. 생태계 서비스 생산자와 소비자 사이에 이익을 공유할 수 있는 법 체계의 개선이 필요하다. 특히 생태계 서비스 지불(payment for ecosystem serv ice)은 생태계 서비스를 유지하기 위한 기회비용에 대한 보 상이다. 생태계 서비스 지불 프로그램은 생태계서비스 사용 자(자연자원 훼손이나 자연의 생태계 서비스 감소보다 더 저렴한 비용으로 혜택을 받는 사용자)와 생태계 서비스 제 공자(생태계 보전과 복원 행위로 보상받는 제공자) 모두에 게 경제적 혜택을 주며 또한 생태계와 생태계 관련 자연자 원에게도 혜택을 준다. 현행 환경법제는 이미 생태계 서비스와 관련된 여러 가지 제도들을 도입하고 있다. 우리 정책과 법제는 생태계 서비 스를 만들어 내는 생태계의 보전과 생물다양성의 유지에 유념하는 한편 그로 인한 혜택공유(benefit sharing)를 위하 여 노력한다. 하지만 이미 존재하는 생태계 서비스 관련 비 용편익분석(BCA) 등 각종 정책과 법제들의 정합성이 문제 된다. 또한 법률의 힘에 따라 정부가 생태계서비스 보상제 를 강제적으로 실시하는 방식과 민간이 계약에 따라 자발적 으로 실시하는 보상제가 어떻게 병행할 수 있는가에 관한 체계적 해석이 부족하다. 나아가 생태계서비스를 제도화할 수 있는 환경영향평가법은 생태계 서비스에 관한 환경법상 의 실체적 규정들을 지탱하는 기능을 수행하지만 생태계와 생물다양성을 보전하는 차원에 머물러 있을 뿐, 생태계 및 생물다양성의 효용을 판가름하는 지표(index)로서 생태계 서비스에 관하여서는 소극적인 태도를 취한다. 이 연구에서 는 생태계, 생물다양성 및 생태계 서비스와 관련된 법제를 살피고, 자발적 보상제의 근간이 되는 국민신탁법과 환경영 향평가법 등을 검토함으로써, 생태계 서비스의 제도화를 증 진하기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 생물다양성보전 부문에서 부담금 또는 생태보전협력금 과 같은 ‘법률상 강제력’에 의한 정부모형만으로 국가목표 를 달성하기 어렵다. 민간부문은 기부나 계약과 같은 법적경로[민간모형]를 통하여 생물다양성 보전에 자발적으로 참여할 필요가 있다. 생물다양성협약(CBD)이나 아이치목 표 등은 생물다양성으로부터 얻는 이익을 이해관계자들이 공평하게 향유하도록 요청하고 있으나, 법률이 정하는 명령 통제 방식으로 이익을 분배할 경우에는 형식성과 엄격성으 로 인하여 형평을 도모하기 어려운 경우가 많다. 법률이 허 용하는 한도 내에서 이해관계자들 사이에 관습이나 계약과 같은 임의방식에 따라 이익을 분배할 수 있는 경로가 병행 되어야 할 것이다. 개발자나 생태계서비스 향유자는 그들이 파괴하거나 소 비하는 생태계서비스의 대가를 지급함이 정의롭다. 그렇다 고 하여, 이해관계자들이 자선(charity)과 같은 낮은 단계의 법적형식으로 대가를 치를 경우에는 ‘권리와 의무’ 또는 ‘자 유와 책임’ 간에 비례의 원칙이 실현되지 아니한다. 자연자 원에 관한 공평한 이익공유가 지속적으로 이루어지기 위하 여서는 국민신탁법(National Trust Act)에 따른 당사자들의 합의에 따라 (법적 구속력이 있는) 보전협약 또는 분배약정 과 같은 높은 단계의 법적형식이 요청된다. 이해관계자들 사이에 법적 구속력이 있는 계약이 체결되기 위하여서는 개발이익에 따르는 사업자의 보전의무 또는 보전노력에 따 르는 지역주민의 분배이익이 계량화되어야 한다. 자연자원 내지 생물다양성이 이해관계자들에게 주는 이익을 계량화 하기 위하여서는 사라질 경관이나 생명체들의 목록을 작성 하는 것만으로는 불가능하고 특정 권역의 개발로 상실될 생태계서비스의 양이 계량화되고 이것이 당사자들의 계약 에 반영되어야 할 것이다. 환경영향평가제도의 개선도 필요하다. 우리나라는 엄격 하고 정밀한 환경영향평가 체계를 보유하고 있다. 하지만 개발이나 보전과 관련된 이해 당사자들은 개발로 인하여 어떠한 생태계가 얼마나 파괴되며 어떠한 생물종들이 사라 지는가를 알 수 있지만, 그 개발로 인하여 인류복지에 영향 을 미치는 현실적인 생태계 서비스가 얼마나 영향을 받는가 를 실제 모른다. 이러한 한계를 극복하자면, 환경영향평가 절차에서 개발로 인한 생태계 서비스의 변화가 구체적으로 평가될 수 있어야 한다. 이를 위하여서는 ①현행 전략환경 영향평가 절차(환경영향평가법시행령 별표1: 분야별 세부 평가항목)에서 「나.개발기본계획 2)입지의 타당성 가)자 연환경의 보전」마지막 호에 “(5)생태계 서비스의 가치와 변화”를 추가하고; ②현행 환경영향평가 절차(환경영향평 가법시행령 별표1: 분야별 세부평가항목)에서도 「가. 자연 생태환경 분야」에 “3)생태계 서비스의 가치와 변화”를 추 가하여야 할 것이다.

