The purpose of this study was to analyze the breast growth variation trends and characteristics of Korean adolescent girls based on 3D body measurements. Subjects were 174 girls aged between 13 and 18. 3D body scanning data were collected and the data were measured by Geomagic Design X program. The total of 18 anthropometric measurements and 4 index items were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows: 1) Overall, the breast growth of adolescent girls got out of children's body shapes at the age of 14 and the adult's body shapes appeared remarkably at the age of 18. Before the age of 15, the adolescent girls' breast enlarged. 2) The surface lengths of upper body, which means the breast volume, showed significant growth above B cup groups rather than under A cup groups. The demand of B cup size (32.2%) was higher than A cup size (25.9%). And 35.6% of subjects' brassiere band size was 70. 3) The thorax grew evenly in the circumference, depth and breadth. The thoracic development related to the breast volume as well as the whole upper body's development. These results reveal that it is necessary to develop adolescent girls' brassiere reflecting on adolescent girls' breast growth variation trends and characteristics by age, breast size and thoracic development.

목 적: 조절력이 저하된 다운증후군 아동청소년에게 이중초점안경의 처방효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 7~18세 사이의 조절력이 저하된 다운증후군 아동청소년 23명(남자 11명, 여자 12명)을 대상으로 이중초점렌즈 착용 전과 후 그리고 11명(남자 5명, 여자 6명)을 대상으로 6개월 및 1년 후 원거리시력과 근거리시력(LogMAR), Mohindra 검영법을 이용한 타각식굴절검사, 4D와 6D 및 10D 조절자극 상태에서 동적검영법을 이용한 조절반응검사를 실시하였고, 한국판 시지각발달검사(K-DTVP-2: Korean developmental test of visual Perception)를 이용하여 시지각 발달상태를 평가하였다. 결 과: 이중초점안경을 착용한 23명의 근거리 시력, 조절반응(조절자극 4 D, 6 D 및 10 D) 및 시지각발달검사의 종합척도 3가지 중 2가지가 유의하게 높아졌으며(p

◉ 목적 : 감각방어가 있는 자폐 범주성 장애 청소년에게 감각식이 가정프로그램을 실시하여 감각조절과 사회적 능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. ◉ 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 감각방어를 가진 만 15세의 자폐 범주성 장애 청소년 1명이다. 보호자 인터뷰와 평가를 통해 대상자에게 맞는 감각식이 가정프로그램을 구성하여, 보호자 교육을 통해 대상자의 가정에서 한 회당 30분씩 하루 3회의 감각식이 가정프로그램을 총 8주간 진행하였다. 본 연구는 개별 실험 연구방법(single subject experimental research design)인 ABA로 설계되었다. 대상자의 사회성을 저하시키는 주요 문제였던 귀막는 횟수와 시간은 총 14회(기초선 기간 3회기, 중재 기간 8회기, 재기초선 기간 3회기) 측정하였으며, 감각식이 가정프로그램 중재 전과 후에 청소년/성인 감각프로파일(Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile: AASP)과 사회성숙도검사(Social Maturity Scale)를 실시하였다. ◉ 연구결과 : 감각식이 가정프로그램 중재 후, 귀막는 횟수와 시간이 의미있게 감소하였다. AASP 검사의 low registration은 정상범주에 속하게 되었으며, sensory seeking, sensory sensitivity, sensation avoiding영역의 점수가 각각 정상범주에 가깝게 변화하였고 사회성숙도 검사결과 사회연령과 사회지수가 향상되었다. ◉ 결론 : 감각식이 가정프로그램을 통해 자폐 범주성 장애 청소년의 감각방어가 완화되었으며 감각 및 감정의 조절이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was performed to investigate the hand size growth of Korean adolescents boys. Subjects were between 14 and 19 years (n=352). We collected the right hand size data of 19 measurements from each subject using 3D hand scanner. The total 26 hand measurements were analyzed including seven calculated measurements. Subjects were divided into three age groups (early, middle and late). Their hand size were compared. The results showed that all hand length measurements were significantly difference among age groups. Adolescent boys hands were sharply grown at age 16 years old. The hand dimensions of middle age group were compared with twenties men (n=215). There were significant differences between two groups. The middle age adolescents' hands were shorter and thicker than twenties men. Subjects were also divided by weight and height. Weight and height was closely related to hand size. The heavier and taller subjects had the thicker hand. Their fingers were longer than others. The adolescent boys and twenties men who were taller than the twenties' average height (173.4cm) were compared. Twenties men's hands were longer and thinner than that of adolescent boys. These results imply that the male adolescent hands grow short and thick in the adolescent period. Fingers continuously grow up as a long and thin shape after adolescent period.

