본 조사지역인 설악산 국립공원은 해발 1,708m로 남한에서 한라산, 지리산에 이어 세 번째로 높은 산이다. 본조사는 1,473m, 1,368m, 949m, 524m 고도에서 지점을 선정하여 함정트랩(pitfall trap)을 이용하여 조사를 실시한후 군집구성을 분석하였다.조사결과 17속 24종 7,487개체가 딱정벌레류(딱정벌레목: 딱정벌레과)가 확인되었으며, 조사지역 세부 지점별로차이가 있었지만 전반적으로 윤줄납작먼지벌레(Colpodes xestus), 청진민줄딱정벌레(Aulonocarabus seishinensisseishinensis), Synuchus sp.1, Synuchus sp.2, Poecilus sp., 강원우리딱정벌레(Eucarabus cartereti cartereti)가 우점종 및아우점종으로 확인되었으며 본 조사를 통해 딱정벌레 분포에 관한 연구의 기초자료로 제공하고자한다.

미국선녀벌레는 2009년 김해에서 처음 발생하여 전국으로 확산되고 있으며 사과, 단감 등의 농작물에 피해를주고 있다. 본 연구에서는 경상남도와 경상북도 및 부산, 울산, 대구지역의 중부내륙고속도로, 경부고속도로, 중앙고속도로, 당진영덕고속도로, 상주영천고속도로, 광주대구고속도로, 익산포항고속도로, 동해고속도로, 남해고속도로,통영대전고속도로의 10개 도로, 86개 나들목 지점에서 육안관측을 통한 미국선녀벌레의 개체수 및 발생 여부를확인하였다. 관찰된 최다 개체수는 464마리가 관찰된 추풍령 지점이었다. 대부분의 미국선녀벌레는 경부고속도로(추풍령, 김천, 김해, 밀양, 창원)에 집중되어 있으며 각 나들목 주변부의 기주식물로 삼을만한 수종의 분포와 미국선녀벌레가 이동수단으로 삼는 차량의 이동방향에 영향을 받는 것으로 사료된다. 미국선녀벌레가 많이 관찰된 수종은 아까시나무, 느티나무였다. 침엽수인 잣나무와 소나무 등에서는 발견할 수 없었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 향후 미국선녀벌레의 확산 연구의 자료로서 활용하고자 한다.

공검지는 경상북도 상주시 공검면에 위치한 국내에서 가장 오래된 인공저수지 중 하나이다. 공검지는 생물다양성이풍부한 습지임을 인정받아 1997년 경상북도 기념물로 지정되었다. 또한 환경부는 2011년 저수지를 비롯하여 주변논 경작지와 산림구역이 포함된 공검지 일대 0.264㎢을 습지보호지역으로 지정하였다. 본 조사는 공검지 보호구역내의곤충상을 비교하기 위해 공검지를 저수지 구역, 논 구역, 산림 구역으로 나누어 곤충상 조사를 실시하였다. 조사시기는5월, 8월로 총 2회 실시하였으며, 조사방법으로 Sweeping과 Pitfall trap을 이용하였다. 본 연구결과 세 구역에서총 7목 50과 102속 105종 786개체가 채집되었다. 조사구역별로 저수지 구역에서 4목 25과 37속 38종 502개체, 논구역에서 7목 31과 45속 46종 164개체, 산림 구역에서 5목, 29과 52속, 52종, 120개체가 조사되었다. 유사도 분석결과저수지 구역과 논 구역은 0.31로 가장 높은 유사도를 나타냈다.

