1995년 WTO 체제가 출범한 이후 전통적인 무역장벽 이외에 기술규정, 표준 및 적합성평가절차 등과 같은 비관세 기술장벽이 국가 간 교역의 중요한 이슈로 대두되었다. 본 연구는 무역기술장벽의 제거에 필요한 기술기반을 마련하기 위하여 국가측정표준기관 (NMIs) 간에 체결된 국제도량형위원회 상호인정협정(CIPM MRA)의 이행이 한국의 교역에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 분석하였다. 국가측정표준의 동등성에 관한 자료인 CMC 를 대용변수(proxy)로 중력모형을 활용하여 실증분석한 결과, CMC는 한국의 교역에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 소득이 높은 국가의 CMC가 낮은 국가에 비하여 더 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라와 같이 무역의존도가 높은 국가의 경우, 공공재로 인식되고 있는 국가측정표준의 확립과 향상을 위하여 지속적인 자원투입을 하는 것이 경제성장에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

오늘날 인과응보는 인과론이 아니라 아직도 종교적 가설로 남아있다. 이러한 인과응보가 객관화되기 위해서는 일반 자연법칙과 같이 원인으로서 작용과 결과로서 반작용이 자연계의 법칙으로서 반드시 물리학에서 정의된 법칙에 따라 예측이 가능해야만 한다. 따라서 학계에서는 임상 의사들이 임사체험국제학회(IANDE)를 중심으로 사례를 수집하거나 인위적 임사체험을 만들어서 근거자료를 확보하는 실험적인 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 인과응보 메커니즘이 규명되기 위해서는 먼저 체험자의 조상이나 전생의 카르마가 원인 작용으로 확인되어야 하고, 이 카르마가 시간차를 두고 현재의 자손에게 부메랑으로 나타난 반작용의 결과라는 인과관계가 합리적 타당성과 논리적 근거자료와 함께 검증되어야 한다. 이에 따라 연구팀은 인과응보를 카르마의 부메랑 현상이라는 개념으로 정의하고, 1994년 6월부터 2017년까지 3월까지 23년 동안 한국과 일본을 중심으로 23년간 관련 자료를 수집하고 분석하여 인과응보에 관한 객관화 연구를 수행하였다. 이러한 장기과제의 연구결과에서 인과응보가 자연법칙으로서 에너지 보존법칙과 작용·반작용에 대한 뉴턴의 물리학적 법칙과 정확하게 일치하는 메커니즘을 밝히고 있다.

In recent years, there have been many serious disasters caused by the lack of basic safety and health measures at workplaces, such as chemical poisoning accidents and fire and explosion accidents at large shipyards. At the same time, interest and awareness of the safety of our people is rising. There are several schemes to preemptively remove industrial accidents. Among them, the safety and health diagnosis system that provides the safety and health of the workplace is proposed as an alternative and the system is expanding quantitatively every year by suggesting problems and remedial measures. Therefore, it is very important to secure the safety and health of the workplace through the safety and health diagnosis. However, due to the lack of laws and regulations on safety and health diagnosis system, dumping of diagnosis amount due to the existence of too many diagnosis agencies, lack of expertise of diagnostic workforce, etc. there has been serious disasters in the diagnostic workspaces. In this regard, the reliability of the safety and health diagnosis is questionable. Therefore, in this study, I intend to improve the reliability of safety and health diagnosis by reviving the intention of safety and health diagnosis legislation

본 연구는 연구개발지출, 연구개발인력, 해외직접투자, 상품무역수지, 기술무역 개방 등이 기술무역수지에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이에 1981 년부터 2014년까지의 연간 시계열 데이터를 이용하여 ARDL-bounds 검정을 실시하였으며, 그 결과 이들 경제변수들 간에 안정적인 장기균형관계가 존재함을 확인하였다. 이어서 기술 무역수지에 대한 각 변수들의 장기와 단기적 영향을 추정해보았다. 먼저 장기균형식에 따른 결과를 살펴보면, 연구개발지출은 기술무역수지에 장기적으로 부(-)의 효과를 미치고, 연구 개발인력과 기술무역개방은 기술무역수지에 장기적으로 정(+)의 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타 났다. 그에 반해, 해외직접투자와 상품무역수지는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 분석되 었다. 그리고 오차수정모형을 토대로 분석한 결과에 따르면, 해외직접투자만 단기적으로 기술무역수지에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 외 변수들의 경우 차분항의 시 차변수들이 양(+)과 음(-)이 혼재된 결과가 나타나 명확한 단기적 관계는 도출하지 못하였 다. 이상 이러한 결과들을 종합하건대, 장기적으로 기술무역수지를 개선하기 위해서는 연구 인력의 양성 및 확보가 무엇보다 중요하며, 기술무역에 대한 시장개방 역시 점차적으로 확대 해 나갈 필요가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources and capacities. However, most of extant studies related to external R&D have focused on analyzing the influence of external R&D on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Innovation performances of external R&D group and internal R&D group are compared. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. The results show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D group. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

In this paper, we present the theoretical aspects and practical implications in terms of the following: First, the consumption value of the consumer is validated against the effects of the smart phone. Second, the consumption values by brand has its purpose is to verify the differences by navigating to the impact of repurchase. The data was collected in a self-administered survey 210 undergraduate students, using smartphone between september 9th-30th, 2014. A total of 152 questionnaires were collected and used for the data analysis.

