This paper aims to examine the logical and semantic meanings of wh-movement in English, by taking up individual and pair-list readings available in a sentence in which a quantifier like everyone is contained. Not following the movement hypotheses, I instead take the argument by Rooth (1992, 1996) and Ramchand (1996). I assume that a wh-phrase is contrastive-focused and a contrastive-focused phrase provides a set of relevant things, which contains the meaning of wh-questions. I claim that to derive a correct meaning related to scope of wh-phrases, wh-movement is not necessarily required. This paper also considers the syntactic-semantic derivations of wh-questions in English, to find out an alternative method of the interpretations of wh-phrases.

This paper described the overall operations and applications of the water environment management and evaluation systems (WEMES) for environmental management, conservation, and evaluation for a small watershed. WEMES was to be applied with field data from small watersheds ranging from 0.4 to 29.79km2 in size which have steep topography and complex landuses. WEMES was a computer aided decision support system, that was comprised of the database subsystem, the simulation model subsystem, the environmental evaluation model subsystem, and the graphic user interface subsystem that visualizes the simulated results. The water environment management and evaluation with WEMES was successfully performed.

In an effort to effectively manage and evaluate a water environment at a small watershed, a decision support system for a water environment management and evaluation has been developed. This paper described the overall features and functions of the water environment management and evaluation systems (WEMES) for environmental management, conservation, and evaluation at a small watershed. WEMES consisted of fore subsystems: data, simulation model, evaluation model, and user interface. Each of the systems were briefly described. And special features like simulation and evaluation models were also introduced.

The objective of this study is to approach on the spatial boundary of rural development protect by areal classification technique with spatial reference to searching of areal homogeneities in two hierachial administrative units, Ri Eup/Myun. In this study, a criterion for judging areal homogeneities is the degree of agriculture and urbanizing. Variables selected by these two criteria are analysed with the method of fator analysis. The results of areal analysis are as follows: first, generally, the importance of agricultural factors in areal analysis is getting less. Second, areal classification by Myun, Ri in Ansong City is revealed variously because of urban factors. Urban factors make areal heterogeneities become greater, Therefore urban factors are important when analyzing areal characteristics. Third, lately, in areas near by Chung- cheong Do and areas with bad road's condition, areal heterogeneities have been also getting greater. The results of analysis about areal characteristics of Myun and Ri are different from each other. In addition, urban factors are more influential on the areal characteristics than agricultural factors. Therefore, the establishment of rural development project for inindle spatial boundary between Myun unit and Ri unit is needed.

The objective of this study was to examine the transient response to hydraulic shocks in an inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor(IFBBR) for the treatment of apartment sewage. The hydraulic shock experiments, when the system were reached at steady state with each HRT 12, 7, and 4hr, were conducted by changing twice HRT per day during 3days. The SCOD, SS, DO, and pH of the effluent stream were increased with hydraulic shock, but easily recovered to the steady state of pre-hydraulic shock condition. In spite of hydraulic shock, there were not much variation of biomass concentration, biofilm thickness, and biofilm dry density.

Im Che-Gyong. 1996. The Thematic Structure of Ergative Construction. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 9: 77-96. Ergative sentences in English and Korean show some asymmetries with their accusative counterparts in such constructions as imperatives, prenominal -ing forms, and dative or double object construction. The primary purpose of this paper is to show that these asymmetries can be explained by assuming VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis, Thematic Hierarchy in VP-Shell Structure and Minimal Link Condition. I also found that causatives cannot co-occur with ergatives and this can be explained by the principles suggested by the Minimalists. The results from the study are the following: (i) Asymmetries in imperatives, prenominal -ing forms can be explained by the difference in argument structure between ergatives and accusatives: the former have only one argument with Theme role but the latter have two arguments, Agent and Theme. (ii) Case theory alone cannot solve the ungrammaticality of ergative sentences in which the goal is the surface subject. We need the following thernatic hierarchy: Agent > Theme > Goal plus MLC suggested in Chomsky(1993). (iii) MLC also explains the non co-occurrence of Korean ergatives with causatives; a supporting evidence that MLC comprises the Specified Subject Condition as well as the notion of government in barrierhood.

An inverse fluidized-bed biofilm reactor (IFBBR) was used for the treatment of highly-emulsified oily wastewater. When the concentration of biomass which was cultivated in the synthetic wastewater reached to 6000㎎/L, the oily wastewater was employed to the reactor with a input COD concentration range of 50㎎/L to 1900㎎/L. Virtually the IFBBR showed a high stability during the long operation period although some fluctuation was observed. The COD removal efficiency was maintained over 90% under the condition that organic loading rate should be controlled under the value of 1.5 ㎏COD/㎥/day, and F/M ratio is 1.0㎏COD/㎏VSS/day at 22℃ and HRT of 12 hrs. As increasing organic loading rates, the biomass concentration was decreased steadily with decreasing of biofilm dry density rather than biofilm thickness. Based on the experimental results, It was suggested that the decrease in biofilm dry density was caused by a loss of biomass inside the biofilm.