This study was to investigate the influence of parent attachment, perception and attitudes about family mealtime on the smart phone addiction in adolescents. Study variables were attachment to father, attachment to mother, and perception and attitudes about family mealtimes. Middle school student in Seoul and Kyounggi province participated and total 596 questionnaire were analysed. SPSS WIN 18.0 were used in data analysis. As study results, significant factors influence on smart phone addiction were attachment to father, perception and attitudes about family mealtimes, frequence of family mealtimes, gender, grade, and use of SNS. These variables explained adolescents' smart phone addiction for 28.9% and perception and attitudes about family mealtimes were the variable which show the highest explanation. Smart phone addiction was higher as lower an attachment to father, as lower perception and attitudes about family mealtimes, as lower the frequency of family mealtimes, female student, 3rd grade, and as more use of SNS. It is suggested to develop programs and strategies to increase attachment to father, frequency of family mealtime and perception and attitudes about family mealtimes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of brassiere size and wearing habits of Korean adolescent girls. Subjects were 13 to 17 years old girls (n=282). The data was collected by anthropometric survey and qualitative questionnaire survey. Anthropometric survey measured bust and under bust girths; Qualitative questionnaire survey focused on the practice of purchasing and wearing of brassiere. Two general conclusions emerged: 1) Majority of Korean adolescent girls wore a smaller sized cup than their breast volume 2) Korean adolescent girls wore a larger sized band. These results show the need of educating Korean adolescent girls for their appropriate brassiere size and fit. The value of the brassiere that Korean adolescent girls place differed by age. While the younger adolescent girls expected their brassiere to prevent showing the breast vibration, the older adolescent girls expected their brassiere to avoid breast sagging. The older aged adolescents more valued the fit and style of the brassiere compared to the younger aged group when they purchase brassiere. The younger adolescent girls were more likely to be dissatisfied with the fit of the cup. These results reveal that the junior brassiere should be designed to fit adolescent girls' breast shape and size.

The demand for test-taking has become an inevitable element of Korean secondary EFL learners’ academic lives in which learners strive to excel in the high-stakes examoriented milieu. However, current knowledge of practitioners, such as those of teachers and administrators, may be insufficient for ascertaining if the learners actually undergo the test-taking process they anticipate and assess what they aim to test. In contrast to the product-oriented view where the primary interest is on the outcome (i.e., scores or stanine levels), the purpose of the present study was to explore 165 Korean high school learners’ test-taking process via questionnaires with proficiency and item type as the grouping variables. There was avid use of conventional reading strategies among the high proficiency learners and test management strategies among the lower proficiency learners. Results present implications for teaching learners not only to become testwise, but also to work consistently towards building reading skills and adopt long-term learning strategies.

목적: 다운증후군을 가진 아동 청소년의 시력, 굴절상태, 조절반응 및 시지각발달 상태를 분석하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 7~19세 사이의 70명(다운증후군과 정상인 아동 청소년 각각 35명씩)을 대상으로, 원거리시력과 근거리시력(LogMAR), 자동굴절검사기와 Mohindra 검영법을 이용한 타각식굴절검사, 4D, 6D 및 10D 조절자극 상태에서 동적검영법을 이용한 조절반응검사를 실시하였고, 한국판 시지각발달검사(K-DTVP-2: Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception)를 이용하여 시지각 발달상태를 평가하였다. 결과: 정상 아동 청소년과 비교하여 다운증후군 대상자는 원거리시력과 근거리시력이 유의하게 낮았고(p