This study was conducted from October 2014 to May 2015 to explore forage production and feed values of Italian ryegrass, Rye and whole crop barley as winter forage crops in the Southern region of Korea. The experimental location was over 10 points for each species and each sampling point area was 1 m² (Width: 1 m × Length: 1 m). Air mean temperature and rainfall in the Southern region of Korea during the experimental period was 6.95 ± 5.75℃ and 70.45 ± 54.68 mm, respectively. Fresh forage yield of Italian ryegrass, the most cultivated forage in the Southern region of Korea, was 44.4 ± 7.0 ton/ha. The percentage of dry matter for whole crop barley was 28.9 ± 7.0%. Crude protein (CP) was higher in Italian ryegrass (10.7 ± 5.3%) while total digestible nutrient (TDN) had the highest value in whole crop barley. Crude protein was not significantly different by location. However, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient value of forage from Jeonbuk province were higher than in forage from Gyeongnam province.

본 연구는 경영자의 사업에 대한 가치관을 경제적 가치관과 사회적 가치관으로 구분하고, 두 가치관이 교육훈련 투자(교육훈련 총액, 교육훈련 방법 다양성)에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 그리고 경영 자의 사업 가치관과 교육훈련 투자의 관계에서 불확실한 환경과 전년도 경영성과를 조절변수로 설정하여 환경 및 재정적 여건들 하에서 교육훈련 투자에 대한 경영자 사업 가치관의 영향력을 확인하고자 하였다. 조사는 군산 소재 500여 개의 중소기업 경영자들을 대상으로 사업 가치관과 교육훈련 투자(금액 및 방법)에 대해 설문조사하였다. 설문조사는 우편, 이메일, 그리고 직접 방문 등을 통해서 이루어졌으며, 총 153개 업체의 자료를 통계 처리하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중소기업 경영자의 사회적 가치관은 교육훈련 투자액과 교육훈련 방법 다양성 모두에 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 나타냈다. 이 결과는 경영자가 기업 운영을 통해 사회 에 기여하고자 하는 신념이 강할수록, 보다 고품질의 제품과 서비스를 양산하기 위해 교육훈련 투자액을 높이고, 다양한 교육훈련 방법들(현장 OJT, 멘토링, 직무 관련 교육 프로그램, 관리자 승진 교육훈련, e-Learning, 외부 강사 초청 교양교육 등)을 동원함을 보여주는 것이다. 둘째, 경영자의 경제적 가치관과 교육훈련 방법 다양성과 통계적으로 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 나타냈다. 즉, 경제적 가치관의 중소기업 경영 자는 필수적인 교육훈련 이외의 다양한 교육훈련에 부정적임을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 환경 불확실성과 전년 도 경영성과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며, 그 이유를 논의하였다. 마지막으로 연구의 시사점과 한계점을 토론하였다.

본 연구는 유아기에 출산에 대한 긍정적인 가치관을 형성할 수 있도록 출산친화적 가치관 형성 코칭프로그램을 개발하였으며 이는 저출산 문제를 극복하고자 하는데 궁극적인 목적을 두었다. 저출산 및 가치관 교육과 관련된 연구, 출산친화적 가치관형성 교육프로그램에 관한 선행연구와 함께 누리과정의 사회관계영역과 자연탐구영역의 나와 가족, 사회, 생명체에 관한 세부내용을 바탕으로 프로그램의 이론을 확립한 후 활동안을 개발하였고 각 회기마다 Active코칭 대화모델 6단계를 적용하였다. 이를 토대로 총 12회기의 출산친화적 가치관 형성 코칭프로그램을 개발하였으며 전문가 2인과 함께 적합성 여부를 검토하였다. 출산친화적 가치관 형성 코칭프로그램의 내용은 총 12회기로 이루어졌으며 언어, 인지가 발달한 만 5세를 대상으로 하였다. 1-4회기는 결혼가치관에 관한 내용으로 결혼을 주제로 브레인스토밍, 이야기나누기, 미술, 편지쓰기, 역할극 등 다양한 활동내용과 학습목표를 제시하였으며, 5-8회기는 가족가치관에 관한 내용으로 문학, 이야기 나누기, 역할극, 미술활동 등을 통해 부모의 소중함과 고마움, 9-12회기는 자녀가치관으로 이야기나누기, 문학, 역할극, 미술, 탐색활동을 통해 형제와 사이좋게 지내고, 형제의 소중함과 고마움을 통해 존재를 인정해 주는 것을 활동목표로 하여 회기별 활동안을 구성하였다. 각 회기마다 Active코칭 대화모델 6단계를 적용하여 교사가 유아의 의견을 존중하고, 유아가 자유롭게 의사표현을 할 수 있도록 피드백 한다.

