지중가온시설을 이용한 고구마뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood) 방제를 위하여 지하 20cm 깊이의 최저지온을 각각 30. 40, 50℃ 가온구 및 관행의 무지중가온구로 설정하고 담수구와 무담수구로 나누어 8월 1일부터 8월 5일까지 5일간 가온한 결과, 담수구의 경우 지온 40℃에서 5일간, 무담수구의경우 지온 50℃에 5일간 지중가온처리한 구에서 생존한 유충이 발견되지 않아 선충밀도를 경제적 피해수준 이하로 유지할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 지중가온으로 토양내 OM. P2 O5, Ca, Mg함량과 EC는 시험전 토양에 비하여 감소하였는데, 특히 담수처리에서 EC가 현저히 저하하였다

참외 금싸라기은천을 신토좌 대목에 호접하여 저온기 참외 시설재배시 지중가온의 효과를 구명하고자 비닐 하우스내에 온수보일러를 설치하여 지하 35cm 부위에 직경 15mm의 엑셀파이프를 180cm 이랑에 2열 매설한 후 지하 20cm의 최저 지온을 17℃, 21℃ 및 25℃로 설정하고 1월 18일부터 4월 18일까지 일정하게 유지 관리하여 무가온구와 비교 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 암꽃의 개화는 무가온구에 비해 17℃구는 1일, 21℃구는 6일, 25℃구는 7일 정도 빨랐고 첫 수확 소요일수는 무가온구에 비해 17℃구는 5일, 21℃구는 11일, 25℃구는 12일 단축되었다. 2. 평균과중은 21℃〉25℃〉17℃〉무가온구의 순이었고 과육두께는 25℃〉21℃〉17℃무가온구의 순이었다. 3. 과육부의 무기물 함량은 Mg를 제외한 N, P, K, Ca는 지온이 높을수록 흡수량이 증가하였는데, 특히 인산과 칼슘이 무가온구에 비해 고지온구에서 흡수가 많았다. 인산은 무가온구가 0.42%였으나 17℃구 0.46%, 21℃구는 0.59% 그리고 25℃구는 0.69%였고, 칼슘은 무가온구가 0.41%였으나 17℃구는 0.42%, 21℃구는 0.47% 그리고 25℃구에서는 0.46%였다. 4. 지중온도별 기형과율 및 발효과율은 무가온〉17℃〉25℃〉21℃구의 순이었고 상품과율은 21℃〉25℃〉17℃〉무가온구의 순이었다. 5. 초기 및 중기의 상품과수량은 25℃구가 가장 많았고 그 다음은 21℃, 17℃, 무가온구의 순이었으나 후기에는 17℃구가 가장 많았고 그 다음은 무가온, 21℃, 25℃구의 순이었다. 10a당 상품과총수량은 무가온구의 1,490kg에 비하여 17℃구가 33%, 21℃구가 49%, 25℃구가 37% 증수하였다.

참외 금싸라기은천을 신토좌 대목에 호접하여 저온기 참외 시설재배시 지중가온의 효과를 구명하고자, 비닐 하우스내에 온수보일러를 설치하여 지하 35cm 부위에 15mm 엑셀파이프를 180cm 이랑에 2열 매설한 후, 지하 20cm의 최저 지온을 17℃, 21℃ 및 25℃로 설정하고 1월 18일부터 4월 18일까지 일정하게 유지 관리하여 무가온구와 비교 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 지중가온에 의한 정식 후 1개월간의 지중 20cm 부위의 적산온도는 무가온구가 441℃, 17℃구는 558℃, 21℃구는 648℃ 그리고 25℃구는 735℃였다. 2. 지중가온에 따른 터널내 보온효과는 지온이 높을수록 높았는데 2월 5일 무가온구의 터널내 야간 최저 기온은 9.5℃인데 비하여 17℃구에서는 11.0℃, 21℃구에서는 13.5℃ 그리고 25℃구에서는 16.5℃였다. 3. 정식 30일까지의 초기생육은 지온이 높을수록 초장, 경경, 엽수 및 엽면적이 증가하였으며 특히 고지온구에서 엽면적의 증가가 뚜렷하였다. 정식 30일 후 무가온구의 엽면적 279.5 cm2에 비하여 17℃구에서는 153.4%, 21℃구에서는 745.6a 그리고 25℃구에서는 879.4% 정도 증가하였다. 4. 정식 30일 후 지제부를 절단하여 24시간 동안 채취한 목부일비액량은 무가온구의 8.1ml에 비해 17℃구에서는 1.2배, 21℃구에서는 1.3배 그리고 25℃구에서는 4.8배 많았으나 정식 67일 후에는 무가온구의 10.4ml에 비해 각각 1.1배, 3.2배 및 3.3배 많았다.