Hydrodynamic characteristics such as gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity and bed expansion in a hexagonal inverse fluidized bed were investigated using air-water system by changing the ratio (Ad/Ar) of cross-sectional area between the riser and the downcomer, the liquid level(Hl/H), and the superficial gas velocity(Ug). The gas holdup and the liquid circulation velocity were steadily increased with the superficial gas velocity increasing, but at high superficial gas velocity, some of gas bubbles were carried over to a downcomer and circulated through the column. When the superficial gas velocity was high, the Ad/Ar ratio in the range of 1 to 2.4 did not affect the liquid circulation velocity, but the maximum bed expansion was obtained at Ad/Ar ratio of 1.25. liquid circulation velocity was expressed as a model equation below with variables of the cross-sectional area ratio(Ad/Ar) between riser to downcomer, the liquid level(H1/H), the superficial gas velocity(Ug), the sparger height[(H-Hs)/H], and the draft plate level(Hb/H). Uld=11.62g^0.75(Hl/H)^10.30(Ad/Ar)^-0.52(H-Hs/H)^0.91(Hb/H)^0.13

Stability of reactor and effect on biofilm characteristics were investigated by varying the hydraulic residence time in an inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor(IFBBR). The SCOD removal efficiency was maintained above 90 % in the HRT range of 12hr to 2hr, but the TCOD removal efficiency was dropped down to 50 % because of biomass detachment from overgrown bioparticles. The reactor was stably operated up to the conditions of HRT of 2hr and F/M ratio of 4.5㎏COD/㎥/day, but above the range there was an abrupt increase of filamentous microorganisms. The optimum biofilm thickness and the biofilm dry density in this experiment were shown as 200 ㎛ and 0.08 g/㎤, respectively. The substrate removal rate of this system was found as 1st order because the biofilm was maintained slightly thin by the increased hydraulic loading rate.

A detachment of biofilm was investigated in an inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor(IFBBR). The biofilm thickness, δ and the bioparticle density, ρ_pd were decreased by the increase of Reynolds number, Re and the decrease of biomass concentration, b_c. The correlations were expressed as δ=61.6+16.33b_c-0.04Re and p_pd=0.3+0.027b_c- 2.93x10 exp (-5)Re by multiple linear regression analysis method. Specific substrate removal rate, q was derived by F/M ratio and biofilm thickness as q=0,44+0.82F/M-5.1x10 exp (-4)δ. Specific biofilm detachment rate, b_ds, was influenced by F/M ratio and Reynolds number as b_ds=-0.26+0.26F/M+2.17x10 exp (-4)Re. Specific biofilm deachment rate in an IFBBR was higher than that in a FBBR(fluidized bed biofilm reactor) because of the friction between air bubble and the bioparticles.

광전역이 수도엽신의 광합성에 미치는 영향을 구명코져 일반형 2품종(추청벼, 화진벼)과 통일형 2품종(삼강벼, 칠성벼)에 대하여 분얼기에서 출수기에 이르는 기간동안 무처리, 30%, 70% 차광처리하여 분얼기와 출수기에 고저 광도 조건하에서 광합성 특성 및 이와 관련한 생리, 생태적 특성을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 차광처리에 의한 건물중의 감소는 70% 차광처리구에서 많았으며, 분얼기보다 출수기가 현저하였고, LAR 및 SLA도 출수기에 높았다. 2. 분얼기 저광도(5Klux)하의 개체의 광합성 능력은 낮은 편이며, 무처리<30%<70% 차광처리의 순이었고, 고광도(33Klux)하에서는 무처리구 보다 30% 차광처리구가 가장 높았다. 3. 출수기에 단엽의 광합성 능력은 무처리에 비하여 70%차광처리구가 오히려 높았다. 4. 광합성에 대한 호흡비율(Respiration/Photosynthesis×100)은 무처리구에 비하여 차광처리구에서 전반적으로 낮았다. 5. CGR, RGR, NAR은 무처리구에 비하여 차광정도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 6. 차광처리는 수량 구성요소중 특히 1수 영화수를 감소시켜 정조수량이 감소되고, 따라서 수확지수도 저하되었다.

Effect of the liquid circulation velocity on the biofilm development was investigated in an inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor(IFBBR). To observe the effect of the influent COD concentration on biofilm simultaneously, the influent COD value was adjusted to 1000㎎/ℓ for 1st reactor, and 2500㎎/ℓ for 2nd reactor. The liquid circulation velocity was adjusted by controlling the initial liquid height. As the liquid circulation velocity was decreased, the settling amount of biomass was increased and the amount of effluent biomass was decreased. Since the friction of liquid was decreased by the decrease of liquid circulation velocity, the biofilm thickness was increased and the biofilm dry density was decreased. In the 1st reactor, the SCOD removal efficiency was constant regardless of the variation of the liquid circulation velocity, but it was increased by the decrease of the liquid circulation velocity because of more biomass population in 2nd reactor.