Unlike many canonized literary figures, William Butler Yeats endures as a curious and multifarious point of reference for both the academic community and purveyors of more popular media. Yeats allusions, references, and evocations span time, location, and genre, but their volume and consistency clearly indicate that Yeats matters. His name retains an authoritative, enduring, and uniquely protean capital; his literary signature aids the writer and affords resources, aligning it with a distinctive, though vaguely defined, literary tradition, historically popular and urbane, that simultaneously exploits, asserts, and perpetuates Yeats’s eminent and mutable position in the increasingly globalized, transnational cultural memory of the last half century. Through discussions of Richard Ellmann’s relationship with George Yeats, Yeats’s (re)politicization by Said and Kiberd near the end of the century, and Yeats’s appearances in television/film, I explore how Yeats’s poetry and personage have been tangled in complex notions of national, ethnic and social power across the 20th century.

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to compare the satisfaction in major and work value among the each grade of college nursing students. Methods: This study adopted the descriptive comparative design, Subjects were 225 students from two nursing schools in the Seoul city. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Duncan post-hoc test, and Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results: There were significant differences in major satisfaction and especially, senior students showed the lowest score. There were no significant differences in the work value among the grades. The major satisfaction was correlated significantly with the work value. It showed that higher major satisfaction, more positive work value. Conclusion: Based on the results, major satisfaction had significant correlations with the work value among the students. Which proves that the scores of major satisfaction has its effects on the students’ values of the profession. Therefore, new education system using various learning strategies such as simulation and team-based learning is must needed for each grade in order for students to gain satisfaction in their major, which will improve the nature of future nursing environment and their working values.

The luxury market keeps growing in the global world. Marketing scholars focus on Chinese luxury consumers, because Chinese consumers show different characteristics comparing to foreign consumers. Personal hedonic value cannot be ignored among factors which influence consumers’ purchase intention. After the survey on 128 consumers who have luxury purchasing experience, the study finds out that as the two of three sub-dimensions of hedonic value, self-gifting and self-pleasure can significantly influence luxury perceived value, but self-enrichment has nothing to do with it. Luxury perceived value can directly affect consumers’ purchase intention on luxury products. But this relationship can be negatively moderated by interpersonal effects. At the end, managerial implications and theoretical contributions are discussed.

Increasing attention has been paid to marketing and consumer behavior of luxury industry but research into value creation network and operational mechanisms is very limited. This study focuses on two aspects of the luxury industry: luxury brand and value chain, to inform a comprehensive understanding of the value creation process for high value added brands. In luxury industry, the key elements that create and deliver value are brand, design and research, production, distribution, and retail. A clear brand identity is found as the first step of this value chain, which influences the choices of all other activities. Luxury goods companies will align all the activities in line with brand identity to deliver consistent tangible and intangible values to end users. Furthermore, a luxury value chain is a holistic network with strong coordination among its elements. A combined approach of case study and secondary data collection is pursued. A sample of 9 luxury companies within 6 selected industries is investigated. Data is qualitatively collected via semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and observations as a triangulation approach for the purpose of ensuring the reliability of the research data. Multiple interviews of the general manager, industrial manager, brand/communication manager, creative director, and store manager are conducted in each company to achieve a broader perspective and also make data triangulation procedures possible. This research contributes to the luxury brands management as well as value chain concept. It discusses the value creation network and operational mechanism from a less explored corporate perspective. It unveils a secretive existence of brand in value generation process and further establishes a model to amplify the relationship between each activity in the value chain. Also, it expands the research of value chain into luxury industry. It argues that a supply leading value chain can also command a premium rather than the customer-centric value chain discussed by most researchers recently. It also provides valuable insights for companies who want to have a high-end market position. It shows that the widely adopted luxury strategy invented mainly by French and Italian companies employs fundamentally different rules from those of fast-moving consumer goods in mass market. In short, a luxury strategy is different in nature, not in level.

Dongdaemun Fashion Town, a representative clothing wholesale and retail market in South Korea, is a traditional market that was formed in the 19th century in the late Chosun Dynasty. Since then, the market system has strengthened and, as of now, Dongdaemun Fashion Town can produce various products in batch production and is characterized by a quick market response (Jung, Choo, & Chung, 2007). Furthermore, all fashion-related functions are available, making Dongdaemun Fashion Town an industrial cluster where all related businesses and services are locally concentrated (Ko, Choo, Lee, Song, & Whang, 2013). These characteristics of Dongdaemun Fashion Town relieve market trade cost and build a unique production system. It is positioned as a central clothing wholesale and retail district with the function of a national wholesale market. This Dongdaemun Fashion Town system creates services that customers demand through cooperation, partnership, or outsourcing between various suppliers and various resources (Nam, Kim, Yim, Lee, & Jo, 2009). Thus, Dongdaemun Fashion Town is a system space composed of subordinate markets with unique taste functions; here, a systematic network between the suppliers is significant. It produces value co-creation through collaboration with suppliers. However, few previous studies have investigated co-value created through co-production or co-innovation from Dongdaemun Fashion Town. Also, the shift from product-centered thinking to the customer-centered thinking implies the need for an accompanying shift to the customer-based strategy. It also refers the necessity of strategy to improve customer equity (Rust, Lemon, & Zeithaml, 2004). Therefore, further study is needed on co-creation research to make cyclical growth of traditional market and customer equity. The structure of this study is as follows. First, the characteristics of the Dongdaemun Fashion Town’s co-production, co-innovation, and value co-creation are investigated and each of the subordinate aspects is investigated. Second, the influence of co-production, co-innovation, and value co-creation on customer equity driver is analyzed. Third, the moderating effects on the types of suppliers’ (wholesale/retail) influence relationship are analyzed. In total, 300 samples by wholesalers and retailers were collected for the final analysis. Data analysis was performed used SPSS 21.0 for exploratory factor analyses, reliability analysis, and descriptive statistics. Based on the results, AMOS 18.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis and multiple group analysis. The results of this study provide an insight into the influence of Dongdaemun Fashion Town’s co-production, co-innovation, and value co-creation on customer equity by wholesalers and retailers. The study concludes with outlining future directions of research that can be used in the development of marketing strategies.

