방사성 폐기물을 지하에 장기 보관하는 금속 용기에 관한 생지화학적 부식 특성을 알아보기 위해 주철과 구리로 된 금속재료를 환원조건 하에서 디설프리칸스 황산염환원미생물과 3개월간 반응시켰다. 금속재료의 화학적/광물학적 변화를 알아보기 위해 주기적으로 용존 금속이온들의 농도를 측정하였으며, 실험이 종료된 이후 금속 시편 및 표면 이차생성물들을 전자현미경을 이용하여 분석하였다. 디설프리칸스가 없는 조건에서는 금속재료의 부식이 매우 미약하였으나, 미생물이 있는 경우에는 부식이 상대적으로 컸다. 관찰된 생지화학적 부식 산물은 주로 맥키나와이트와 황화구리 같은 검은색의 금속황화물이었으며, 표면에서 쉽게 분리되거나 콜로이드화되어 부유하였다. 특히, 구리 시편의 경우 용액 상에 용존 철이 존재할 때 세균에 의한 구리 부식의 가속화가 관찰되었는데, 이는 구리 표면에 다른 종의 황화철이 성장하면서 구리 간의 결속력을 약화시켰기 때문인 것으로 보인다.

As an alternative for energy intensive aerobic wastewater treatment system, development of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)-based domestic wastewater treatment system was researched. No requirement of aeration, fast substrate utilization and less sensitiveness of SRB are main factors for energy conservative wastewater treatment system. Sulfate for SRB’s synthesis could be supplied from SOx in industrial gas, thus the system also can contribute to the economical treatment of hazardous sulfur compound in the gas. With the dissolved sulfate as an electron acceptor, SRB degrade organic matters in wastewater and produce sulfide. This produced sulfide was used for electricity generation in sulfide fuel cell system connected to continuously operating UASB reactor. This study also focused on obtaining SRB dominant granule from methanogen dominant anaerobic granule in a competition between SRB and methanogens. As a strategy to increase SRB activity and to suppress methanogens, starvation was applied by not providing organic source but continuous supplying sulfate. Based on the well adopted hypothesis on the granule structure, methanogens located relatively inner core of a granule died out due to the lack of organic source, while SRB located at outer part of granule survived utilizing extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) or organic matters from died out microbes as an organic source. By eliminating the competition, the portion of organic matter degradation by SRB was increased from 19% before starvation to 93% after starvation, achieving 80% COD removal in total. In case of sulfate removal, 15% improvement was achieved compared to the control reactor. This effect of starvation on the granule characteristics were confirmed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Not only wastewater treatment by SRB but also electricity generation with sulfide fuel cell system was studied. Several sets of batch tests were conducted and continuous operation was also carried out with effluent containing 80mg/L -100mg/L sulfide. Through the batch tests, hydraulic retention time (HRT) was optimized to 8 h, removing almost all of the sulfide from the effluent, having the highest power density of 0.033 mW/cm². With the optimized HRT, sulfide fuel cell connected to the UASBr was continuously operated for over 50 days. This newly developed wastewater treatment system with SRB integrated with electricity generating sulfide fuel cell system is believed to be a promising technology for more sustainable wastewater treatment system.

When concrete is exposed to sulfate attack, ettringite is produced to cause internal expansion and crack. In this study, the sulfate resistance of remicon latex-modified concrete was compared with latex and admixture ratio. From the results, when latex content was increased, the sulfate resistance of remicon latex-modified concrete was improved.

본 연구는 레시틴으로 나노입자화 시킨 티아민 디라우릴 설페이트의 향장활성 증진에 관한 것이다. TDS를 포집시킨 나노입자는 150 ~ 200 nm의 크기를 나타내는 구형이며, 또한 제타포텐셜을 측정하여 여러 pH범위에서 안정한 것을 확인하였다. TDS 나노입자는 인간 섬유아세포(CCD-986sk)에 높은 농도를 처리하여도85%의 세포생존률을 보였다. 자유라디칼소거활성 실험을 진행한 결과 나노입자화하지 않은 TDS 희석액(1.0mg/mL)은 81.6%의 활성을 나타내었고, 나노입자화한 TDS 용액은 이보다 더 높은 88.1%의 높은 라디칼 소거활성을 보였다. TDS 나노입자는 자외선을 조사시킨 CCD-986sk에서 MMP-1의 발현을 41.4% 감소시켰다.TDS 용액과 TDS 나노입자를 가지고 salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes에 대하여 항균활성을 측정하였다. TDS 나노입자의 경우 양성대조군의 항균활성과 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들로TDS 나노입자가 항산화, 미백, 주름개선 효능같은 향장 소재로서의 적용이 가능할 것이라 생각된다.

T-N and T-P in the filtrate from Sludge Treatment Process (STP) was returned to water treatment processing, because T-N and T-P are returned, it makes overload in Advanced Treatment Process. Removal efficiency of T-N and T-P are compared both at using polymer as simple method and at using PFS and polymer as complex method when coagulants was injected in Thickener. In simple method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 95.68% and 99.29% for each. In complex method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 98.07% and 99.90% for each. From the result, removal efficiency of complex method was highly better than simple method. According to increasing of removal efficiency, returned T-N and T-P loading to water treatment process was decreased (Reduced amount of T-N is 0.2309 kg/hr and TP is 0.0145 kg/hr). Also, the amount of a polymer used has been decreased to 80% by using PFS.

