Many researchers have discussed how membrane performance can be enhanced through an understanding of polymer science and engineering. The understandings of transport in porous membrane are used to achieve the isolation of certain components from mixtures. Particular emphasis is placed on the applicability of membrane separations for the isolation of macromolecules[1]. An awareness of membrane structure characteristics is required for the rational design of membranes for specific and/or new applications. This understanding rests on the knowledge of fields such as polymer thermodynamics[2], polymer adsorption [3, 4], diffusion in polymers[5, 6], reaction mechanism[7], and the dynamic behavior[8, 9] of polymer in porous membrane.

In this paper, we provide an overview of financial development in Vietnam. Particularly, a new approach of this study is to measure financial development through improvements in depth, efficiency and access of the banking system and stock market. Further, the study examines the factors significantly affecting financial development in Vietnam. The data are collected in Vietnam, an emerging country with a limited financial development. We employ the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, which generates a high reliability and suits data characteristics of emerging countries like Vietnam. We observe that Vietnam’s banking system plays a key role in supplying credits to the economy while the nascent stock market at a limited size shows its potential for a considerable growth in the future. We also find the influential determinants of financial development in Vietnam including real estate market (RE), economic growth (EG), consumer price index (CPI), and global financial crisis (GFC). These findings are essential for Vietnamese authorities in providing practical solutions in order to build a sustainable and synchronous financial development. They are also first empirical evidence relating to an overview of financial development in an emerging country, so they are not only valuable to Vietnam but also crucial to other emerging economies.

The coffee grounds generated during the coffee extraction process contain several resources, but the technology for their recycling has not been commercialized yet, causing various environmental problems. Due to the recent increase in coffee consumption worldwide, the amount of coffee grounds produced has been continuously increasing, reaching more than 750 million tons. In Korea, about 120,000 tons of coffee waste are annually generated; however, most of them are landfilled or incinerated. Although there is still a shortage of coffee waste recycling technologies compared to the amount of coffee grounds produced, various recycling approaches are being actuated in many countries including Korea. In this study, the generation of coffee grounds at home and abroad, the status of coffee grounds recycling, and the associated technology development trends were investigated. The coffee grounds recycling has been studied in the fields of energy, adsorbent, construction, agriculture, and bio-foods. Research is most active in the energy and biotechnology areas; in particular, since the oil in the coffee grounds is valuable as a feedstock for biomass energy, the technology related to energy recovery is currently under development worldwide. Removed because confusing and unnecessary.

This paper presents an overview of deep space orbit determination software (DSODS), as well as validation and verification results on its event prediction capabilities. DSODS was developed in the MATLAB object-oriented programming environment to support the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) mission. DSODS has three major capabilities: celestial event prediction for spacecraft, orbit determination with deep space network (DSN) tracking data, and DSN tracking data simulation. To achieve its functionality requirements, DSODS consists of four modules: orbit propagation (OP), event prediction (EP), data simulation (DS), and orbit determination (OD) modules. This paper explains the highest-level data flows between modules in event prediction, orbit determination, and tracking data simulation processes. Furthermore, to address the event prediction capability of DSODS, this paper introduces OP and EP modules. The role of the OP module is to handle time and coordinate system conversions, to propagate spacecraft trajectories, and to handle the ephemerides of spacecraft and celestial bodies. Currently, the OP module utilizes the General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT) as a third-party software component for highfidelity deep space propagation, as well as time and coordinate system conversions. The role of the EP module is to predict celestial events, including eclipses, and ground station visibilities, and this paper presents the functionality requirements of the EP module. The validation and verification results show that, for most cases, event prediction errors were less than 10 millisec when compared with flight proven mission analysis tools such as GMAT and Systems Tool Kit (STK). Thus, we conclude that DSODS is capable of predicting events for the KPLO in real mission applications.