INTRODUCTION The term luxury usually defines not a category of products but a conceptual and symbolic set of dimensions. These dimensions comprise values that are strongly related to cultural elements and the wider socio-economic context (Vickers & Renand, 2003). Vickers and Renand (2003) recognised luxury goods as symbols of personal and social identity. Luxury is often used as a social marker, as a social stratification tool to reinforce a hierarchy (Okonkwo, 2010, Kapferer & Bastien, 2009). Due to the subjective nature of the luxury concepts and the complexity to define it, perceptions of luxury brands are not consistent across market segments and geographic locations (Phau & Prendergast, 2000), since they depend largely on each consumer's perception of indulgence. A common denominator between consumers in both Western and Eastern cultures is that the purchase of luxury brands serves to portray individuality and/or social standing (Nueno & Quelch, 1998; Vigneron & Johnson, 2004). Consumption of luxury brands is largely determined by social function attitudes (i.e. self-expression attitude and self-presentation attitude) as consumers express their individuality (e.g., need for uniqueness) and exhibits their social standing (e.g., self monitoring) through luxury brands (Wilcox et al., 2009). It is of growing importance for researchers and managers to understand how consumers' perceptions of value, influences buying criteria and behaviour (Tynan et al., 2010; Wiedmann, Hennigs, & Siebels, 2007). The perception of value by consumers is given a higher importance (Tynan et al., 2010) however the measurement of luxury value is not agreed amongst scholars and practitioners. Vigneron and Johnson (2004) proposed a structure of the luxury concept and presented the “brand luxury index” framework. Wiedmann et al. (2007) offered a conceptual model of luxury value perceptions highlighting four dimensions, namely: social, personal, functional, and financial values. Tynan et al. (2010) have adapted the earlier work by Smith and Colgate (2007) on generic value framework and suggested a conceptual model based on the following concepts: utilitarian, symbolic/ expressive, experiential/hedonic, relational, and cost/ sacrifice value. With the emergence of new concepts and levels of luxury, the measurement of value becomes even harder. According to Unity Marketing (2006) “…‘old luxury’ was about the attributes, qualities and features of the product and much of its appeal was derived from status and prestige. The new luxury consumer defines the category from their point of view. Today’s new luxury consumers focus on the experience of luxury embodied in the goods and services they buy, not in the ownership itself.” Robins and Ricca (2012) propose an alternative perspective on the established ‘new’ vs. ‘old’ luxury dichotomy. According to the authors, the more brands define themselves as belonging to the world of luxury, the more the concept becomes meaningless as luxury becomes ‘massified’. They introduce the concept of Meta-Luxury as a new form of luxury that escapes the cliché of luxury and establishes the “luxury beyond luxury”. In these complex scenarios, luxury brands are on a constant quest to remain relevant and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage. According to Beverland (2004) marketers now need to use “a complex combination of dedication to product quality, a strong set of values, tacit understanding of marketing, a focus on detail, and strategic emergence” in order to effectively manage luxury brands. With the recent focus on co-creation of value, luxury brand management has evolved to include dialogue and complex interactions between the brand owner, employee, customers and other social groups and communities (Tynan et al. 2010) making success factors harder to track. Purpose This paper aims to conceptualize a measurement tool that could be used in the evaluation and classification of a luxury brand’s performance and to assess how these dimensions evolve as the brand moves from mature towards more emerging luxury markets. This paper seeks to make a contribution, by providing a systematic review of the definitions of a luxury brand provided by various authors. It seeks to establish patterns and inconsistencies and to summarise them in a performance measurement matrix (the LPM framework) which can be used to identify growth strategies and to support future managerial developments. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach followed in this paper was to systematically review the academic literature on luxury brands and to reduce the numerous factors cited as components and identifiers of luxury brands to a more manageable number of macro-themes. Through the analysis of the dimensions identified (with a further distinction between ‘new’ and ‘old’ luxury brands), the researchers intended to clarify the key elements of success that impact on brands competitiveness, leading to the definition of the items in the scale. In order to validate the elements, a survey was implemented to identify the most crucial indicators by building on the results of the systematic review. The aim of the survey was to clarify detailed criteria for each of the dimensions in order to construct an effective measurement scale. The scale was tested on four luxury brands selected amongst those perceived as ‘old’ / traditional luxury and ‘new’/emergent luxury. Findings Amongst academics and practitioners there is no common agreement or clear parameters that delineate what luxury is or the strategies such brands employ. This leads to confusion in the definition of the elements that constitute a luxury brand as well as in the brand management process. This paper proposes an alternative measurement scale to the Brand Luxury Index Scale developed by Vigneron and Johnson by focusing on a strategic overview of the performance of luxury brands in the UK market. It attempts to evaluate the performances of key luxury players by using a value-curve approach (Kim and Mauborgne, 2005) as a measurement tool. The value curve is a both a diagnostic and an action tool which captures the current state of play in the market space. The different constituents of the proposed Luxury Performance Matrix (LPM) should be considered when measuring the performance of a luxury brand and its capacity for value creation. The visual representation of the LPM model, allows marketers and brand managers to easily evaluate what aspects and strategic directions should be prioritized. It also allows to capture the brand’s performance across the key competitive factors of the industry and to determine which factors need to be raised above competition as way to increase competitiveness in the marketplace. The Luxury Performance Matrix proposed in this paper represents a major contribution to the measurement and evaluation of the competitive performances of established and ‘new’ luxury brands, in mature and emerging markets. Originality/value The proposed matrix will allow luxury brand managers to assess the current presence in the marketplace and develop more in-depth understanding of the brand’s performance. The findings provide valuable strategic insights for luxury brands operating across emerging and established product/market contexts.