남한에 분포하는 우리딱정벌레류는 현재까지 총 6종 20아종이 알려져 있다(Imura et Kezuka, 1992; Park et al., 2013; Rapuzzi, 2015). 우리딱정벌레류의 분류는 수컷의 aedeagus 형태가 중요하게 다루어지고 있다(Kwon et Lee, 1984; Imura, 1997; Rapuzzi, 2015). 그러나 우리딱정벌레류를 포함한 몇몇 딱정벌레아과의 종들은 외부 특징으로 구별하는 것이 거의 불가능하며(Janovska et al, 2013), aedeagus의 형태로 명확한 구분이 어려운 종들이 있다(Kwon et Lee, 1984). 최근 이러한 분류군에서 inflated endophallus의 구조의 연구는 많은 분류학적 문제를 해결하고 있다(Brinev, 2002; Anichtchenko, 2004; Janovska et al, 2013). 국내에서는 Kwon et Lee, 1984에서 처음으로 딱정벌레아과의 endophallus 에 대한 연구가 있었으나 최근까지도 inflated endophallus의 구조에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 남한지역에 분포하는 우리딱정벌레속 6종을 대상으로 inflated endophallus의 형태를 확인하였으며, 그 결과 종간에 endophallus의 형태가 큰 차이가 있음을 확인하였다

본 조사지역인 구미시 환경자원화시설은 경상북도 구미시 산동면 백현리에 위치해 있으며 2011년 완공되었다. 준공기간동안 서식지 훼손과 단절과 같은 요인들로 인해 시설 조성지역 주변의 곤충상이 변했을 거라 사료되어 완공 후 조사를 시행하고 이전 환경영향평가 자료와 비교하였다. 환경영향평가 당시 총 10목 44과 74속 82종이 확인되었고, 2016년 조사결과 총 10목 59과 101속 107종이 확인되었다. 딱정벌레목 36종, 노린재목 22종, 벌목 10종, 잠자리목 9종, 메뚜기목 9종, 매미목 8종, 파리목 7종, 나비목 5종, 그리고 사마귀목 1종 순으로 출현하였으며 출현종 가운데 환경부 보호종 2급이 애기뿔소똥구리 (Copris tripartitus(Waterhouse)) 가 출현하였다. 조사자료 비교결과 환경자원화 시설 완공 후 시공 전보다 출현종수가 다양해졌 다는 것을 확인했다.

본 연구 대상지역인 수어천은 전라남도 광양에 위치하며, 하구역에는 대단위 산업단지가 조성되어 있으며, 도시에의 생활폐수 및 생활하수가 다량 배출되는 지역이다. 하지만 지속적인 인간의 간섭이 이루어져왔음에도 불구하고 해수와 담수의 교환이 활발히 이루어지는 자연환경이 비교적 잘 유지되고 있는 지역이다. 본 연구는 하천과 바다의 전이지역인 수어천 하구역의 곤충상을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 조사결과 총 11목 62과 133종 1327개체의 육상곤충류가 확인되었으며, 목별 출현 현황을 살펴보면 나비목 8종, 노린재목 24종, 딱정벌레목 72종, 매미목 2종 순으로 조사되었다. 우점종으로는 애긴노린재(Nysius (Nysius) plebejus), 금록색잎벌레(Basilepta fulvipes), 애넓적물땡땡이(Enochrus (Holcophilydrus) simulans), 애물땡땡이(Sternolophus (Sternolophus) rufipes) 순으로 조사되었다.

본 연구 대상지역인 섬진강은 국내에서 4번째로 큰 강으로 섬진강 하구역은 섬진강의 담수가 해양으로 유입되는 통로 역할을 하는 연안역이다. 본 연구는 담수생태계와 염수생태계의 점이지역으로 생태적 가치가 높은 섬진강 하구역의 곤충상을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구결과 총 10목 80과 250종 2365개체의 육상곤충류가 확인되었으며, 목별 출현 현황을 살펴보면 나비목 10종, 노린재목 54종, 딱정벌레목 194종, 매미목 5종, 메뚜기목 13종이 조사되었다. 그 중 딱정벌레목과 노린재목이 가장 높게 조사되었으며, 우점종으로는 금록색잎벌레(Basilepta fulvipes), 애긴노린재(Nysius (Nysius) plebejus) 순으로 조사되었다.

Since airborne fungi have been known to aggravate indoor air quality, studies on developing anti-fungal filters increase recently. In this study, silver (Ag) nanoparticle was selected as anti-fungal agent. HEPA filter was coated with silver nanoparticles which were generated via spark discharge system operating at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The anti-fungal effect of the Ag-filter was evaluated with the conventional culture assay. When the number of Ag nano particle per a fungal particle in the filter was 1.91X106, the fungicidal efficiency was higher than 99%. As another anti-fungal test, ATP bioluminiscence detection method was also carried out and the results were correlated with those of the culture assay.

