This study was performed to investigate the body fat-lowering effect of garlic powder in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α)-luciferase transgenic mice (TG). In this study, we generated transgenic mice with a PGC-1α promoter (—970/+412 bp) containing luciferase as a reporter gene. Mice were fed a 45% high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently, mice were maintained on either a high-fat control diet (CON), or high-fat diets supplemented with 2% (GP2) or 5% (GP5) garlic powder for an additional 8 weeks. Dietary garlic powder reduced the body weight in the GP2 and GP5 groups, compared to the CON group. Furthermore, garlic supplementation significantly decreased the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and leptin in the GP5 group, compared to the CON group. Specifically, luciferase activity in liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) was increased by garlic supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the body fat-lowering effect of garlic powder might be related to PGC-1α by the increase in luciferase activity in liver, WAT, and BAT. Furthermore, transgenic mice might be useful for evaluating the body fat-lowering effect of various health functional foods.

2ZrO2·P2O5 powder, which is not synthesized by solid reaction method, was successfully synthesized through PVA solution method. In this process, the firing temperature and the PVA content strongly affected the crystallization behavior and final particle size. A stable α-phase 2ZrO2·P2O5 was synthesized at a firing temperature of 1200 oC and holding time of 4 h. β-phase 2ZrO2·P2O5 was observed, with un-reacted ZrO2 phases, for firing temperatures lower than 1200 oC. In terms of the PVA content effect, the powder prepared with a PVA mixing ratio of 12:1 showed stable α-phase 2ZrO2·P2O5; however, the β-phase was found to co-exist at relatively higher PVA content. The synthesized α-phase 2ZrO2·P2O5 powder showed an average particle size of 100~250 nm and an average thermal expansion coefficient of −2.5 × 10−6/oC in the range of room temp. ~800 oC.

에베소서 6장 15절은 주로 ‘복음전도와 영혼구원’으로 환원되어진 교회의 선교 이해를 지탱하는 본문으로 여겨지는 경향이 있다. 하지만 구약성서의 11가지 용례에서 발견할 수 있듯이, 에베소서 6장 15절 ‘헤토이마시아’ 해석을 위해서는 (1) 하나님의 백성을 위해 제공하는 포괄적인 신적 예비라는 점, (2) 이 명사에 전제된 ‘하나님의 준비하심’이 근원적으로 고려되어야 하되, 그 ‘준비’의 의미는 능동이기보다는 수동 적 의미(what is prepared)로 제한되어야 한다는 점이 고려되어야 한다. 에베소서 6장 15절에 암시된 이사야 52장 7절은 ‘평화의 복음 선포자’ 모티프를 강조하는 듯 보이지만, (1) 에베소서 기자가 하나님의 전신갑주 모티프를 차용하게 하는 이사야서의 ‘신적-전사’로서의 야훼 모티프가 양 본문 사이의 진정한 평행이며, (2) ‘헤토이마시아’ 명사는 이 모티프의 내용/구조와 매우 유사한 본문인 나훔 2장 1-4절에 나타나 며 이 명사는 ‘신적예비하심의 결과물’로 해석된다는 점이 더욱 신중히 고려되어야 한다.이러한 고려점들은 에베소서 6장 15절의 ‘헤토이마시아’를 (1) ‘예수 그리스도 안에서, 평화의 복음을 통하여, 하나님이 친히 싸우신 싸움, 하나님이 이기신 그 승리가 하나님의 백성을 위해 가능하게 한 모든 ‘현실’(reality)을 지시하는 말이며, (2) 하나님께서 자기 백성을 그 남은 싸움에 참여하게 하심으로 그 백성들이 누리는 동일한 ‘현실’이 지속적으로 발생되기를 열망하시는 모든 ‘현장’을 지시하는 말로 읽을 것을 요청한다. 본문의 이러한 독법은 복음전도와 영혼구원으로 환원되 어진 교회의 선교이해를 교정하고 더 포괄적인 하나님의 선교를 위해 교회 안팎의 모든 현장으로 보냄 받은 영적전사들의 공동체라는 교회의 선교적 정체성에 대한 새로운 이해를 가질 수 있게 한다.