Temperature depth profiles measured in permafrost and western Utah generally represent anomalous curvatures. The accurate climate change can not be resolved with existing geothermal data, but general magnitude and timing explain the model of global warming. Differences between borehole temperatures observed in different intervals may concur with modeled temperature differences computed from the nearest air temperatures. This agreement indicates that boreholes are recording climate change.

This study had two main objectives. We first investigated which weather phenomena people were most concerned about in the context of climate change or global warming. Then, we conducted content analysis to find which words were more commonly used with climate change or global warming. For this, we collected web data from Twitter, Naver, and Daum from April to October 2019 in the Republic of Korea. The results suggested that people were more concerned about air quality, followed by typhoons and heat waves. Because this study only considered one warm period in the year of 2019, winter-related weather phenomena such as cold wave and snowfall were not well captured. From Twitter, we were able to find wider range of terminologies and thoughts/opinions than Naver and Daum. Also, more life-relevant weather events such as typhoons and heat waves in Twitter were commonly mentioned compared to Naver and Daum. On the other hand, the comments from Naver and Daum showed relatively narrower and limited terms and thoughts/ opinions. Especially, most of the comments were influenced by headlines of articles. We found many comments about air quality and energy/economic policy. We hope this paper could provide background information about how to promote the climate change education and public awareness and how to efficiently interact with general audiences.

We examined if the enhanced forests could modify thermal climatic conditions in the southwestern China and its surrounding regions. We used the continuous time-series of annual forests fraction obtained from He et al. (2017) and sensible heat flux and temperatures from the European Center for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA-Interim) for 1982-2011. In the linear regression trend analysis, the forests fraction, area-averaged over the southwestern China, significantly increased by 15.46% over the three decades. Significantly negative correlations of surface sensible heat flux during the summer growing season (June through August, JJA) with the area-averaged time-series of annual forests fraction were shown in the southwestern China. Correspondingly, the significantly negative correlations of JJA temperature at 925hPa with the annual forests fraction were observed in the southwestern China as well as the surrounding regions propagated to the east. The spatial patterns of negative correlations between the thermal climatic variables and forests fraction were consistent with the difference patterns of sensible heat flux and temperatures between high-fraction and low-fraction years of forests in the southwestern China. The results indicated that the enhanced forests in the southwestern China could reduce thermal energy transfer from land to atmosphere during JJA and, consequently, lower atmospheric temperatures. Based on the temperature trend analysis using the Chinese weather station data, we inferred that the forest-induced cooling effect might be one of the factors of relatively less summer warming, even cooling, trends in the southern China.

We studied the warming effect induced by Photovoltaic(PV) power plants in rural areas during summer daytime using a simple analytical urban meteorological model. This analysis was based on observed meteorological elements and the capacity of the PV power plant was 10 MWp. The major axis length of the PV power plant was assumed to be 1km. Data of the necessary meteorological elements were obtained from a special meteorological observation campaign established for a over a PV power plant. We assumed that the wind flowed along the major axis of the PV power plant(1 km). As a result, the air temperature on the downwind side of the PV power plant was estimated to invrease by about 0.47 °C.

지난 25년간 지구온난화로 인한 국내 기후변화 양상은 지역 간에 차이가 있어, 고온지역은 평균온도의 증가를 보이지는 않았으나, 최저기온의 지속적인 상승과 그에 따른 열대야 발생을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 그로 인한 젖소의 고온스트레스 발생, 섭취량의 감소 및 생산성 저하가 예상된다. 저온지역의 경우에는 여름철 평균온도 및 최저온도의 상승으로 인해 연평균기온이 유의적으로 상승한 반면, 겨울철에는 오히려 최저기온의 지속적인 하강이 관찰됨에 따라 동물의 저온스트레스가 가중될 것으로 예상된다. 착유우가 저온스트레스 상태에 있을 때는 에너지요구량과 건물섭취량이 증가하여 생산 효율이 떨어지며, 사료효율의 감소로 경제성은 감소되고 우유 생산비는 증가한다. 특히, 극심한 저온스트레스 또는 사료, 음수 및 우사바닥의 결빙은 섭취량 감소를 야기하며 이에 따른 생산성의 저하는 더욱 가중될 것으로 예상된다. 결론적으로 지구온난화로 인한 기후변화에 따른 지역별 영향은 다르며, 온도 스트레스에 의한 낙농우의 생산성 저하를 최소화하고, 동물의 복지와 건강을 증진시키기 위해서는 지역별 기후변화 특성에 맞춘 사양기술의 개발이 필요하다.