This study investigated viability variation of airborne bacteria in indoor environments. The survival in air as a temporal function of bioaerosol viability was reported for Escherichia coli (KCCM 12119, ATCC 11775). Bacteria suspended in distilled water were aerosolized and entered the vertical duct oriented downward. After measurement of number concentration and colony forming unit (CFU) of the bacteria at different locations of the duct, the viability function was calculated. It was found that the bacteria viability(%) decreased with time after aerosolization, 28.454e^-0.132x (x:time, min). This study demonstrated the potential application of viability function of airborne bacteria to studies of exposure assessment and infection risk analysis.

Dispersion characteristics of respiratory droplets are important in controlling transmission of airborne diseases indoors. This study investigated the spatial concentration distribution and temporal evolution of exhaled and sneezed/coughed droplets in a ventilated hospital ward. The viability function of airborne bacteria was experimentally determined and encorporated into an air infection model with calculated results to estimate exposures and infection probability to the bacteria. The diffusion, gravitational settling and deposition mechanism of particulate matter were accounted by using an Eulerian modeling approach. The simulation results indicated that the ventilation flow was found to play a significant role in aerosol transport, leading to different spatial distribution patterns in infection droplet. The smaller size of infection droplet caused higher chance of ventilation from the outlet. The possibility of the proposed exposure estimation into the dose–response model for infection risk assessment was discussed. The infection probability is broadly different from 10^-6 to 7.2% by receptor's position and location and size of infection droplet conditions.

A three-staged cascade virtual impactor was designed, fabricated, and used as aerosol classifier in a dust sensor module. The dust sensor module consisted of the impactor, three commercial dust sensors, and four pumps. For the design of the impactor, three cut-off diameters of 2.5 ㎛, 2.0 ㎛, and 1.5 ㎛ were selected. Then three nozzle widths were determined from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with the three designed cut-off diameters. </br>Laboratory generated PM2.5 aerosols classified into each of three sizes, via the fabricated impactor, entered a dust sensor from which voltage signals were detected due to particle scattering by a laser diode in the sensor. The voltage signal data from the three sensors were converted to number concentrations of the dust particles utilizing correlation equations obtained from separately performed experiments. The number concentrations were in agreement with those obtained by aerodynamic particle sizer (APS).

This studies were measure the cortisol from salivary and serum of fire-fighters, who are relatively always exposed to highly dangerous and unsafe working conditions in which they should bring a fire under control or rescue people in danger situations et cetera, therefore both physically and mentally stressed-out, and comparatively analyzed the correlation between the two cortisol levels. The salivary and serum samples of 133 active fire fighters. These were collected at 8:30am, when leaving for work. The salivary cortisol analysis was carried out with enzyme immunoassay, and the serum cortisol analysis utilized chemiluminescence immunoassay. On the morning of testing, the salivary cortisol concentration was 1.92±0.73(0.51~5.85)㎍/㎗, while the cortisol concentration of serum was 14.93±4.23(4.45~25.85)㎍/㎗. Results were grouped according to ages, smoking, drinking habit, and duty type. Higher smoking and drinking produced a statistically significant increase in salivary and serum cortisol concentration. Cortisol concentrations according to type or duty followed by emergency rescue, fire suppression, rescue, miscellaneous. There is a statistically significant correlation between salivary and serum cortisol concentrations. The results show that a significant correlation between salivary and serum cortisol concentrations exists in fire fighters. It is judged that noninvasive methods salivary cortisol could be used in place of serum cortisol to measure cortisol levels when considering factors such as convenience of sample collection and cost.