The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources. However, most studies related to external R&D have focused on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. We show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

연구자의 성장경로에 있어서 박사학위를 취득한 이후 시점은 변곡점이 형성되는 전환기로 경험에 커다란 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 교수의 지도를 받는 학생의 입장에서 벗어나 독립된 연구자로 발전하는 중요한 시기이다. 또한 신진연구자 시기는 개인 연구역량의 축적과 더불어 독립적인 연구자로서 대외적인 명성과 네트워크를 형성하기시작하는 시기이다. 본 연구에서는 박사학위 취득 후 안정적인 연구자로서 자리 잡기 전까지의 경험에 주목하였다. 이 기간 동안 포닥 연구원의 경험이 지식이전 활동에 어떠한 영향을미치는 지 탐색하고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 대학 신진연구자를 중심으로 논문 성과와 공저자 관계로 나타나는 지식이전 활동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하는 것이다. 박사취득 후대학의 전임교원으로 임용되기 전까지 경험이 연구자의 논문 성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 2008년도 신진연구자지원사업을 수행한 대학 연구자를 대상으로 국가과학기술정보시스템에서 제공하는 연구자 정보를 활용하여 학력 및 경험사항, 연구 성과 등에 대한 정보를 수집하고 STATA를 활용하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 포닥 기간의 경험 중 기관의 다양성이 논문 성과와 연구 네트워킹 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로나타났다. 포닥 경험의 상호작용 측면에서 포닥 경험 기간이 길고 국외 포닥 경험이 있는 경우 연구 네트워킹 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고, 포닥 경험 기간 중 경험한 기관이 많고 국외 포닥 경험이 있는 경우 논문 성과와 연구 네트워킹 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 포닥 기간의 경험이 연구성과에 영향을 미치는 요인 중 하나의 변수로 고려할 수 있고 포닥 연구원 지원제도와 관련된 정부 정책을 수립하는데 큰 시사점을 제시할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to verify the role of moderating effect of pay system on the relation between organizational justice and employee’s pay level satisfaction. By default, it would be a justice find out a positive impact on pay levels satisfaction members feel. It will examine the mediating effect of the wage system the main purpose of this study is to prove their relationship. A survey was conducted to examine the role of moderating effect of pay system on the responses of 218 employees. sex, education, status, and service type were chosen as control variable, and the regression model which treated the distributive justice and procedural justice as independent variable was set. A pay system was supposed as moderating variable of the relation between organizational justice and pay level satisfaction, In addition the pay system have a dummy variable (if pay system is lower than the average, pay system is 0, else pay system is 1). The result showed that the relation of organizational justice and pay level satisfaction are significantly unique. This means that pay system moderates the relation of organizational justice and pay level satisfaction. These results are different from the prior researches which had treated pay system as mediative variable of organizational justice and pay level satisfaction. This difference may be from the property of attitude variable. For example, pay satisfaction is individual-based attitude. Moreover, organizational committment has the instrumentality for future reward, while pay satisfaction does not. The future study should consider the properties of these variables and other employee's attitude variables.

The main purpose of the research is to examine how to evaluate good governance, capacity-building, marketing communication strategy, performance measures based on the empirical results. Related literature is reviewed for building the indicator of the research construct. The paper examines the global platform for interface marketing and management for the city context. Governance dimensions include antitrust, liability, consumer protection and intellections. Capability consists of transportation, manufacturing and communication facilities. Performance measures include economic performance and welfare indicators. The research employs the mail survey and interview research methods to collect data from 172 government officers. Good governance, capacity-building strategy, marketing communication strategy, performance measures were reviewed and provided an adequate model for improving policy performance. A city owns good governance and capacity-building, this can attract more business investment for maintaining unique characteristics and competitive advantages. A set of city marketing activities could be an effective policy instrument to achieve the goal of sustainability development and better performance for communicating city citizens. The research also applies the case study and questionnaire survey for examining the research issues empirically. Tainan and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan were selected for research subject for building the measurement indicators. The study tests the predictions of relationships by using mail survey data from chain store and franchise firms and employ structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze the research questions. Results show that governance, capacity-building, citizen communication strategies are key factors in reinforcing cities performance. This research suggests the authority governance and capacity-building systems regularly. Meanwhile, the main issue is how to implement good governance, capacity-building, citizen communication strategy toward sustainability development and performance. This research suggests policy assessment, policy recommendation, policy alternatives and city marketing implications in the future. The study ends with a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications.

