This dissertation focuses on scheduling problems arising in the military. In planned artillery attack operations, a large number of threatening enemy targets should be destroyed to minimize fatal loss to the friendly forces. We consider a situation in which the number of available weapons is smaller than the number of targets. Therefore it is required to develop a new sequencing algorithm for the unplanned artillery attack operation. The objective is to minimize the total loss of the targets, which is expressed as a function of the fire power potential, after artillery attack operations are finished. We develop a algorithm considering the fire power potential and the time required to destroy the targets. The algorithms suggested in this dissertation can be used in real artillery attack operations if they are modified slightly to cope with the practical situations.

The resistance levels against carbamates (CB) and organophosphates (OP) were determined through bioassay and quantitative sequencing (QS) methods in 16 field populations of Nilaparvata lugens. The resistance levels to CB and OP by bioassay were 1.3~47.5-fold and 1.4~14.4-fold higher than a susceptible strain, respectively. The QS protocol was established to determine the allele frequencies of eight point mutations on acetylcholinesterase putatively associated CB and OP resistance. The allele frequencies of four mutations in local populations (G119A, F/S330Y, F331H and I332L) ranged from ca. 0.0~51.7%, 1.0~44.3%, 8.5~57.3% and 7.12~56.6%, respectively. The average prediction limits were –9.6±5.1~7.7±2.9%. The F330Y, F331H and I332L were tightly linked each other, suggesting these mutations may occur simultaneously. In the correlation analysis, G119A was not well correlated with both insecticides (r2= less 0.25), whereas F/S330Y, F331H and I332L showed better correlation with the resistance levels of carbamate (r2=0.590) than organophosphate (r2=0.235). This finding indicates that F/S330Y, F331H and I332L mutation frequencies are suitable for detecting carbamate resistance in N. lugens. QS will be applicable for the rapid monitoring of resistance levels to CB insecticides in N. lugens.

침지식 막결합형 연속회분식 생물반응기에서 폐수의 도입단계가 제거효율과 여과성능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 호기성 단계의 초기에 공급할 경우(Mode-1)와 무산소 단계의 초기에 공급할 경우(Mode-2)에 대하여 89일 동안 동시에 운전하였다. COD 제거효율과 여과성능은 2가지 운전방식 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 영양염류(총질소와 총인)의 제거효율에 있어서 Mode-2가 Mode-1에 비해 보다 효과적이었다. Mode-2의 경우 COD, 총질소 및 총인의 제거율은 각각 99.1, 73.3 및 77.7%이었다.

The differences in the immune response between body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus, and head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, were regarded as primary factors determining their differential vector competence. To find any differences in genetic components in immune system between body and head lice, whole genome sequences of head lice were determined by both SBS [sequencing by synthesis, Illumina Genome Analyzer (Illumina-GA)] and pyrosequencing (Roche GS FLX), and compared with the reference genome sequences of body lice. The short DNA reads from Illumina-GA (an average mapping depth of 50-fold) were aligned first to the body louse reference genome, to which Roche GS FLX DNA reads (an average depth of 2.5-fold) were subsequently assembled to make up gaps between mapped consensus. Total consensus showed a size of 114 Mb and a coverage of 96% of the published body louse genome sequences. From this head louse genome sequences, a total of 12,651 genes were predicted and used for comparing with the 10,775 genes previously reported from the body louse genome. The homolog analysis identified 873 head louse-specific genes and 422 body lice-specific genes. Comparison of immune response genes between both louse species showed head lice have more number of immune-related genes than body lice. Head lice were determined to possess all of the 107 immune-related genes reported in the previous study (Kim et al., 2011), suggesting that there is no difference in genetic make-up in terms of the 107 immune-related genes between body and head lice.

The genetic diversity of 16 Ganoderma strains was investigated by rDNA-ITS sequencing. Alignment analysis showed that whole length of internal transcribed spacer(ITS1+ITS2) was 500bp and with 139 variation sites (accounting for 23.3％, ITS1 was 66 and ITS2 was 73), 337 conserved sites (accounting for 72.2％), 59 informative sites (accounting for 9.88％), 86 conversion sites (G-A, C-T), 13 transversion site(C-G, T-A). The ratio of transition and transversion in ITS1 was higher than that in ITS2, and the variable sites of ITS2 were more than those of ITS1. The genetic distance among 16 Ganoderma strains is from 0 to 0.121. The genetic distance between G. lipsiense and F-1 was 0, and the genetic distance between Heizhi 02 and Huizhou, Jingda, G. capense was 0.121, 0.117 and 0.120, respectively. The 16 Ganoderma strains were classed into 4 groups. The biggest group is comprised of 12 strains, including Xinzhou, Huizhou, Jingda, 902, F-1, Xianzhi, Meiluo, Taishan, G. applanatum, 05, G. luteomarginatum. The G. atrum and G. sinense were clustered into one group. The G. capense and Zhongzhi was independent group, respectively. These results showed that there were some genetic difference among groups, and there was lower genetic diversity among strains in same groups.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) which has been well known to solve continuous problems can be applied to discrete combinatorial problems. Several DPSO (Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithms have been proposed to solve discrete problems such a

A quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol was established for predicting the frequencies of the A298S and G324A mutations in the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) type-1 acetylcholinesterase locus, putatively involved with organophosphate and carbamate insecticideresistance. The nucleotide signal ratio at each mutation site was generated from sequencing chromatograms and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequency. Frequency prediction equations were generatedfrom the plots by linear regression, and the signal ratios were shown to highly correlated with resistance allele frequencies (r2>0.987). QS analysis of 15 representative regional field populations of DBM in Korea revealed that the allele frequencies of both A298S and G324A were over 70% in most field populations. As judged by inhibition assay, all populations showed resistance to paraoxon, DDVP, carbaryl, and carbofuran. In addition, different DBM strains exhibited differential sensitivities to both OPs and CBs depending on the structure of inhibitor, implying that the resistance of DBM against OPs and CBs is saturated and widespread in Korea.

0.4μm의 세공크기를 갖고 있는 평막이 침지된 연속회분식 반응기에서 유입 유기물 농도가 영양염류 제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 분리막의 여과성능과 영양염류 제거효과를 규명하기 위하여 유입 유기물의 농도를 200 mg/L (Run-1), 400 mg/L (Run-2) 및 800 mg/L (Run-3)로 연속적으로 변화시키면서 실험하였다. COD/N 및 COD/P의 비가 증가할수록 T-N 및 T-P의 제거율은 모두 증가하였다. Run-1, Run-2 및 Run-3에서 T-N의 평균 제거율은 각각 28.1, 32.6 및 90.4%이었으며, 투과수의 T-N 평균 농도는 각각 32.0, 30.0 및 4.3 mg/L 이었다. 또한 Run-1, Run-2 및 Run-3에서 T-P의 평균 제거율은 각각 13.6, 35.3 및 93.1%이었으며, 투과수의 T-P 평균 농도는 각각 3.11, 2.33 및 0.25 mg/L이었다.

This paper considers the simultaneously firing model for the artillery operations. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal fire sequence minimizing the final completion time of the firing missions of multiple artillery units for multiple target

This paper considers the simultaneously firing model for the artillery operations. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal fire sequence minimizing the final completion time of the firing missions of multiple artillery units for multiple targets. In the problem analysis, we derive several solution properties to reduce the solution space. Moreover, two lower bounds of objective are derived and tested along with the derived properties within a branch-and-bound scheme. Two efficient heuristic algorithms are also developed. The overall performances of the proposed branch-and-bound and heuristic algorithms are evaluated through various numerical experiments.

Two point mutations (V419L and L925I) in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) α-subunit gene have been identified in deltamethrin-resistant bedbugs. To predict resistance allele frequencies of sodium channel mutations (V419L and L925I) in bedbugs at a population level, we developed quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol. The signal ratios between resistant and susceptible nucleotides were generated from sequencing chromatogram and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequencies. Linear regression coefficients of the plots were close to 1 (r2 = 0.9928 and 0.9998), suggesting that the signal ratios are reliable correlated with the resistance allele frequencies. To enable on-site monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs, residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay method was established and used to determine median lethal concentration (LC50) values to deltamethrin for various bed bug strains. Resistance allele frequencies in these bedbug strains predicted by QS were correlated well with the RCV bioassay results, confirming the roles of two mutations in pyrethroid resistance. Taken together, employment of QS in conjunction with RCV bioassay should greatly facilitate resistance monitoring of bedbugs in the field.

DNA sequencer는 template로 이용하는 DNA의 quality와 sequencing 반응 산물의 정제 방법, 그리고 gel 농도에 민감하다고 알려져 있다. 이에 우리는 plasmid DNA의 준비, 정제, sequencing 반응, gel 농도와 injection medium 등에 대한 최적 조건을 구축하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. Plasmid DNA 준비과정에서 phenol을 사용한 것 보다 chloroform을 사용한 것이 평균 reading length가 532 bp에서 684 bp로 향상 되었으며, 2.5% DMSO를 첨가한 것이 첨가하지 않은 것에 비해 200 bp 더 길게 염기서열 분석이 되었다. 또한, sequencing 반응산물 정제 시 50 mM EDTA와 0.6 M sodium acetate를 미리 섞어서 pH 8.0으로 맞춘 것을 사용한 것이 50 mM EDTA(pH 8.0)와 0.6 M sodium acetate(pH 5.2)를 각각 사용한 것 보다 20 bp 길게 염기서열 분석이 되었다. Injection medium으로는 실험실에서 resin으로 탈 이온화 시킨 formamide보다 정제된 ABI formamide를 사용한 것이 보다 재현성 있게 reading length가 90 bp 더 길게 분석 되었으며, 4% PAGE gel 보다 3.6% PAGE gel을 사용한 것이 150 bp 더 길게 분석 되었다. Template 준비 시 chloroform으로 정제하고 2.5% DMSO를 첨가, sequencing 반응산물 정제 시 carrier의 pH를 8.0으로 맞춘 것을 이용, 그리고 ABI formamide와 3.6% gel 농도를 사용하는 최적의 조건으로 평균 700 bp, 85% score를 얻을 수 있었다.