In this study, an enthalpy exchanger was coated by silver nano particles via spark discharge method and its antimicrobial and heat exchange efficiencies were evaluated. A method utilizing thermophoretic force was used to improve coating efficiency. Four spark discharge systems were parallel connected and generated silver nano aerosol particles (number concentration of 1.65×10⁸ particles/cc, mode diameter of 31 nm). The coating efficiency was evaluated according to various face velocities (V=0.25~1 m/s) and temperature gradients ((T_hot-T_cold)/T_hot=0~0.09). The maximum coating efficiency was 90.8 % when the face velocity was 0.25 m/s and the temperature gradient was 0.09 (Thot=30℃, Tcold=2℃). Silver nano particles were coated onto the enthalpy exchange element and two different coating amounts of silver nano particles (0.11 ㎍/cm³ , 0.22 ㎍/cm³ ) were tested. For evaluation of antimicrobial efficiency, the suspension test method with E. coli was used. After the suspension test method, CFU(colony forming unit)s of each test sample were counted and colony ratio was calculated. The colony ratio was decreased more quickly when the amount of coated silver particles was increased. When the contact time between each sample and suspension was over 3 hours, antimicrobial efficiencies of coated samples were more over 99.9 % for both amount of silver nano particle(0.11 ㎍/cm³ , 0.22 ㎍/cm³ ). The coating of silver nano particles did not affect the heat exchange efficiency.

Bioaerosols, airborne particles of biological origin, are omnipresent in the common surroundings of humans. In antimicrobial filter system, as particles or organic materials are deposited on the filter surface, the bacteria come into contact with the antimicrobial material less, and thus they can easily grow on particles or organic materials. We selected a carbon fiber ionizer which generated air ions as antimicrobial agent. Antimicrobial effect of carbon fiber ionizer on the outlet air and condensate water was tested using application of carbon fiber ionizer in a small-scale commercial air conditioner. In conclusion, the application of carbon fiber ionizer in the air conditioner showed more increasing antimicrobial efficiency.

Characteristics of commercial antimicrobial filter media for bioaerosol removal were estimated. A chitoasn/ medium filter, a catechin/HEPA filter, a silver/HEPA filter, a copper/pre filter, a electret cabin filter and a non-electret cabin filter were used for estimation. Filtration efficiency and antimicrobial efficiency was tested using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The electret cabin filter and the chitosan/medium filter showed the highest filtration and antimicrobial efficiency, respectively.

Bioaerosols are airborne particles of biological origins including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and all varieties of living materials. In suitable hosts, bioaerosols are capable of causing acute or chornic diseases that may be infectious, allergenic, or toxigenic. Bioaerosols from outdoor air accumulate on filters of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system in large quantities and are able to multiply there under certain conditions. In this study, silver was coated on activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters by an electroless plating method, and their efficacy for bioaerosols removal was tested. Physical filtration and biological antimicrobial test were performed. SEM and XRD analyses were used to characterize the morphology and components of ACF filters. Electroless silver-plated ACF filters showed antimicrobial efficiency, whereas pure ACF filters did not. It was found that electroless silver plating did not influence the physical filtration efficiency of ACF filters.

The antimicrobial activity of metallic nanoparticles against bacteria was investigated. Silver, copper, and titania nanoparticles were tested. The bacteria species E. coli and B. subtilis were selected as models for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Bacteriological tests were performed in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium or Nutrient (NT) medium on solid agar plates containing different concentrations of nanoparticles in the range of 0 to 150 μg/mL. Silver and copper nanoparticles were shown to be an effective bactericide. However, titania nanoparticles were found to be ineffective as an antimicrobial agent. It appears that E. coli cells are more sensitive to the copper nanoparticles than to silver nanoparticles and B. subtilis cells have similar sensitivity against both copper and silver nanoparticles.

A ventilation system comprising a dielectric barrier discharger and UV‐TiO2 photocatalyst filters was designed and tested for simultaneous removal of gaseous and particulate contaminants in a test chamber. The DBD was used as the 1st stage of ESP for particle charging and gas decomposition. Charged particles were collected in the 2nd stage of ESP by an applied DC electric field. The UV‐TiO2 photocatalyst filters were used for decomposing gaseous species including O3 which was inherently produced by the DBD. Particle removal efficiencies based on mass and number were approximately 83.0% and 88.8%, respectively, after the ventilation system was operating for 5 hours. HCHO removal efficiency was approximately 100% for 1∼5ppm of upstream concentration condition. TVOC removal efficiency was 99.0% and 99.6% for 1 ppm and 5 ppm of upstream concentration conditions, respectively.