In this work, we synthesize brilliant yellow color α-FeOOH by controlling the rod length and core-shell structure. The characteristics of α-FeOOH nanorods are controlled by the reaction conditions. In particular, the length of the α-FeOOH rods depends on the concentration of the raw materials, such as the alkali solution. The length of the nanorods is adjusted from 68 nm to 1435 nm. Their yellowness gradually increases, with the highest b* value of 57 based on the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Lab system, by controlling the nanorod length. A high quality yellow color is obtained after formation of a silica coating on the α-FeOOH structure. The morphology and the coloration of the nal products are investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and the CIE Lab color parameter measurements.

Previous studies have investigated the potential relationship between promoter polymorphism (-308, G/ A) of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and various autoimmune diseases. However, results from published data were inconclusive. To verify relationship between TNF-α polymorphism (-308, G/A) and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, we have performed a metaanalysis with all relevant articles before October 2016. The electronic search of PubMed, google, and Embase databases was performed to identify eligible studies investigating the relationship of TNF-α polymorphism with autoimmune diseases including vitiligo, celiac disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Genotype frequency data of TNF-α polymorphism (-308, G/A) were extracted and the meta analysis was performed by Comprehensive meta-analysis program with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Genotype models were applied with dominant and recessive models and allele model analyzed. The final analysis included 37 publication papers with a total of 6,102 autoimmune disease patients and 6,987 control subjects. In result, a statistical significant correlation between TNF-α polymorphism (-308, G/A) and susceptibility to autoimmune disease was not detected in our meta-analysis (p>0.05 in all models). Our results suggest that the TNF-α polymorphism might not be related to the development of autoimmune disease. If further results in larger studies would be accumulated in the future, this relationship would be clarified.

In this study, recrystallization behaviors in the two-phase (α+γ) region of micro-alloyed steels such as Base, Nb, TiNbV and CAlN were investigated in terms of flow stress, microstructure and associated grain boundary characteristics. The flow stress of all specimens reached peak stress and gradually decreased, which means that recrystallization or recovery of proeutectoid deformed ferrite and recovery or transformation to ferrite of deformed austenite occurred by thermal activation. The precipitation of carbide or nitride via the addition of micro-alloying elements, because it reduced prior austenite grain size upon austenitization, promoted transformation of austenite to ferrite and increased flow stress. The strain-induced precipitation under deformation in the two-phase region, on the other hand, increased the flow stress when the micro-alloying elements were dissolved during austenitization. The recrystallization of the Nb specimen was more effectively retarded than that of the TiNbV specimen during deformation in the two-phase region.

본 연구에서는 입자크기가 다른 3가지 α-알루미나 분체로부터 주입성형법과 소결법을 혼용하여 튜브형 α-알루 미나 지지체를 제조하여 초기 α-알루미나 분체의 입자크기와 소결 온도가 지지체의 기공구조와 기체투과 특성에 미치는 영 향을 고찰하였다. 평균입경이 0.2, 0.5, 1.7 μm인 α-알루미나 분체를 사용했을 시 제조된 α-알루미나 지지체는 각각 약 80, 130, 200 nm의 평균 기공경을 가졌으며 평균 기공경은 소결 온도 보다는 초기 알루미나 분체의 입자크기에 의존하였다. 모 든 시편에서 소결 온도가 증가할수록 지지체의 부피 밀도는 증가하였고 겉보기 기공률은 감소하였다. He, N2, O2, CO2에 대 하여 30°C에서 단일기체 투과 특성을 평가한 결과, 기체 투과도는 기공경 제곱에 비례하여 증가하였고 기공률이 증가함에 따 라서 직선적으로 증가하였다. 이를 토대로 제조된 α-알루미나 지지체의 기체 투과는 점성유동(viscous flow)에 의하여 이루 어지며, α-알루미나 지지체의 기체 투과 특성은 초기 α-알루미나 분체의 입자크기와 소결온도를 제어함으로써 조절될 수 있 음을 확인할 수 있었다.