Consumers nowadays are looking for luxury brands that are able to fulfil their values. Luxury fashion marketers have spent enormously on advertising and adopted sex appeal extensively as their major selling technique. Little empirical evidence, however, has been presented with regards to the effectiveness of using sex appeal in luxury fashion advertising. Consumer responses to sex appeal in luxury brand advertisements are also poorly understood and under-investigated. The massive use of sex appeal in luxury brand advertising suggests the strong need for empirical research to determine the relationship between sex appeal and perceived luxury values. Based on the luxury value framework and adopting a quasi-experimental design, this study examines the influence of sex appeal in advertising on the relationships between attitude towards the advertisement and luxury value perceptions. Results show that the increase of sex appeal level increases the favourability of the advertisement which results in significant changes in luxury value perceptions. The influence of gender is found to be prominent in this study, which highlights the importance of gender consideration when adopting sex appeal strategy for any luxury brand advertising. Implications for luxury brand marketers and advertisers are discussed.

Evidence indicates that lower levels of obesity among school-age children can be achieved through active school travel modes which include walking. This research aims to empirically investigate the explanatory potential of the Ecological and Cognitive Active Commuting (ECAC) model to explain walking to school behaviour among Queensland children. The results from an online survey of 537 carers in Queensland, Australia indicate that the ECAC explained 53.4% of the variance in walking to school. Distance to school moderates the associations among walking to school behaviours, perceived risks, and social norms. Data indicates that changing carers’ social norms and lowering the perceived risks carers associate with walking to school will increase the incidence of walking to school in Queensland.

Although country-of-origin has been a controversial topic in literature, there has been little research effort to explain the nature linkage between country-of-origin and perceived quality from consumers in emerging markets. Drawing on the notion of country-of-origin, this study proposes the concept of product-country-image which is operationalized with the three components of cognitive, affective and conative. Structural equation modeling is employed to explore the relationship between the product-country-image and perceived quality. The findings indicate that only ‘affective components’ are positively related to ‘conative components’ among three pairs. What is more, structural equitation modeling demonstrated that the influence of product-country image on perceived quality is simultaneously regardless of the level of consumers’ familiarity with a foreign country’s product. Using data collected from 348 Vietnamese consumers, this study generates new insights for academics and practitioners.

This study is to find out the acceptance intention of international logistics platform which meet the needs of each other of shipper and international logistics company in the online. As you may know, the many korean traditional international logistics companies which have to compete with global logistics companies focused on economics of scale, have been in a big trouble. In this circumstances, though they should get used to the change to survive, they do not know what they try to overcome. So, I hope that this study would be helpful to them

최근 국내 은행산업의 시장 포화상태로 성장의 한계에 직면함과 동시에, 세계 수위를 다투는 조선, 건설, 자동차 등 우수한 경쟁력을 보유한 한국의 타 산업 대비 상대적으로 매우 미비한 국제경쟁력을 가진 국내 상업은행들에 게 있어, 적극적인 국제화의 추진은 더 이상 피할 수 있는 명제가 아니다. 반면에 상업은행의 국제화가 경영성과 에 미치는 영향에 대한 국내외 선행연구는 일반기업 대상의 국제화 관련 연구와 달리 쉽게 찾아보기 힘든 실정이 다. 이에 본 연구는 상업은행의 국제화와 경영성과 간의 관계에 대한 고찰을 수행함과 동시에, 기존 관련연구에 서 논의가 미비했던 전략유형을 조절변수로 도입하여 특정한 전략유형이 국제화에 따른 경영성과에 어떠한 영향 을 미치는지 실증 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 2012년 자산규모 기준 상위 200개의 전 세계 상업은행을 분석대상 으로 삼아 1999년부터 국제적인 금융위기가 본격화되기 이전인 2007년까지 9개년도 재무지표의 패널자료를 수 집하여 횡단면분석 및 다중회귀분석(Pooled-OLS)을 실시하였다. 각 은행별로 분석기간 중 재무지표의 평균값을 변수로 사용한 횡단면분석을 통해 국제화 수준 자체는 상업은행의 수익성 및 도산위험과 유의미한 관계가 없었으 며, 수익구조 다변화전략을 동시에 추진한 경우에 한하여 해당 은행의 경영성과가 유의미하게 우수함을 발견하였 다. 본 연구는 은행산업의 국제화 관련연구에서 최근 국내외에서 주로 논의되고 있는 은행산업의 전략유형을 독 립적인 조절변수로 채택하여 실증분석을 시도한 점에서 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 또한 은행산업의 특성을 감안하여 종속변수인 경영성과를 수익성 뿐 아니라 도산위험가능성을 추가로 고려한 점도 의의가 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과가 국내 상업은행이 국제화를 추진함에 있어서 경영진과 여러 이해관계자들이 전략적 측면에서 사전에 면밀 히 분석하고 대응함으로써 성공적인 국제화를 도모하고 신규 해외시장 개척에 일조할 수 있기를 기대한다.