Corporate reputation is one of the most important assets for a firm. Literature has widely investigated on how corporate reputation affects competitive advantages and marketing strategies, thus improving customer loyalty and brand’s image. Specifically, scholars have focused on reputational loss event’s linkage with both financial performance and cushion effect on stock price fall during economic crises. Corporate reputation can be divided into three interrelated elements: managerial, financial, and product reputation. Main critical drivers that characterize corporate reputation are, firstly, the quality of product, management, and employees; then, organizational attractiveness, social responsibility and financial performance. Reputation loss may have different nature, resulting both from critical events that deeply affect customers’ perception, and from organizational drivers that are not significantly considered by customers although important for corporate social responsibility. To our best knowledge, while much effort has been given to positive effects of reputation, scarce attention has been given to the typology of reputational loss event impacting on firm’s financial situation. Thanks to multiple case studies in global fashion industry, the authors assess market reactivity after corporate loss of reputation. The focus is on critical drivers that may damage a brand’s image, consequently causing a financial loss. In addition to this, the paper highlights the nature of main reputational risks that mostly impact on stakeholders’ perception of firm’s reputation in fashion industry.

Expensive handbags, in particular, luxury designer handbags are incredibly popular among fashionable women. This is why many fashion houses such as Chanel and Hermes offer handbags as another product line as part of their accessories category (Juggessur, 2011). Some retailers claim that owning a luxury designer handbag worth more than £1,000 can make financial sense to middle-class women, who may not spend as much on clothing, but view an expensive luxury designer handbag as an investment piece which can be used every day, adding a touch of glamour (Juggessur, 2011). The global handbag market encompasses exceedingly dynamic players and an expanding consumer base, which is expected to flourish due to increasing demand from emerging markets and strong performances by the international luxury brands (Digital Luxury Group, 2013). The top 10 markets for luxury handbags, collectively gathered over 120 million online searches, demonstrating substantial global demand for the world’s most covetable luxury items (Digital Luxury Group, 2013) (see Figure 1) . Figure 1: demand of luxury handbag globally (Digital Luxury Group, 2013) The country subjects are UK and Indonesia. Despite the fact that both of Indonesia and UK are reflected as positive luxury market (Digital Luxury Group, 2013; Euromonitor, 2014), both of the countries have differences which may lead to different motivation of luxury purchase. Indonesia is emerging market, while UK is a mature market. The rise of emerging market makes difference. Back then, individualist country is more refer to western developed countries, while collectivistic country is refer to eastern developing countries (Hofstede, 2011; Shukla, 2012). Nowadays, emerging countries are catching up with developed countries (Nielsen, 2013). Increasing exposure to global media and the depiction of western lifestyles in local media seem to have increased the desire for high-quality goods and services among consumers in emerging markets (Belk, 1999). With regards to luxury products and services, studying the consumption patterns in emerging markets is particularly important due to the phenomenal growth of luxury consumption among consumers in these markets (Shukla, 2012). For example, according to Bain and Company (2012), 85 per cent of all luxury stores will be opening in emerging markets over the coming decade. Moreover, recent studies highlight the significantly strong influence of the materialism trait with luxury consumption in emerging markets (Lertwannawit and Mandhachitara, 2011; Podoshen et al., 2011). As predicted by BCG (2010), in 2015, emerging-market cities will account for around 20 per cent which is $2.6 trillion of the total global consumption of clothing and house as a priority of future expenditures. The key consumer base for luxury goods has long since left Europe, moving West to the United States, but also East to the Gulf States and Asia, and South to Latin America, particularly Brazil (Business of Fashion, 2014). Luxury companies are no longer focusing for mature market. However, luxury goods enable consumers to satisfy their material as well as socio-psychological needs to a greater degree than regular goods (Vigneron and Johnson, 2004; Wiedmann et al., 2009). Luxury brands are one of the most profitable and fastest-growing brand segments, yet at the same time, the social influences associated with luxury brands are poorly understood and under investigated (Shukla, 2010; Wiedmann et al., 2009; Tynan et al., 2010). Increasing exposure to global media and the depiction of western lifestyles in local media seem to have increased the desire for high-quality goods and services among consumers in emerging markets (Belk, 1999). With regards to luxury products and services, studying the consumption patterns in emerging markets is particularly important due to the phenomenal growth of luxury consumption among consumers in these markets (Shukla, 2012). From those passages, it can