Purpose - While microfinance institutions(MFIs) from Bangladesh, such as Grameen Bank, received worldwide recognition and the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, however, there is a paucity of research that provided a comprehensive discussion on the characteristics of the microfinance industry. Hence, the aim of this paper is to discuss some important aspects of the microfinance sector in Bangladesh. Research design, data, and methodology - This study used secondary sources of data, such as annual reports of the Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) and the World Bank database in its descriptive analysis. Results - This study found that Bangladesh has made remarkable progress in her socio-economic and economic development in the last few decades. It is also generally perceived that microfinance has placed significant contribution on such socio-economic development. While microfinance observed unprecedented growth domestically, however, the regulatory framework is still rather weak, and a majority of the MFIs are found to be concentrated in the well-off areas (e.g., Dhaka, Chittagong etc.). Conclusions - The findings are significantly important for the parties who are interested to know the microfinance sector in Bangladesh. To some extent, the findings of this study will provide policy implications that may benefit the industry.

Although the microfinance sector in Bangladesh is mainly driven by Non-Governmental-Organizations (NGOs), there are other types of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) that also provide financial services to the poor. Despite the criticism of microfinance programs, the current poverty situation in Bangladesh still requires such programs for consistently battling poverty. Hence, the aim of this paper is to profile the microfinance sector based on their legal status and investigate any possible differences (if any) between them in various aspects. After a thorough investigation of the sector, it was found that around 33 million of the clients are being served by the mainstream MFIs (NGO and Grameen Bank) while another 10-15 million clients are served by other types of MFIs (financial cooperatives, credit unions, various ministries etc.), accounting for the one-third of the total population in Bangladesh. While the mainstream MFIs basically works with poor, other categories of MFIs are concerned with relatively wealthy clients. Looking into the financial performance and social intermediation of the MFIs, the NGO-MFIs performed better than other types of MFIs in the sector.

물은 콘크리트의 중요한 재료 중 하나로, 콘크리트의 유동성, 초결 및 강도발현 등에 많은 영향을 주고 있음은 이미 널리 알려져 있다. 특히, 주변 온도와 습도에 따라 이동이 가능한 콘크리트 내부의 수분은 경화 초기에 콘크리트의 수축, 팽창, 그리고 균열 형성에 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라, 장기강도 발현과 creep 등의 장기거동 및 동결융해와 알칼리 실리카 반응에 따른 장기열화에도 중요한 요인으로 작용한다. 이와 같이, 콘크리트 내부의 수분 조절이 콘크리트의 역학적 특성 및 내구성 확보와 매우 밀접한 관련성을 갖는다는 것은 분명한 사실이다. 본 기사에서는 콘크리트 내부의 수분 조절을 위한 노력 중 고흡수성 수지(supersbasorbent polymer, SAP)를 활용한 새로운 시도와 관련한 기존 연구결과를 정리하여 소개하고자 한다. SAPs는 다량의 물을 흡수하여 내부에 저장할 수 있는 구조를 가진 고분자화합물로, 대부분 수용성 용액의 흡수를 위해 개발되어 왔다. 몇몇 SAP는 자중의 5000배에 달하는 물의 흡수가 가능한 것으로 보고되고 있지만, 산업용 SAP는 일반적으로 자중의 100~400배 정도의 물을 흡수할 수 있고(Fig. 1) 다양한 크기와 형태(Fig.2)로 제조가 가능한 것으로 알려져 있다. 물의 흡수와 건조에 의해 팽창․수축하는 SAP의 특성을 콘크리트에 적절히 활용할 경우, SAP는 외부환경의 변화에 대응하는 “smart materials”로서의 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