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure and analyzing the correlationship between communities and environmental conditions in Mt. Wolchulsan. We also predicted the succession possibility and the vertical distribution change of vegetations according to the global warming, through the pioneer species of a forest change and dominant species of canopy vegetations. We also analyzed the Raunkiaer's life-form. The communities in this ecotone are distributed vertically in the order of a Quercus acuta community, a Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community and a Q. serrata community. A Pinus densiflora community appears on the most of altitudes. The distribution of communities correlates highly with an altitude. The Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community will be succession to the Q. acuta community, and the Q. variabilis will be under natural selection gradually or remain locally. The Q. serrata community will possibly maintain as it is, and the P. densiflora community will be also under natural selection gradually. The valuable quantitative and numerical life-forms are confirmed and the layer structure of present vegetation will not be changed.

Projected increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2 ]) and temperature (Ta ) have the potential to alter in rice growth and yield. However, little is known about whether Ta warming with elevated [CO2 ] modify plant architecture. To better understand the vertical profiles of leaf area index (LAI) and the flag leaf morphology of rice grown under elevated Ta and [CO2 ], we conducted a temperature gradient field chamber (TGC) experiment at Gwangju, Korea. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin1ho) was grown at two [CO2 ] [386 (ambient) vs 592 ppmV (elevated)] and three Ta regimes [26.8 (~approx ambient), 28.1 and 29.8~circC ] in six independent field TGCs. While elevated Ta did not alter total LAI, elevated [CO2 ] tended to reduce (c. 6.6%) the LAI. At a given canopy layer, the LAI was affected neither by elevated [CO2 ] nor by elevated Ta , allocating the largest LAI in the middle part of the canopy. However, the fraction of LAI distributed in a higher and in a lower layer was strongly affected by elevated Ta ; on average, the LAI distributed in the 75-90 cm (and 45-60 cm) layer of total LAI was 9.4% (and 35.0%), 18.8% (25.9%) and 18.6% (29.2%) in ambient Ta , 1.3~circC and 3.0~circC above ambient Ta , respectively. Most of the parameters related to flag leaf morphology was negated with elevated [CO2 ]; there were about 12%, 5%, 7.5%, 15% and 21% decreases in length (L), width (W), L:W ratio, area and mass of the flag leaf, respectively, at elevated [CO2 ]. However, the negative effect of elevated [CO2 ] was offset to some extent by Ta warming. All modifications observed were directly or indirectly associated with either stimulated leaf expansion or crop phenology under Ta warming with elevated [CO2 ]. We conclude that plant architecture and flag leaf morphology of rice can be modified both by Ta warming and elevated [CO2 ] via altering crop phenology and the extent of leaf expansion.

In order to clarify the impact of regional warming on the ozone concentration according to the differences in meteorological contribution in each city over the South-Eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiments were carried out. WRF - CMAQ model was used to access the ozone differences in each case, during the episode day. Meteorological contributions estimated by WRF command a reasonable feature on the dispersion of ozone concentrations in each city according to regional warming. This causes a difference in estimated ozone concentration. A higher ozone concentration difference tend to be forecasted in coastal cities than in upcountry city. Therefore, the emission reduction policy according to the regional warming should consider the characteristics of meteorological contribution of each city.

In order to clarify the impact of regional warming on the meteorological field and air quality over southeastern part of Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiment were carried out. Numerical models used in this study are WRF for the estimate the meteorological elements and CMAQ for assessment of ozone concentration. According to the global warming impact, initial air temperature were changed and its warming rate reach at 2 degree which was based on the global warming scenarios provided by IPCC. The experiments considering the global warming at initial stage were presented as case T_UP. Air temperature over inland area during night time for case T_UP is higher than that for Base case. During time since the higher temperature over inland area is maintained during daytime more intensified sea breeze should be induced and also decrease the air temperature in vicinity of coast area. In case of T_UP, high level concentrations ozone distribution area was narrowed and their disappearance were faster after 1800LST. As a results, wind and temperature fields due to the global warming at initial stage mainly results in the pattern of ozone concentration and its temporal variation at South-Eastern Part of the Korean Peninsula.

