Criminal procedure holds the discovery of substantive truth as its highest value. However, this fact-finding function cannot be the sole aim of criminal procedure to be attained at all costs. Rather, it is constrained by the principles of due process and a timely trial. Therefore, although the Criminal Code provides for the crime of perjury which deters witnesses from hindering a fair trial with false testimony, the Criminal Procedure Code partially concedes the fact-finding function of criminal procedure by providing for the witness’s right to refuse testimony as a function of due process.This right to refuse testimony is enforced by the obligation to inform the witness on the existence of this right. The question is, if the judge questions a witness in violation of the right to refuse testimony and the obligation to inform, and the witness makes a false statement under oath, can the witness be punished for perjury? This is a question of weighing the values of substantive truth and the principle of due process when they are in contradiction, as due process is the source of the right to refuse testimony and, in certain circumstances, constitutes a limit on the ideal of substantive fact-finding.The decisions in this study take the position that the standard for finding a witness guilty on perjury should be whether there has been an actual hindrance to exercise the right to refuse testimony due to the failure to inform. In this sense, the cases give more weight to the due process considerations of witness examination than previous Korean Supreme Court cases. However, the studied cases are incorrect in limiting the affirmative defense to perjury to those cases where the failure to inform resulted in an actual hindrance to exercise the right. The witness is an individual who bears the obligation to appear at court even though it is not the witness’s own trial, swear a legally binding oath, and testify, all in the interest of substantive fact-finding. The Criminal Procedure Code obligates these witnesses to give testimony, but also gives them the right to refuse testimony where the witness may incriminate himself or herself or close family members. The obligation to inform the witness of this right forms a procedural safeguard to enforce the right. Therefore, the presiding judge’s failure to inform the witness of the existence of the right is a violation of due process and the testimony is given illegally, meaning the witness should not be found guilty of perjury even if the testimony was false.The obligation to inform the witness of the right to refuse testimony exists to guarantee the right to refuse testimony by reminding the witness of the right, thereby giving the witness the ample opportunity to reached an informed decision on whether to stay silent or testify. Therefore, the obligation to inform (Article 160 of the Criminal Procedure Code) guarantees the exercise of this right even when the witness does not know he or she has this right, or is ignorant of how to exercise the right. If the presiding judge violates this regulation and compels the witness to testify without informing the witness that the witness has the right not to testify, such an act on the judge’s part is far more than a minor infraction that has no effect on the legal existence of the crime of perjury. In the cases where the court has failed to inform the holder of the right to refuse testimony, there is no expectation that the witness in question will not commit perjury. It is worth noting that the newly amended Criminal Procedure Code now provides for the exclusion of illegal evidence, and due process is increasingly important at trial as well as during the investigative phase. Therefore, a failure to adhere to laws protecting the witness, especially the failure to inform the witness of a right to refuse testimony should be a full defense to the crime of perjury.

타워 디펜스 게임에서 레벨 디자인은 게임의 재미에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요소이다. 각 레벨의 난이도는 레벨 내에 등장하는 공격대의 조합에 따라 결정된다. 게임 기획 단계에서 게임의 재미를 주면서도 적절한 난이도를 갖춘 공격대를 구성하기 위하여 많은 시간이 소모된다. 본 논문에서는 유전자 알고리즘을 사용하여 타워 디펜스 게임에서 공격대 조합을 자동으로 생성하는 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템을 통해 레벨 디자이너는 난이도 목표치의 입력만으로도 다양한 공격대 유닛 조합을 자동으로 생성할 수 있게 된다. 이는 게임 기획 단계에서 원하는 공격대 조합을 생성하는데 필요한 수작업 시간을 단축시킴으로서 업무 효율을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 목초액의 섭취가 훈련된 흰쥐의 항산화방어기전에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험대상으로는 Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐를 사용하였는데 실험그룹은 비운동 대조군과 운동 대조군, 목초액 섭취 비 운동 대조군, 목초액 섭취 운동 대조군으로 나누어 수행하였는데 체중과 혈중성분 변화, 글리코겐 함량, SOD 활성 수준, MDA 함량에 관한 분석을 하였다. 체중과 체지방(장간막, 복막후, 부고환)은 각 그룹 간에 유의한 차이가 없었고, TG와 FFA 농도도 목초액 섭취로 인한 차이는 없었다. Glucose 농도는 대조군 보다 운동군에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었으나 목초액 섭취로 인한 차이는 없었다. 목초액 투여 운동군에서의 SOD 활성은 다른 그룹보다 유의하게 높았다. 운동 대조군에서의 MDA 함량은 비운동 대조군보다 유의하게 낮게 나타났으나 대조군과 목초액 투여군 간의 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로 운동과 목초액 섭취는 산화적 스트레스의 감소에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 것으로 예상된다.