be inferred that emerging market countries are the targets of luxury brand companies to invest in the market. Culture is changing: The rise of Emerging Market As previously discussed in the second chapter, when the political, societal, and economic environments change, people's cultural values also change. Thus, many cultural theories should be updated and re-evaluated periodically. Hence, Wu (2006) said that Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Dimension theory is no longer applicable. Additionally Saiq et al. (2014) said that Hofstede’s Individualistic Dimension work is too old and can’t be effectively implemented in the era of rapidly changing environment, convergence and globalization. The arguments by Wu (2006) and Saiq et al. (2013) is supporting Bian and Forsythe (2012) which argue that culture is changing as a consequence of the increasingly global economy especially in emerging market, converging in the direction of greater individualism. As a result, collectivist societies might adopt some individualistic elements, but this would not change their societal identity or their social label as a collective society (Bian and Forsythe, 2012). The contrasts between few contemporary studies of luxury value perception in Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Country (Bian Forsythe; 2012, Li et al, 2012; Shukla and Purani, 2012) (see Table 1) are leading to confusion in understanding value perception on luxury purchase between individualistic country vs. collectivistic country. For an instance, according to Li et al. (2012), a collectivistic country (China) has high consideration of functional value dimension for luxury purchase, but according to Shukla and Purani (2012), a collectivistic country (India) has low consideration of functional value perception for luxury purchase. Another example, according to Bian and Forsythe (2012), an individualistic county (US) consider high personal and social value dimension for luxury purchase, but according to Shukla and Purani (2012), individualistic country (UK) consider low personal and social value dimension on the luxury purchase. The study results were supporting a statement of Shukla (2012) that culture is not static and it keeps changing Table 1: The contrast between study results about value perception across culture Impact on the Future Brand Strategy Consumer value plays as critical role at the heart of all marketing movement and hence undoubtedly deserves attention of every consumer scholars (Holbrook, 1999) especially, in the next decade, customer is predicted as the key orientation of luxury business (BCG Report, 2014) (see Figure 2). The current crisis in luxury marketing area is encouraging companies to look more deeply into the links between consumers and luxury brands (Godey et al., 2013). Consumption of luxury products is based on two main reasons: the purchase for one’s self, for pleasure and purchase as a symbol of success (Godey et al., 2013). Nevertheless, whatever the perspective chosen, the brand remains the main vehicle for connecting with the consumer (Godey et al., 2013).To understand the right brand strategy, the purpose of this study is to identify the constructs of perceived peer communication in social media activities of luxury fashion brands, and to evaluate the influence of those activities on purchase intention in the UK and Indonesia. This research will propose a strategy to enhance brands' performance by defining specific factors relating to purchase intention. Moreover, the findings will enable luxury brands to forecast customer purchasing behaviour. The full conceptual model of this study can be found on Figure 2. Figure 2: The conceptual model of the study Methodology Steenkamp and Baumgartner (1998) suggest using a structural equation modelling approach for cross-culture study. SEM analysis has been successfully applied by many scholars to measure luxury value perception (Bian & Forysthe, 2012; Shukla, 2012; Casidy, 2012; Monkhouse et al., 2013; Hennigs et al., 2013). The structural equation design of this study is illustrated on Figure 3. The method of self-completion questionnaire allows for a greater geographical coverage than face-to-face interviews without incurring the additional costs of time and travel and they are particularly useful when carrying out research with geographically dispersed populations (Seale, 2012). Self-completed questionnaires were distributed to thirty students with snowball sampling by online survey to each country (UK and Indonesia) and twenty valid samples were utilised from each country. Criterion sampling strategy reviews all cases that meet predetermined criteria (Patton, 2002). Both criterion and snowball sampling techniques were components of a purposeful sampling strategy designed to identify participants with this criteria: A. Originally from and live in Indonesia or originally from and live in the UK. B. Having experience in purchasing at least one of luxury handbag. Figure 3: The structural equation design of the study Result There are significant differences of value perception on luxury handbag between Indonesian consumers and UK consumers. Indonesian consumers are highly influenced by Social Value Perception while British consumers are less influenced by Social Value Perception when buying luxury handbags. British luxury handbag consumers are more focusing on the Functional Value Perception which is not much considered by Indonesian consumers. However, consumers from both countries are highly influenced by Personal Value Perception.