본 연구는 학교생활부적응청소년을 위한 자아존중감 향상 중재방안의 하나로 레크리에이션활 동 프로그램을 적용하였다. 레크리에이션활동 프로그램이 학교생활부적응 청소년의 자아존중 감에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 2013년 7월 29일부터 8월 2일까지 4회 동안 G광역시 소 재 불교방송이 주관한 학교생활부적응 프로그램에 참가한 학생 110명을 대상으로 레크리에이 션활동 프로그램을 실시하였다. 본 연구목적과 설문지의 내용을 이해하고 레크리에이션활동 프로그램에 참여를 수락한 자, 끝 까지 성실하게 레크리에이션활동 프로그램에 참여한 110명을 대상으로 레크리에이션활동 프로 그램 실시 전, 후 설문조사를 하여(회수율100%). 불성실한 응답을 한 3명을 제외하고 총 107명 (97.3%)의 자료를 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 12.0을 이용하여 대상자의 일반적 특성은 실수와 백분율로, 레크리에이션 활동 프로그램을 실시하기 전ㆍ후 대상자의 자아존중감 정도는 paired t-test, ANOVA를 활용 하였다. 연구도구는 학교생활부적응 청소년의 자아존중감 정도를 측정하기 위해 총 25문항으로 구성된 Coopersmith(1967)이 개발하고 박선애(1993)가 번역한 것을 중심으로 유네스코 청년원에서 발행한 전성민(1994)의 자아존중감 검사(Self-Esteem Invnmtory: SEI)지를 사용하였다. 각 문항에 대하여 자신의 행동이나 생각과 일치하는 정도에 따라 4점 Likert척도(‘전혀 아니다’,‘조금 아니다’,‘보통이다’,‘정말 그렇다’)로 평정하게 되어있다. 부정적인 문항은 역 환산점수로 환산하였으며 가능한 점수 범위는 최저 25점에서 최대 100점으 로 점수가 높을수록 자아존중감이 높은 것을 의미한다. 본 연구에서 이 도구의 Crobach's α값 은 .91이다. 본 연구결과 대상자의 레크리에이션활동프로그램 실시 전 자아존중감 평균점수는 남학생과 여학생의 경우 65.74±123.90점, 65.35±13.31점으로 유의하게 남학생이 여학생보다 자존감 이 높은 것으로 나타났다(t=50.629 p= .000). 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생은 65.75±16.71점, 66.94± 12.66점, 63.20±11.19점으로 유의하지는 않았지만 고등학생이 조금 낮게 나타났다 (F=.849 p= .431). 레크리에이션활동 프로그램 실시 후 자아존중감 평균점수는 남학생과 여학생의 경우 73.80 ± 10.86점, 73.14±11.08점으로 유의하게 남학생이 여학생보다 자존감이 높은 것으로 나타났다 (t=67.897 p= .000). 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생은 73.30±13.07점, 74.36±11.08점, 72.12± 9.43점으로 유의하지는 않았지만 고등학생이 조금 낮게 나타났고(F= .433 p= .650), 실험 전과 후의 점수분포는 동일한 것으로 나타났다. 레크리에이션활동 프로그램 실시 전과 후의 자아존중감 평균점수는 전 65.53±13.06점에서 후 73.45±10.93점으로 유의하게 증가하였다(t=26.92, p= .000). 따라서 향 후 학교생활부적응 청소년의 자아존중감 향상을 위한 중재 방법으로 다양한 레크리 에이션활동 프로그램을 적극적으로 개발하여 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

목적 : 본 연구는 18세 미만 뇌병변 장애인의 자세보조용구 사용 현황에 대한 실태조사를 통해 향후 자세보조용구 지원 사업을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구방법 : 18세 미만 뇌병변 장애인을 대상으로 2011년 3월 2일부터 2011년 3월 30일까지 전국의 병원, 복지관, 보조공학서비스센터, 특수학교를 중심으로 자세보조용구에 대한 설문지를 메일로 배포하여 설문을 실시하였다. 총 526개의 자료가 수집되었고 최종적으로 475명의 자료를 분석하였다. 결과 : 자세보조용구의 필요성 조사 결과 전체 대상자의 89%가 필요하다고 응답하였으나 실제로는 대상자의 43%만이 보유하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 자세보조용구를 보유하고 있지 않은 이유는 ‘가격이 비싸서’가 52.23%, ‘어떤 것이 필요한지 몰라서’가 43.01%, ‘어디서 사야 하는지 몰라서’가 3.41%인 것으로 나타났다. 자세보조용구를 사용하고 있지 않는 이유는 ‘작아져서’가 44.68%, ‘안 맞아져서’가 17.02%였다. 대상자들이 보유하기를 원하는 자세보조용구 품목은 특수의자, 특수휠체어, 선자세보조기구, 차량용자세보조기구, 목욕자세유지기구 순으로 나타났다. 결론 : 앞으로 18세 미만 뇌병변 장애인에게 자세보조용구를 제공하는 서비스를 시행할 때에는 전문지식을 가진 전문가가 각 각의 대상자에게 적합한 최적의 자세보조용구를 평가하도록 하고, 구입 후 사후 관리에 대한 교육과 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 자세보조용구의 사용이 효율적으로 이루어지도록 해야 할 것이다.