지구온난화에 따른 북한지역의 식량작물 생산을 주축으로 하는 이모작의 특성을 평가하기 위해서 온난화의 지역적 특성, 겨울작물의 월동온도, 여름작물의 냉해유발온도 및 이모작 작부양식별 소요적산온도 확보 등 온열지표의 변화를 농업기후지대별로 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 온난화의 지역적 특성 북한의 온난화는 과거(1973-1994)보다 최근(2002-2006) 들어 연간 평균기온 3,271℃ 로 233℃ 나 상승되었고 일평균기온은 8.96℃ 로 0.64℃ 증가되었다. 일평균기온의 지역간 변이는 아한대인 북부내륙고산지대의 삼지연에서 1.06℃ , 온대인 동해안중부지대의 장전에서 12.26℃ 로 큰 변이를 보였다. 2. 겨울작물의 월동가능지역 확대 겨울작물의 월동온도를 기준으로 가을보리+벼 이모작 (-13℃ 이상 지역) 가능지역의 분포는 과거 서해안과 동해안 및 서부중간지대의 일부에서 최근 들어 서부중간지대의 전역으로 확대되었고, 가을밀+벼 이모작(-15℃ ) 가능지역은 과거 서해안과 동해안 및 서부중간지 전역에서 최근 중부산간지대의 전역과 북부산간 일부지역까지 확대되었다. 3. 여름작물의 냉해우려지역 분포 7월중 일평균기온 17℃ 이하의 장해형냉해 유발온도의 경과일수를 기준으로 냉해우려지역의 분포는 북부내륙고산지대에서 21-29일, 동북해안북부지대에서 8-10일, 동북해안남부지대에서 2-5일로 나타났다. 4. 이모작 적산온도 확보의 지역적 분포 월동작물 가을밀과 결합된 여름작물(벼, 옥수수 및 콩) 이모작을 가능케 하는 적산온도 3,150℃ 이상 확보지역의 분포는 북부내륙고산지대를 제외한 북한 전역으로 확대되었고, 여름작물 봄감자와 결합된 벼, 옥수수 및 콩 등 이모작을 가능케 하는 적산온도 2,650℃ 이상 확보지역의 분포는 일부 북부내륙고산지대 혜산지역까지 가능하였다.

이 연구에서는 장기간의 기상 자료를 이용하여 지구 온난화와 태풍의 변화 경향과의 관계를 분석하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면, 태풍의 연 평균 발생 수는 감소하고, 태풍 역내의 최대풍속은 서서히 강해지는 추세를 보인다. 이는 대부분의 수치 시뮬레이션 결과와 일치한다. 그리고 태풍의 정상진로는 증가하는 추세를 보이는 반면 서진형진로는 감소하는 경향을 나타낸다. 최근 10년간의 태풍의 이동경로는 정상진로 6 : 서진형진로 3 : 이상진로 1의 비율을 보인다. 우리나라에 영향을 미치는 태풍은 남해안을 통과하는 것이 가장 많다. 최근에는 서해안을 통과하는 태풍의 수가 감소하고 동해안을 통과하는 태풍의 수는 증가하는 추세를 보인다. 지구 온난화와 관련하여 특히 주목할 점은 태풍의 세기가 점점 강해지고 있다는 사실이다. 기상재해의 예방 관점에서 이에 대한 주의와 대책이 요구된다.

This study was carried out to confirm the effects of climate change to growth, yield and quality of rice by the global warming. By the study of Korea Meteorology Administration, the temperature of Korea increased 0.95℃ during last 34 years and the width of temperature increase be on an increasing trend gradually. As temperature increases, rice is faced with critical change such as growth duration shortening, heading acceleration, yield decrease and quality deterioration. So, we studied the rice growth and yield change by the temperature increase. To confirm the effects of temperature increase, rice cultivars such as early maturing Unkwangbyeo, medium maturing Hwayoungbyeo and late maturing Nampyeongbyeo were transplanted on 1, 15, 30 of June inner transparent vinyl house which was treated by different temperature. The increased mean temperature were 1.4℃～3.5℃, respectively, compared to outer field. The growth duration from transplanting to heading were shortened by the temperature increase. In June 1 transplanting, especially the growth duration of early maturing Unkwangbyeo was shortened greatly by temperature increase. As temperature increases, rice yield decreased in most cases. In 1.4℃ temperature increase, rice yield of June 15 transplanting were higher than those of other transplanting, but in 2.1℃ or more temperature increase, the rice yield of June 30 transplanting were similar or more than those of other transplanting.