This paper considers the sequencing of products in mixed model assembly lines. The sequence which minimizes overall utility work in car assembly lines reduce the cycle time, the number of utility workers, and the risk of conveyor stopping. The sequencing problem is solved using Tabu Search. Tabu Search is a heuristic method which can provide a near optimal solution in real time. Various examples are presented and experimental results are reported to demonstrate the efficiency of the technique.

A quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol that detects the frequencies of sodium channel mutations (M815I, T917I and L920F) responsible for knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant head lice was tested as a population genotyping method. Genomic DNA fragments of the sodium channel α-subunit gene that encompass the three mutation sites were PCR-amplified from individual head lice with either resistant or susceptible genotypes, and combined together in various ratios to generate standard DNA template mixtures for QS. Following sequencing, the signal ratios between resistant and susceptible nucleotides were calculated and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequencies. Quadratic regression coefficients of the plots were close to 1, demonstrating that QS is highly reliable for the prediction of resistance allele frequencies. Prediction of resistance allele frequencies by QS in several globally collected lice samples including 12 Korean lice populations suggested that permethrin resistance varied substantially amongst different geographical regions. Three local populations of Korean lice were determined to have 9.8-36.7% resistance allele frequencies, indicating that an urgent resistance management is needed. QS should serve as a preliminary resistance monitoring tool for proper management strategies by allowing early resistance detection.

This paper considers the sequencing of products in mixed model assembly lines under Just-In-Time (JIT) systems. Under JIT systems, the most important goal for the sequencing problem is to keep a constant rate of usage every part used by the systems. The sequencing problem is solved using Genetic Algorithm Genetic Algorithm is a heuristic method which can provide a near optimal solution in real time. The performance of proposed technique is compared with existing heuristic methods in terms of solution quality. Various examples are presented and experimental results are reported to demonstrate the efficiency of the technique.

본 연구는 두 대의 기계로 연속해서 주문 처리를 수행하게 되는 생산시스템의 운영에 있어서 생산자와 고객의 입장을 고려하는 작업투입순서 결정방법을 제시한다. 생산자의 입장에서는 기계의 유휴시간을 최소화하는 것에 관심을 갖고 있고, 고객의 입장에서는 납기지연의 최소화에 관심이 있다고 가정한다. 두 대의 기계로 작업이 진행되는 생산시스템의 운영에 대한 연구는 그동안 많은 연구자들에 의해서 이루어져 왔으나 기계와 기계 사이에 임시저장공간에 대한 제한을 두지 않고 있다. 그런데 그러한 모델들은 작업장에 배치된 기계들 사이에 공간이 충분하여 재공품의 증가를 허용하는 경우에만 적용이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 임시저장공간에 제한이 있는 생산시스템의 작업투입순서를 결정하는데 있어서 납기지연시간과 기계의 유휴시간을 함께 고려하기 위하여 평가함수를 이용한다. 본 연구에서 제시한 방법에 대해서 Stevens와 Gremmill이 제시한 방법과 비교하여 그 결과를 제시한다.

This paper is concerned with the integrated problem of line balancing and model sequencing in mixed model assembly lines(MMALBS), which is important to efficient utilization of the lines. In the problem, we deal with the objective of minimizing the overall line length To apply the GAs to MMALBS problems, we suggest a GA representation which suitable for its problems, an efficient decoding technique for the objective, and genetic operators which produce feasible offsprings. Extensive experiments are carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm. The computational results show that our algorithm is promising in solution quality.

This paper is concerned with the integrated problem of line balancing and model sequencing in mixed model assembly lines(MMALBS), which is important to efficient utilization of the lines. In the problem, we deal with the objective of minimizing the overall line length To apply the GAs to MMALBS problems, we suggest a GA representation which suitable for its problems, an efficient decoding technique for the objective, and genetic operators which produce feasible offsprings. Extensive experiments are carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm. The computational results show that our algorithm is promising in solution quality.