Conventional Thiamine Dilauryl Sulfate (TDS) powder has a low stability. In order to solve this problem, this study was performed to improve the solubility of TDS. The process for enhance solubility of TDS was nano grinding mill and ultrasonic dispersion process. TDS paticle was manufactured to nano size through nano grinding mill process. The size of TDS nanoparticle was measured as average 220 nm by DLS. And The TDS nanoparticle in water solution manufactured through ultrasonic dispersion process. The TDS nanoparticle in water solution was showed the highest solubility with 40% ethanol. These results was increased the concentration of TDS from 200 ppm to 240 ppm in water solution. The TDS nanoparticle in water solution showed diameter of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth with smaller than about 1.56 cm compared to the TDS paticle in water solution at same concentration. Also, TDS nanoparticle in water solution showed growth inhibition activity as 59.2% with higher than about 10% compared to the TDS paticle water solution in same concentration. Finally, TDS nanoparticle in water solution was increased solubility through nano grinding mill and ultrasonic dispersion process. Also, the increase of concentration in TDS nanopaticle in water solution according to solubility enhancement lead to an result enhancement of antifungal activity. Consequently, we suggested that the TDS nanoparticle in water solution was more effective than TDS particle in water solution owing to the sub-cellular particle size, ability to persistence and targeting to cell membrane of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Furthermore we expected the applicating possibility with bio pesticide.

This study was performed to enhance antifungal activity of anthracnose in chili pepper by nanopaticles of thiamine di-lauryl sulfate (TDS) through high pressure homogenization process. Yield of TDS was 79.14% by reaction of thiamine hydrochloride and sodium lauryl sulfate. TDS nanopaticle solution was manufactured through high pressure homogenization process. The turbidity of nanoparticles solution was increased with increasing the concentration of TDS, and nanoparticles solution of 100 ppm was showed the highest turbidity with absorbance of 3.212. The size of nanoparticles solution was measured as average 258.6 nm by DLS. Nanoparticles solution of 100 ppm showed growth inhibition activity with higher than about 80% compared to the control group against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Finally, nanoparticles solution was increased effectively the penetration of the TDS nanopaticles on attached cell membrane of hyphae and started to destruct the cells under microscope observation. Consequently, we suggested that the TDS nanoparticle solution by high pressure homogenization process might be suitable biochemical pesticides for improving the antifungal activities against anthracnose in pepper.

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Pruns mume, Schisandra chinensis, Chaenomeles sinensis-- Prunus mume mixtrue (PM) treatment on colitis induced in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. A total of 25 male BALB/c mice (average weight 20.7 ± 1.6 g) were divided into 5 treatment groups and fed a commercial diet (A), PM administration (B), commercial diet + induced colitis by DSS (C), PM administration + induced colitis by DSS (D) and sulfasalazine + induced colitis by DSS (E). We found that PM treatment (D) and sulfasalazine (E) decreased the expression of TNF-α and COX-2 compared to the DSS-induced colitis group (C). The expression of IL-4, STAT6, IFN-γ, STAT1 was decreased in group D and group E compared to the colitis group (C), COX-2 and STAT1 were more decreased in group D. The serum IgE levels decreased in the PM treatment groups (C and D) compared to the non-PM treatment groups (A and B) although there was no significant difference between the PM treatment groups. It is notable that a therapeutic application of the PM extracts ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice.

본 연구는 실리카 퓸의 대체율을 4단계(시멘트 중량의 0, 5, 10 및 15%)로 달리하여 제조한 시멘트 모르타르의 황산마그네슘 침식 저항성을 평가하며, 침식에 의한 성능저하 원인을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실리카 퓸 혼합 모르타르를 5% 황산마그네슘 용액에 360일 동안 침지한 후, 재령별 압축강도 및 팽창을 측정하였으며, XRD, SEM 및 DSC와 같은 여러 기기분석법을 활용하여 침식에 의한 시멘트 경화체의 성능저하 원인을 고찰하였다. 실험 결과에 의하면, 실리카 퓸을 혼합한 시멘트 경화체의 황산마그네슘 침식은 주로 gypsum, thaumasite 및 brucite 등의 반응생성물과 깊은 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study examined how to produce new methods of copper (II) sulfate crystallization by using a small-scale chemistry tool such as small-scale reaction surface and petri dish. The making of copper(II) sulfate is included in the 5th grade elementary science textbooks. Various copper(II) compounds were reacted with a 2 M sulfuric acid solution. The result of this study is as follows: Seven small amounts of copper(II) compounds were reacted with a few drops of 2 M sulfuric acid solution at room temperature to make a copper(II) sulfate crystal of triclinic shape. Using the petri dish method, a copper(II) sulfate crystal could be identified within one hour of reacting copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) perchlorate, cupric(II) formate from a few drops of 2 M sulfuric acid solution at room temperature. When using the lap top method for copper(II) perchlorate, cupric formate, a proper crystal could be identified within one hour as well. SSC methods were used for the first time to make a copper sulfate crystal via chemical reaction. We can make a copper(II) sulfate crystal using a simple method which is easier, safer and saves time in class. And since a small quantity of chemicals are being used in SSC chemical methods, waste is greatly reduced. This lessens the amount of environmental problems caused by the experiment. This can be helpful in preserving nature. In addition the cost of chemical and laboratory equipment is greatly reduced because it uses material that we find in our daily lives. There will be continued study of small-scale methods such as improvement of new programs, study and training of teachers, and securing SSC tools. I would like to suggest such as SSC methods are applicable in elementary School Science. I would like it to become a wide spread program.