Backed by the rapidly-growing economy, China sends the most tourists to Korea. Accordingly, growing consumption of Chinese tourists is strongly drawing attention of the Korean retail industry. Academia has conducted more relevant researches, such as effective branding of Korean Wave, and services to attract tourists. Despite a series of efforts, including specialized tour products and language services, there have been an increasing number of Chinese visitors complaining about their experience in Korea and Chinese tourists are urgently demanding improvements. Hence, comprehending sophisticated consumption behavior of Chinese tourists is becoming more important than ever before. Also, it needs to explore how shopping experiential value that they experience while purchasing fashion goods in Korea affects their satisfaction of the store and product. Previous literature has shown that perceived shopping value has a positive effect on customer satisfaction and behavioral intention (Mathwick et al., 2001). Previous domestic studies that targeted Chinese tourists have focused on investigating the shopping motivation and satisfaction (Ko, 2011) and market segmentation of Chinese tourist shoppers (Oh, 2014). Previous studies have approached this problem mainly from its cognitive aspect and few studies have focused on the emotional aspect during shopping. This study suggests that emotional behavior mediates the relationship between shopping experiential value and consumer attitude toward products and stores. According to the Korea Tourism Organization, the ratio of male to female Chinese tourists visiting Korea changed from 69:31 in 1995 to 59:41 in 2005. In 2013, female Chinese tourists outnumbered males at a ratio of 41:59. The number of Chinese female tourists continues to increase. Females are known to be more involved in fashion consumption. Hence, this study is conducted on 550 Chinese female tourists who have shopping experiences during their visit to Korea. The ages of the respondents range from 20 to over 50 years old, with a mean age of 33.5 years. Their shopping experiential value is measured by visual appeal, crowding, economic benefits, and service excellence, and is expected to trigger emotions of entertainment and escapism. Variables including entertainment and escapism are measured using the Experiential Value Scale developed by Mathwick et al. (2001). This study finds that three experiential values (visual appeal, crowding, and service excellence) have positive influences on entertainment. For example, customers feel greater entertainment when visual appeal, service excellence and/or the number of customers in the store is greater. The emotion of entertainment turns out to have positive impacts on both store satisfaction and product satisfaction. According to the examination of how shopping experiential values affect escapism, crowding and economic benefits have a positive impact, whereas visual appeal and service excellence have a negative impact on escapism. Previous studies define escapism as an emotion of which customers are absorbed by entertaining activities and satisfied with shopping. This study assumes that all the shopping experiential values may have a positive impact on escapism. Escapism is a status where customers are deeply occupied with shopping without thinking of anything as if they were in another world, and a much stronger emotion of entertainment than usual pleasure from shopping. This study finds that the higher visual appeal and service excellence tends to generate the lower the escapism. This may be attributable to the fact that the survey was examined only on Chinese tourists. The respondents were asked to recall the most memorable item among the fashion products that they purchased during their visit to Korea. Their shopping experiences varied widely from well-organized malls, like department stores and duty free shops, to crowded environments, like Dongdaemun, traditional markets and subway stores. As a result, different experiential values have different impacts on escapism. Economic benefits and crowding which are experienced during shopping help to absorb in shopping, and these are likely to have positive impacts on escapism. On the other hand, visual appeal and service excellence may have different influences on escapism according to the shopping environment that Chinese consumers experienced. For example, Dongdaemun or subway stores are less visually appealing than department stores or duty free shops, but trigger stronger sense of escapism. Because survey questions to measure service excellence include Chinese (language) proficiency of sales staff, it is expected that higher language proficiency level of sales staff tends to generate lower degree of escapism, the sense of feeling that one is indeed in foreign country like Korea, for customers. Escapism has negative impacts on both product and store attitudes. Escapism is a status of absorption in which customers are emotionally occupied with pleasant feelings, and purchases along with a high escapism are likely to be less rational and more impulsive. In particular, this study examines tourist shoppers, and the respondents evaluate products they purchased in another country after they return home, and this may have caused the negative attitude toward products and shops. In fact, some previous studies found that overly positive emotions have negative impacts on purchase behavior (Liljander &Standvik, 1997; Andrade, 2005). This study confirms that the shopping experiential values perceived by Chinese tourists affect their product and store attitudes through the emotions of entertainment and escapism. It is particularly notable that this study verifies diverse roles of different emotions such as entertainment and escapism in the context of tourist shopping. This study employs empirical analysis on tourists, and provides practical implications including the importance of shopping experiential values for developing retail strategies.

A fashion social platform is a system that leverages the power of social connectivity to enable individuals to interact, accumulate information and create social values in fashion marketing. Fashion social platform participants, through their collective intelligence, give social platforms essential competence to solve economic and social issues, gather social capital, and create customer value. This study highlights the critical value of fashion social platforms and explains the relationships between knowledge sharing, social capital, and sustainable customer value. They examine (1) the effects of social network properties on knowledge sharing in fashion social platforms, (2) the effects of knowledge sharing on social capital, and (3) the effects of social capital on customer value in fashion social platforms. In the context of social platforms, this study clarifies the concept of customer value, the role of knowledge sharing, and the relationships between social capital and customer value. The study constructs a theoretical model regarding fashion social platforms and sustainable customer value that offers possible implications for fashion marketing practitioners.