기능성 게임은 현재 정부, 교육, 군사, 기업 그리고 보건 및 의료분야에 이르기까지 다양하게 확장되고 있다. 특히 보건/의료 기능성 게임은 예방과 치료를 위한 유용한 도구로 인식되고 있으며, 구체적으로 천식, 당뇨, 암, 뇌질환, 백혈병 등의 질환을 가진 환자들의 상태를 호전시키는 결과가 보고되고 있다. 이러한 효과들을 토대로, 미국과 유럽 등에서는 건강심리, 가상현실, 행동의학 등의 다학제간 융합연구를 통해 다양한 형태의 게임 개발이 시도되고 있다. 그러나, 국내에서는 아직까지 이에 대한 체계적인 학문적 접근은 물론 개발사의 효과적인 기획 전략 수립과 다양한 개발 노력도 부족한 상황이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 보건/의료 기능성 게임에 대한 기존의 연구결과를 바탕으로 그 개념과 효과, 분류체계를 정리하고, 대표적인 성공사례를 분석하여, 향후 관련 연구와 개발 및 기획에 대한 개괄적인 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. 특히, 보건/의료 기능성 게임의 성공적 개발을 위해서는 의학적 근거와 과학적 설명을 근간으로 기획 단계부터 관련 이론을 체계적으로 적용시키는 것이 중요하다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 보건/의료 기능성 게임에 적용되었거나 향후 활용 가능한 이론들을 정리하고, 성공사례 분석과 결부해 연구자와 개발자, 그리고 의료 전문가들이 고려할 사항과 방향성에 대한 제언을 정리하였다.

기능성 게임(serious games)은 게임에 대한 국내의 부정적인 담론에 대해 긍정적이고 새로운 관점을 제시할 수 있는 대안으로 떠오르고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 기능성 게임 연구에 다양성을 확보하기 위해 교육과 건강 게임에 비해 다소 논의가 부족한 사회변화를 목적으로 하는 게임에 초점을 맞추었다. 본 논문의 목적은 이론적 접근을 토대로 게임이 사회적 문제 해결을 위한 메시지 전달, 인식이나 행동 전환에 있어 강력한 도구가 될 수 있음을 밝히고, 관련 게임 개발 시 고려해야 할 사항을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위해 관련된 개념들을 정리하고 사회변화 게임 사례에 적용된 요인들을 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 게임의 역할취득과 시뮬레이션 방식이 타인이나 타인이 처한 상황 또는 특정 사회에 대한 이해 및 소통에 있어서 효과가 있는 것으로 드러났다. 또한 사회적 또는 정치적 문제와 관련한 인식의 변화나 이타적인 행동을 이끌어내는 심리적 기제인 공감을 이끌어내는데 있어서도 탁월한 수단이 될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

This study presents a technical overview of snow and ice accretion on cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges. Specially, it focuses on measures against snow or ice falling into bridge decks. Many different types of de-icing and anti-icing are discussed in this paper.

This study presents a technical overview of inspection practices on cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges in service. Specially, it focuses on special inspections, which are regularly scheduled or unscheduled inspections, contrary to those used in general bridges. Conceptual improvements of special inspections are discussed.

Peppers (Capsicum spp.) with pungent (chili, hot pepper) and non-pungent (sweet pepper, bell pepper, paprika, capsicum) fruits are important spice and vegetable crops worldwide, especially in many developing countries of Asia and Africa. Among the five cultivated species of the genus Capsicum, C. annuum L. var. annuum is the most widely cultivated; over the past 25 years, AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center has focused on improving this commonly grown species. Other domesticated species also have been used as resistance sources against biotic stresses in breeding programs to improve C. annuum (for example, C. chinense and C. baccatum resistant to anthracnose). The major focus of the Center’s pepper breeding activities has been to identify and use host plant resistance to many biotic stresses, including viral (Cucumber mosaic virus, Chili veinal mottle virus, Potato virus Y, Tomato mosaic virus, geminiviruses), fungal (Phytophthora wilt, anthracnose, mildews) and bacterial (bacterial wilt, bacterial spot) diseases. The Center disseminates seeds of improved lines to cooperators in developing countries (usually public and private sector breeders), who make use of the germplasm in various ways: (i) direct release of supplied breeding lines as varieties through national varietal release procedures, (ii) reselection among the supplied populations according to local trait preferences and subsequent release as new varieties, (iii) use of supplied materials (possibly after further selection) as parental lines in hybrid breeding, and (iv) use in crosses in breeding programs. Examples from these categories will be presented.