Climate warming has the potential to deteriorate grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.), offsetting the stimulative effects of elevating CO2. To know how the change in sink-source balances by reducing sink-size (RSS) may affect grain yield and quality of rice grown under various climate change scenarios, we conducted a temperature gradient chamber experiment with/without CO2 fumigation systems which were established in paddy field. Rice crops (cv. Ilmybyeo) were exposed to either ambient (396ppmV) or elevated CO2 of 673ppmV in three levels of air temperature [(Ta), local ambient Ta (24.8℃), 1.3℃ and 2.4℃ above ambient Ta] over whole seasons. Thus, the experiment was a 2×3 factorial design with three replicate plots of each CO2×Ta combination. At flowering, for two hills from each combination treatment total thirty (10 per each top, middle and basal parts of panicle) spikelets per panicle were removed with order of panicle appearance by scissors. This corresponded to a 25% reduction of total sink-size per hill. In ambient Ta and CO2 , grain yield decreased with RSS by 23.4%, approximately mirroring the reduced sink-size. With rising Ta, however, the yield reduction by RSS was significantly mitigated (-5.6% in 1.3℃ above ambient Ta), and the yield rather increased with RSS by 9.3% in 2.4℃ above ambient Ta. This was due primarily to the increased single grain mass with RSS. A similar response fashion of grain mass and yield with RSS to Ta was found in elevated CO2, but not CO2×Ta interaction. For brown rice, the fraction of normal rice was linearly reduced with rising Ta, ranging from 78.5～79.2% in local ambient Ta to 48.2～55.5% in 2.4℃ above ambient Ta over CO2 treatments. However, this deteriorative effect of rising Ta was significantly alleviated with RSS; the fractions of normal rice were a 81.9～84.1%, 75.9～77.2% and 64.0～66.3% in local ambient Ta, 1.3℃ and 2.4℃ above ambient Ta, respectively. The alleviative effect of RSS on rice quality was due mainly to the reduced immature rice, and was more conspicuous as Ta rises. These results suggest that current rice cultivars in Korea, at least cultivars tested in this experiment, will likely to be prone to source-limitation in the future projected warming with elevating CO2, and thereby will be needed a cultivar having either a greater source ability or a less sink size compared with current cultivars, in order to ensure a rice quality in the future warming conditions.

To know how interacting climate drivers may affect rice quality, we investigated physio-chemical properties of brown and milled rice. Rice crops (Oryza sativa L., cv. Ilmybyeo and Pyounganbyeo) were grown under either ambient [370ppmV (2008)/396ppmV (2009)] or elevated CO2 of 650ppmV (2008)/673ppmV (2009) in three levels of air temperature [(Ta), local ambient Ta [25.9℃ (2008)/24.8℃ (2009)], 1.3℃ and 2.4℃ above ambient Ta] over whole seasons, using six temperature gradient chambers established in paddy fields. Over 2 years, thus the experiments were a 2×3 factorial design with three replicate plots of each CO2×Ta combination. The fractions of normal brown rice were reduced with elevating CO2 by 8% (Ilmybyeo)～14% (Pyounganbyeo), and with rising Ta by 16% (+1.3 ℃)～27% (+2.4℃) in Ilmybyeo and by 27% (+1.3℃)～42% (+2.4℃) in Pyounganbyeo (p=0.015, 0.000, 0.059, 0.000 and 0.017 for CO2, Ta, CO2×Ta, cultivar and Ta×cultivar, respectively). With respect to immature rice, elevating CO2 increased milky-white rice, white-based rice and white-belly rice across cultivars. Warming also significantly increased all immature rice across cultivars, though no CO2×Ta interaction was observed. Over 2 years, the deteriorative effect of warming on brown rice quality was significantly greater in Pyounganbyeo than in Ilmybyeo. Across cultivars, protein contents of milled rice were decreased (c. 5～9%) with elevating CO2 but increased (c. 5%) with warming, though no CO2×Ta interaction was found (p=0.119). Elevating CO2 significantly increased whiteness of milled rice over cultivars but not amylose contents and gloss value of cooked rice, while warming had a strong affect these properties all related rice quality. Overall, our results suggest that warming and elevating CO2, in each alone or in combination, may have the potential to deteriorate physio-chemical properties of rice related to quality.