Fresh attention is being paid to lifestyle brands offering differentiated contents and value such that the 21st century is now being called the age of global lifestyle. Recently national income has been increasing and a broad lifestyle culture has been established. Thus, brands with Scandinavian (Sweden, Denmark, or Norway), culture sensitivity, and design have deeply permeated the domestic market which has led to a domestic consumers' lifestyle trend (Chung& Park, 2004; Kwon, 2013; Magnus & Chrystin, 2003). In particular, such global lifestyle brands as Marimekko (Finland), CathKidston (UK), and Muji (Japan) have secured competitiveness in the global market as textile products which reflect its country's cultural identity (Lee& Park, 2014). Meanwhile, a new word, Hanban (韓版)which refers to Korean brands or products that were created from the Korean wave (韓流), which refers to Korean dramas or songs. Korean culture has been commercialized and grafted into various industries. In particular, a strong wind of Hanban in fashion cultural products not only has spread the Korean lifestyle to the world, but has enhanced its influence on related industries as well as fashion. Although certain major Korean companies launched lifestyle brands such as Jaju, Modern House, Butter, and Pum to help realize a Korean lifestyle brand business, most products sold in Korean lifestyle brands focus on overseas imported goods,so it is difficult to find Korean images on these products(Bang, 2004; Lee & Chung, 2013). The size of the lifestyle market is growing as a high value-added industry that can lead consumers' lifestyle trends, and there is a growing interest for Korean fashion cultural products. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to attempt to develop textile designs for Korean-made high value-added products with the improvement of Korean brand values. For study methodology, the status of lifestyle brands at home and abroad was examined and textile designs were developed for lifestyle brand B. For the development of the textile designs, demand required by brand B was researched and a textile design concept was established based on fashion and interior decoration trends. Then, a textile was designed using a motive that can effectively represent the identity of brand B and the Korean image. Adobe Photoshop 6.0 and Adobe Illustrator CC programs were used for the standardized textile design motif, pattern development, and colorway. The results were as follows. First, global lifestyle brands such as Marimekko, CathKidston, and Muji sell differentiated lifestyle products from other brands by applying motifs and colors which symbolize their country's and city's cultural image on textile products and displaying their own identity and peculiarity. On the other hand, Korean lifestyle brands such as Casamia, Hanssem, Kosney, and Art Box do not plan or produce their own design, but will import and sell foreign textile fabric or textile products with high recognition, or copy imported fabric. Thus, their textile design is unsatisfactory to express their own identity and satisfy consumers' needs. Second, as to the development direction required by brand B, a Korean lifestyle brand, the focus was to first, 'design American and European products using colors and techniques which reflect Korean image trends', Second, to create a 'design with Scandinavia's peculiar simplified line and sensitive color', and finally, to make a 'flower pattern design with good sustainable market feasibility'. Based on the direction and 2015 S/S color and textile trends, three concepts were established: Global Tribe, Bunny in the Wonderland, and Beyond Nature. Global Tribe is a folk paintin g(Minhwa) representing the Korean image well, and was reinterpreted in a modern sense. Bunny in the Wonderland is a modern Scandinavian style design using a rabbit, a symbol of brand B, as the main motif. Beyond Nature used a flower motif in various expression techniques and images. A textile design was developed by extracting from a folk painting, a rabbit, and a flower motif and standardizing a motif in watercolor, pen, and graphic techniques. It was digitalized by a scanner and a pattern was made via the steps of color adjustment and repetition. Three kinds of textile designs were developed according to three concepts and four kinds of colorways were made for each design. This study attempted to develop a textile design as Korean-made high value-added textile products. It is meaningful to suggest textile design with Korean cultural images and brand identity. Further study will focus on the development of fashion cultural products and DIY products to commercialize developed textile design.

Luxury brand marketers and advertisers are turning recent attention to social brand communities among users of luxury fashion brands (Ko & Megehee, 2012). Corporations or consumers build social brand communities to create authentic customer experiences, inspire interactivity, and enhance attitudes toward brand, brand loyalty, and purchase behavior. We look to structuration theory (Giddens, 1984) for providing new conceptual foundations for studying luxury brand communities (LBC) in the social media context. Our aim is to show that LBC strategies are effective for promoting luxury brands. Using structuration theory, we indicate that structure, integration, and interactivity provide conceptual frameworks for integrating and conceptualizing LBC. Our study is the first to use structuration theory concepts to develop a theoretical framework for LBC in the social media context. Through this study, we clarify (1) LBC structure, integration, and interactivity based on structuration theory in the social media context, (2) actual interaction and perceived interactivity of social media-based LBC, (3) structure, integration, and interactivity as they affect attitude, purchase intention, and brand loyalty as outcomes. Our clarifications suggest possible implications for luxury brand management practitioners. Marketing practitioners know that LBCs amplify customer relationships. Through this study, we offer insights to help luxury brand management practitioners understand customer behaviors in LBCs. Marketing practitioners will benefit from new ideas regarding how to develop and manage luxury brand strategies by understanding structure, integration, actual interaction, and perceived interactivity.