Using the extended technology acceptance model (TAM), the study aimed to understand consumers’ adoption process for smart fashion products. The research model was designed to examine the impacts of perceived ease of use and usefulness on attitude and behavior intention toward smart fashion products based on the technology innovativeness, enjoyment, and subjective norm variables. An online survey was conducted on consumers by employing a marketing research company. A total of 230 useable responses were obtained. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to test the measurement model. The proposed hypotheses were tested by employing the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results found a positive impact of perceived ease of use on usefulness and a positive influence of usefulness on attitude and behavior intention. Attitude had a positive effect on behavior intention. In addition, technology innovativeness was found to have a positive influence on perceived ease of use and enjoyment had a positive influence on usefulness and attitude. Subjective norm predicted behavior intention. The findings of the study contribute to smart fashion literature and have important implications for smart fashion product developers and marketers, as they offer insights into the important role of technology innovativeness, enjoyment, and subjective norms perceived by consumers in improving attitudes and behavior intentions toward the products. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Suhyup Bank became to be subject to regulation of capital ratio by BaselⅢ which was introduced in order to enhance stability of the financial institution. Accordingly, Suhyup Bank will require recapitalization. It is important to estimate the risk-weighted assets in calculating of Suhyup Bank’s recapitalization scale. Therefor, this study aimed to present a scientific model as estimated the risk-weighted assets. Risk-weighted assets are calculated by applying different risk weights for loans, may have a certain relationship with the loans. Results show that the risk-weighted assets is affected by the previous year’s riskweighted assets and influenced the increase in loans during the year. Since the required basic capital adequacy ratio was specified, the risk-weighted assets should be predicted reasonably. Accordingly, on this study it was tried to derive the accounting equation to predict the risk-weighted assets based on management data of a bank since introduction of BaselⅢ. As the risk-weighted assets were weighted differently according to the type of loans, if the accounting equation is derived by using the type of loans, then it would be helpful for the risk management of banks in the long-term. According to this, the increase of loan would be predicted on the basis of past management performance of Suhyup Bank, and for this reason, the future risk-weighted assets of Suhyup Bank were predicted. The result of this study was showed that 98.3% of risk-weighted assets of the previous year, 62.4% of the secured loan changes and 95.1% of the credit loan changes affected risk-weighted assets.

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward to build “Silk Road Economic Belt”and "21st Century Maritime Silk Road”(One Belt One Road). “One Belt One Road” would also directly contribute to the continues growth of China's FDI. FDI is one of the key issues in the process of economic development all around the world. With the rapid development of China-Korea economic, the FDI between Korea and China is particularly attracting extensive attention. In this paper, by using South Korea to China's FDI as a carrier, the determinants of FDI from South Korea to China has been studies under conditions of both practical evidences and experience. In the aspect of practical evidence, green data KTL is introduced timely along with the use of PANELDATA data, which is the product with the development of global green economy, knowledge and technological innovation has been imported to econometric model as determinants. On the other hand, the FDI from China to Korea has been analyzed while with its successful experience. Results shows that GDP (market and the scale of economies), TIEC (Industrial clusters and regional attraction), WAGE (cost and factors), KTL (knowledge innovation and technology) are the determinants of South Korea to China's FDI. Selecting the target stage by stage, implementation of the Chinese localization, taking resource-oriented and making reasonable choice of business focus, concentrating its attention to technology innovation and patent protection is South Korea's successful experience to outward FDI.

The purpose of this study is to assess whether the emotional leadership of the CEO of a fashion company has a significant influence on corporate performance. In this study, a survey was conducten on employees of fashion companies from August 1 to 30, 2015, and 350 copies of questionnaires were collected and used for analysis. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were employed to analyze the data using SPSS software (ver. 21.0). According to the study results, if a fashion company CEO has higher emotional leadership, it leads to an increase in the job satisfaction and performance of the staff members, and an improvement in new product performance thanks to more investment and development and an expanded R&D staff. Additionally, the higher emotional leadership of the CEO contributes to an increase in operating profits, sales, and market share. Therefore, the importance of organizational culture was confirmed by its regulation effect on the emotional leadership and management performance of a fashion company. According to the results of this study, the emotional leadership of a CEO plays an important role in improving the performance of a fashion company, and future studies are needed to identify how to enhance the corporate performance of a fashion company from various perspectives.