Recently, the term of spirituality is drawing people’s special attention, in particular, in Christianity. However, for the diverse or multi-meanings of spirituality, it is neither easy to define it clearly, nor to use it suitably. In this paper, I try to approach this theme focusing on the history of Christian mysticism, in particular, Protestant one. In general, the mainstreams in Church history have tended to know God in academic ways. But, one can find that there have been other ways to approach God, which has been known as mysticism. While there is a strong tendency to identify mysticism with superstition in Korea, mysticism has a long history in Christianity, seeking a spiritual union with God. During the Middle Age, monasteries were the center of mysticism. However, in the case of Protestantism, where monasticism could not find its place, such a tradition persistently has appeared in a variety of forms and ways. During the Reformation, the Reformers focused their attentions on the doctrine of justification by faith, while Anabaptists had more concern about the mystical and moral aspects of Christian life. In the 17th century, however, Pietism and Puritanism began to appear paying more attention to the changed life of Christians. As a result, regeneration and sanctification became popularized along with, or even instead of justification. During the 18th century, spiritual experience became a central concern for many evangelicals in the American colonies as well as the Great Britain. The pivotal figures during the First Great Awakening preached a series of sermons on regeneration or conversion. They emphasized the significance of spiritual experience by revivals which led believers to the higher state of piety, that is, sanctification or holiness. Such a trend persisted during the nineteenth century. A variety of holiness movements sought to have the experience of entire sanctification by the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. In the case of Charles G. Finney, however, he attempted to synthesize both personal holiness and social reform in his controversial revivals. The twentieth century opened its door with the appearance of Pentecostalism. This radical version of holiness movement shaped its theological and spiritual identity by placing its primary emphasis upon the doctrine of speaking in tongue as the physical sign of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. By this new movement, the Holy Spirit became more popularized, and the Charismatic experiences became one of the most serious concerns of modern Christians regardless of their denominational differences. Currently, the so-called “Emerging Church” is drawing a more fresh and attractive attention from many Christians, which tries to apply the ancient types of spirituality to the postmodern atmosphere. Likewise, the Protestant spirituality has been trying to find or construct its path in a variety of ways. Such a sacred struggling is still going on.

Hundreds of scientists are involved in the various climatic fields of research. Few of them have attempted to review some of research work already published. However, to our knowledge there has been no such work to overview the whole journal of research. Field experts have their own approach to understand the existing problems and school of thoughts for research aptitude. Thus, the review of numerous researches in the area of climatic issues is a little bit thorny. This study reveals a brief overview on the different aspects of climate. The journal of Pakistan Journal of Meteorology (a biannual online journal) from 2004 to 2009 (issues 1-10) has been overviewed in this paper. This work shows an intense effort of the contribution of climatic research in Pakistan Journal of Meteorology. In this respect, this journal covers a vide range of climatic issues from the climate forecast, the impact assessment, the climate change and vulnerability, the long range forecast, and especially the rainfall patterns.

본 연구의 목적은 자아 효능감, 교사 효능감, 코칭 자신감에 대한 개념 뿐만 아니라 관련 있는 코칭 자신감 구성의 프레임웍에 대한 문헌연구를 제공하는 데 있다. Bandura(1977)의 자아 효능감 개념, Denhamr 과 Michael(1981)의 교사 효능감에 대한 다차원적 모델, Park(1992)의 코칭 자신감 측정, Moon 과 Park(1995)의 코칭 자신감 Ⅱ측정, Feltz 등(1999)의 코칭 유능감의 개념적 모형을 사용해서, 코칭 자신감 개념적 프레임웍의 개요를 제시하였다. 마지막으로, 본 연구에서는 코칭 자신감에 대한 문제점과 미래방향을 제시하였다.