시마네현 다케시마문제연구회에서 나온 다케시마문제에 관한 조 사연구 최종보고서(2007.3)와 일본 외무성의 ｢竹島 다케시마 문제를 이해하기 위한 10가지 포인트｣(2008.3.8) 팸플릿의 경우 독도영 유권에 대해 ‘17세기 고유영토설’을 내세우고 있다. 본고는 이에 대한 비판을 제기하기 위해 공도정책이란 용어 대신에 수토정책이란 용어를 사용하자는 주장과 함께 일본의 17세기 고유영토설을 불식하기 위해 향후 수토정책에서 어떤 논리를 보강해야 할 것인가를 살펴 보고자 한 것이다. 일본의 17세기 고유영토설을 주장하는 울릉도로 건너갈 때의 정박 장이나 어채지로 이용하여 늦어도 17세기 중엽에는 독도의 영유 권을 확립했고, 17세기말 울릉도 도항을 금지했지만, 독도 도항은 금지하지 않았다고 한다. 그런 주장이 성립되기 위해서는 한일 양쪽의 자료에서 일본 어부들이 전적으로 독도를 목표로 하여 어로활동을 했다는 자료를 제시하지 않으면 안된다. 독도에서의 어 로활동은 울릉도를 근거지로 하여 이루어졌다. 일본 어부들은‘독도’만을 대상으로 해서 항해하지 않았다. 안용복 사건이후 울릉도와 독도에 들어온 사람들은 국제법 위반자들이었다. 그들은 1883 년 개척령에 의해 일본으로 소개되었다. 임진왜란 이후 1882년 이전까지 조선인들이 울릉도에 들어가 살았고, 그것을 거점으로 하여 독도에까지 어로활동을 하였음을 입증하는 자료를 발굴하여야 한다. 수토정책의 경우 일본으로 하여금 울릉도·독도가 우리 땅임을 인식시키고자 하는 정책을 부각시켜야 하고, 그것을 공도정책이라고 해서는 안된다. 또 수토정책 의 대상에는 울릉도 뿐만 아니라 독도도 포함되었음을 드러내주어야만 한다. 지금까지의 자료 가운데 울릉도에서 독도를 보았다는 자료는 제시되고 있지만 독도에 들어가 어로활동을 한 자료, 그리고 수토관이 독도를 심찰한 자료는 아직 발굴하지 못하고 있다. 이에 관한 자료 발굴에 초점을 두어야만 한다.