본 연구는 실리카 퓸을 사용한 시멘트 경화체의 황산염침식 저항성을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실리카 퓸을 시멘트 중량에 대하여 0, 5, 10 및 15%의 4단계로 대체한 모르타르 및 0 및 10%의 2단계로 대체한 페이스트를 제조하여 침지실험을 실시하였다. 황산나트륨용액에 510일 동안 모르타르 및 페이스트를 침지한 후 재령별 외관조사, 팽창, 압축강도 감소율 및 공극특성을 조사한 결과, 실리카 퓸 대체율에 관계없이 실리카 퓸을 대체한 시멘트 경화체는 황산염침식에 대하여 저항성이 매우 우수하였으나, 보통포틀랜드시멘트 모르타르 및 페이스트는 황산염침식에 의한 극심한 성능저하 현상이 관찰되었다.

Photodegradation of endosulfan alpha, beta, and sulfate known as the most toxic substance among organochlorine pesticides by UV irradiation was studied at experimental conditions such as different pH aqueous solution and reaction time. The initial concentration of endosulfan alpha, beta, and sulfate in aqueous solution was 500 ppb, respectively. The experiment of photodegradation was conducted in a quartz reactor equipped with a low pressure mercury lamp (100 W, 240 nm). The samples were withdrawn from the photo reactor at intervals of 0, 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, and 4 hr. Endosulfan sulfate was never hydrolyzed and photodegraded in wide range of pH. At pH 5 and reaction time (240 min), endosulfan alpha was photodegraded up to 67%. Both endosulfan alpha and beta were started to photodegrade at pH 6.5 with the lapse of time, resulting in approximately 99.9% and 87.2% of photodegradation efficiency, respectively. Furthermore, at pH 9, endosulfan alpha and beta was partially hydrolyzed and photodegraded to 99.5% at 120 min of reaction time. During the photolysis, any photo-products of endosulfan alpha, beta, and sulfate were not observed.

In this study, sulfate reduction reaction was used to increase the decomposition of organics, which is the most critical factor for the stabilization of a landfill site. Composite of sewage sludge, papers, and incineration ashes was used in the column. The experimental results indicated that out of 10 reactors, the reactors 3, 4, 8, and 9 showed higher organics (i.e., TOC) removal rate than that in the absence of sulfate. The organics removal rates (K) in R3 and R9 were 8.65e-4/d and 3.82e-4/d, respectively. The times to reach 10% of initial concentrations in R3 and R9 was 7.3 and 16.5 years, respectively, showing faster organics decomposition rates in these reactors.

Adsorption on goethite of individual component from a solution containing phosphate, sulfate, or copper ion was investigated. Competitive adsorption in the binary and ternary solution systems composed of phosphate, sulfate, and copper ions was also investigated. In competitive adsorption systems with phosphate and sulfate ions, the presence of phosphate ion reduced the adsorption of sulfate ion largely. On the other hand, the presence of sulfate ion caused only a small decrease in phosphate adsorption. This result suggests that phosphate ion is a stronger competitor for adsorption on goethite than sulfate ion, which is consistent with the higher affinity of phosphate for the surface compared to sulfate ion. Compared to the results from single-sorbate systems, adsorption of copper ion in the binary system of sulfate ion and copper ion was found to be enhanced in the presence of sulfate ion. Addition of sulfate ion to the binary system of copper ion and phosphate ion resulted in a small enhancement in copper sorption. This result implies that the presence of sulfate ion promotes adsorption of the ternary complex FeOHCuSO4. The adsorption isotherms could be well described by the Langmuir adsorption equation.

Adsorption of phosphate, sulfate, and copper ion to goethite was investigated. Goethite was prepared in the alkaline solution. In the single adsorbate systems, the final equilibrium plateau reached within 20 min. The adsorption isotherms of the individual ions could be well described by the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) were calculated as 0.483 mmol/g and 0.239 mmol/g at pH 3 for phosphate and sulfate ion, and 0.117 mmol/g at pH 6 for copper ion, respectively. In competitive adsorption system with phosphate and sulfate, phosphate ion was a stronger competitor for adsorption on goethite than sulfate ion, which was consistent with higher affinity of phosphate ion for the surface compared to sulfate ion. The existence of sulfate ion enhanced the adsorption of copper ion but the adsorption of sulfate was inhibited when copper ion was present.