오늘날 청소년에게 미치는 게임의 영향력이 높아지면서 인터넷 게임 중독에 대한 문제점이 나타나고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 청소년의 인터넷 게임 중독에 대한 특성을 알아보기 위해 청소년 인터넷 게임 이용자의 유형 및 혁신성을 파악하고, 게임 이용 혁신자 집단과 비혁신자 집단을 분류하여 인터넷 게임 중독과의 관계를 파악하였다. 혁신성 구 분, 인터넷 게임 중독의 척도를 이용하여 설문조사하였고 군집분석과 T-검증으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 청소년 중 비혁 신자의 수가 혁신자보다 조금더 많았고, 게임 이용 혁신자가 비혁신자보다 인터넷 게임 중독의 위험이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 인터넷 게임 중독 청소년 내담자 특성은 사회복지학, 상담심리학, 교육학 등의 초기면접과 상 담 전략을 세우는데 도움이 되기를 기대한다

The purpose of this study was specifically focused on the lower garment sizing system of adolescent apparel, especially on trousers for adolescent boys. Research Method was performed by using the physical measurements of adolescent boys (14～19 years old, n=1,344) based on the ‘he fifth Korean national physical standard reports’ surveyed by SIZEKOREA. The basic materials for this study are obtained from the observations of physical characteristics and classification of physical figures based on the characteristics from waist down. The results from this study are as follows. 1) according to the analyses of physical changes, most items including height, circumference, length, breadth and depth were increased at the age of 14～18 and gradually reduced at the age of 19. 2) The factors which compose the lower body resulted were appeared that the first factor was vertical factor, the second factor was horizontal factor, the third factor was hip length, and the last factor was buttlock-popliteal length. 3) Formalization of physical figures for adolescent boy's lower body analyzed from factors grouped three types. 4) The basic parts that we used to propose the apparel sizing system distinguished by physical figures were Waist Circumference (Omphalion) (every 3cm regular gap) and Hip Circumference (irregular gap). Physical figures assigned 5 to Type T, and 4 to type M. The reference measurement items were divided into 7 items which are correlated with apparel manufacture.

The purpose of this study was to compare the static balance in a sitting position between a group with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and a normal aged-matched group. Forty-nine subjects were included in this study. Thirty-one healthy subjects and eighteen AIS subjects were participated. Each group was tested with the Lumbar Trunk Muscle Endurance Test (LTMET) and Balance Performance Monitor (BPM). The parameters for static balance were sway area, sway path, mean balance, maximum velocity, anterior-posterior angle, and left-right angle of each group with eyes opened and closed. Results from the LTMET showed significantly more increase in the normal group than in the AIS group in the flexor and extensor endurance. The BPM tested showed significantly difference beteen the groups in parameters of sitting balance such as maximum velocity and anterior-posterior sway angle. For the AIS subjects, there were no significant differences in all parameters of sitting balance between eyes opened and eyes closed. In comparisons of the groups with eyes opened there were no significant differences in all parameters of sitting balance. In comparisons of the groups with eyes closed there were significant differences in the sway area, maximum velocity, anterior-posterior sway angle and left-right sway angle. These results suggest that the AIS group relies much more on proprioception than on vision, and develops compensatory passive postures of the spine. Further study is needed to measure many AIS patients with morphologic and electromyographic data for clinical application.

The purpose of this study was to compare the static balance of standing position between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and a normal group that were aged-matched. There were forty subjects included in this study. Twenty-seven healthy subjects (age, 13.9±1.2 yrs; height, 161.9±7.5 ㎝; weight, 52.2±7.7 ㎏) and thirteen AIS subjects (age, 14.2±2.2 yrs; height, 161.5±8.7 ㎝; weight, 48.1±8.1 ㎏) were participated in the study. The thirteen subjects in the AIS group had a major Cobb angle between 20.1° and 49°. Each group was tested with the Balance Performance Monitor (BPM). The parameters for static balance were sway area, sway path, max velocity, mean balance, anterior-posterior angle, and left-right angle of each group with their eyes opened and again with their eyes closed. Both sides of the forward reach test and the lateral reach test were also performed on each group. Results from the BPM tested showed significantly increases in all parameters of static balance with those patients with AIS under the conditions where eyes were opened and closed. In the right and left forward reach test, there was no significant difference between normal and AIS groups. However, in the lateral reach test with right and left direction, there were significant differences between normal and AIS groups. For the normal subjects, there were significant differences in the parameters with sway path and anterior-posterior sway angle between the eyes opened and closed. However, there were no significant differences in the all parameters between eyes opened and closed for the AIS subjects. These results suggest that, balance programs could be used in the rehabilitation setting for intervention of AIS and evaluation of AIS. Further study is needed to measure many patients with AIS and other functional balance scales for clinical application.