Excessive self-defense is applicable if an act of self-defense exceeds the reasonable limits and lacks requisite appropriateness. Excessive self-defense is not punishable under Article 21, Clause 3 of Criminal Law, if it is caused by fear, astonishment, excitement or confusion under anxious circumstances such as during night time. According to Article 21, Clause 2, in case of excessive self-defense under extenuating circumstances, either a reduced sentence or is unpunishable. The illegality and liability of excessive self-defense under Article 21, Clause 3 are reduced and besides its liability is expirated because it can not be expected that an offender acts within legal boundaries under such circumstances. Under Article 21, Clause 2, the illegality and liability are reduced and it is unpunishable because it lacks the necessity for punishment. Excessive self-defense is a complicated matter connected with criminal liability, illegality and sentencing. It is not easy to grasp the nature of excessive self-defense and its applicable range because it borders on self-defense and mistaken self-defense, and is indistinguishable from them. The Supreme Court has not clarified its stand on the requisites of excessive self-defense. The Supreme Court has interpreted not only the requisite appropriateness of self-defense, but also the requisites of excessive self-defense strictly. It ruled a decision upon the above mentioned first case as excessive self-defense and the second case as self-defense. However, it should have ruled that self-defense was justified regarding the first case and ruled the second case as mistaken excessive self-defense with either reduced liability or an expirated sentence.

담쟁이 덩굴 추출물로부터 항암예방제로서의 물질을 탐색코자 항산화 비효소활성 및 효소활성을 조사해 본 결과, 부위별 항산화력 및 효소활성들은 차이를 나타내었다. 부위별 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 잎에서 DPPH 소거활성이 가장 높았으며, 실리카겔 컬럼크로마토그래피에서 잎, 줄기, 뿔리에서 각각 7.06, 6.99, 12.39(μg/ml)이었다. 에틸아세테이트 분획에서 활성이 가장 높은 분획을 Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography로 분리 정제한 결과 잎, 줄기 그리고 뿔리에서 각각 5.5, 6.11, 5.29 (μg/ml)의 DPPH 활성이 높은 분획을 얻었다. Sephadex LH-20에 의해 활성이 가장 높은 분획을 GC/MS로 분석한 결과, Benzoic acid(Gallic acid), 1,2,3-Benzenetriol, 4-amino-Benzenemethanol과 같은 페놀화합물의 항산화물질들이 동정되었다. 줄기와 뿌리에서 POD활서은 잎에서 보다 활성이 높았고, SOD 활성은 잎, 줄기 그리고 뿌리 순으로 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 특히, 잎은 뿌리보다 2배 이상의 높은 활성을 보였다.

The induction of enzymes and the accumulation of their end products associated with self-defense mechanism in rice were investigated. When rice leaves were irradiated with UV light, activities of diterpene cyclase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CA4H) were induced and rice phytoalexin, momilactone A was accumulated. The content of p-coumaric acid in rice leaves was closely correlated with self-defense or allelopathic potential against barnyardgrass. UV-challenged rice leaves gave rise to the inhibition of barnyardgrass growth

Norvin Richards. 1999. In Defense of the T-Model. Studies in Modern Grammar 15, 1-21. A great deal of recent work in syntax has concerned the nature of the derivation; should syntax be modeled derivationally? and, if so, what should be the nature of the output of this derivation? In this paper I try to defend one classic set of answers to these questions, sometimes known as the "T-model." The argument is based on the nature of multiple-wh constructions in a number of languages; we see that languages which leave all wh-phrases in situ (like Japanese and Chinese) and languages which move all wh-phrases overtly (like Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian) behave similarly, and crucially differently from English, with respect to the Path Containment Condition. The T-model is the one model of the syntactic derivation that has been proposed that naturally groups the languages in this way. An account of the distribution of the data is then offered which makes crucial use of the T-model. In the course of developing the argumet, the nature of movement to multiple specifiers more generally is investigated.

The washout on incision cliff is a serious problem. Incision cliff if not carefully done, can contribute to soil erosion and, by removing covering plants could have a large impact on the temporary of normally the quality of water. Because the washout of soil is influenced by its surface, it is necessary to prevent or diminish soil particle by plantation of grass species. Kummerowia stipulacea is an useful species that diminish the injury of soil and rainwater. We study that estimates of preventing soil erosion and river overflow can be obtained from the experimental model developmented by several equators. Many potential contaminants are removed by filtration as the water moves slowly through the fields of K. stipulacea.