Background : Due to changes in climate and cultivation conditions, the growth monitoring is an essential factor in improving crop productivity. With the recent development of image analysis technology incorporating ICT, it has become possible to constantly monitor the crop growth. As a medicinal crop specialized in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, Cnidium officinale Makino was examined for the possibility of growth diagnosis through image analysis for stable production. Methods and Results : The IP camera was installed at 2.5 m height in experiment field. The RGB image of every 06:00 was captured from July 1 to July 30 and used for analysis. The captured images were analyzed using the image analysis tool, Image J. The greeness was estimated by the average value of the green histogram. The canopy size was determined by the color range (red: 0-255, green: mean value-255, blue: 0-255) and was calculated as the ratio of pixels number of the entire image to those of the selected area. The growth temperature during investigation period was measured by Hobo MX2300. High temperature, excess of 28℃, was compared to stress response such as decrement of canopy size. The greeness and the canopy size are respectively represented by the quadratic function greeness = -0.0722GD2 + 6248.9GD – 1e + 08 (GD, growing day; R2 = 0.46) and canopy size = -0.0462GD2 + 3996.7GD – 9e + 07 (R2 = 0.93). From July 11, it began to exceed the growth limit temperature of 28℃, and the canopy size began to decrease from this period. Between the canopy size (C) and the accumulated temperature exceeding 28℃, there was a negative correlation, C = -0.13ATEC + 56.75 (R2 = 0.87) during the decreasing period. Conclusion : Extraction of color information in Cnidium officinale Makino using RGB image should be preceded by standardized setting, but it is considered to be useful tool for analyzing the change of quantitative characteristics over time. In the future, it is necessary to make a comparative study with the actual growth rate in the image diagnosis.

This study investigates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent apoptosis in duced during somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) process of porcine SCNT embryos. Porcine SCNT and in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos were sampled at 3 h and 20 h after SCNT or IVF and at the blastocyst stage for mRNA extraction. The x-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA and the expressions of ER stress-associated genes were confirmed by RT-PCR or RT-qPCR. Apoptotic gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. Before commencing SCNT, somatic cells treated with tunicamycin (TM), an ER stress inducer, confirmed the splicing of Xbp1 mRNA and increased expressions of ER stress-associated genes. In all the embryonic stages, the SCNT embryos, when compared with the IVF embryos, showed slightly increased expression of spliced Xbp1 (Xbp1s) mRNA and significantly increased expression of ER stress-associated genes (p<0.05). In all stages, apoptotic gene expression was slightly higher in the SCNT embryos, but not significantly different from that of the IVF embryos except for the Bax/Bcl2L1 ratio in the 1-cell stage (p<0.05). The result of this study indicates that excessive ER stress can be induced by the SCNT process, which induce apoptosis of SCNT embryos.

Suggestions for improvement of allowable nailing stress according for wood: more diverse nail types need to be considered, especially the types most widely used in the field; different fiber directional properties must be differentiated also, future studies need to integrate much required design factors, for example by including the wood temperature/humidity into the integrated modulus, as wood is very sensitive to changes of moisture in the air.

Data from the strain gauge and temperature sensor through the analysis in the future appear to be capable of vertical construction step analysis Behavior of Concrete Box Girder is judged to be high usability.

Wheat-rye translocation lines are widely used in wheat breeding programmes by reason of biotic stress tolerances. Though there have been a number of researches regarding abiotic stress tolerance, the tolerance of the lines depends on wheat genetic background, not on rye chromosome. Here, we investigated wheat-rye translocation specific transcripts derived from cDNA-AFLP under drought stress, which may help to elucidate the reaction under the stress. ‘OK91G117’ (1BL.1RS translocation) and ‘OK91G144’ (non-translocation) were used as materials, which are near-isolines for 1RS. 25% PEG 6000 was added in culture solution to simulate drought condition and root tissues were sampled at each 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after PEG treatment for RNA extraction. As a result of cDNA-AFLP, TDFs (transcript derived fragments) that were specific to OK91G117 were sequenced. GO functions of each sequenced TDF were annotated by Blast2GO using standard parameter with cut-off level 3 and mapped to the GO term (i.e. biological process; BP, molecular function; MF, cellular component; CC). The term with “organic substance metabolic process”, “primary metabolic process”, and “cellular metabolic process” account for almost 50 % of BP. The most represented terms among probes classified to MF were “transferase activity” and most of TDF were annotated in “cell part” of CC. In addition, rye-chromatin specific markers were developed by BLAST comparing sequence of TDF with wheat and rye genome data. RT-PCR was conducted to validate expression patterns of selected TDF. Further studies will be needed to elucidate functions of the highly expressed genes under drought stress.

Arsenic (As) is accumulated in rice grain due to environmental reasons such as polluted ground water and soil, and As toxicity constitutes a serious threat to human health. However, the accurate information required for understanding As-responsive mechanisms remain mostly unknown in rice. Here, we performed the comparative genome-wide transcriptome analysis between As tolerance type (ATT) rice mutant induced by γ-irradiation and its wild type (WT). As compared to WT after As treatment of 150 ppm, ATT exhibited the phenotypic differences such as vigorous growth in shoots and root hairs, and low accumulation of H2O2 in rice roots. In transcriptome analysis, we found between WT and ATT that As toxicity commonly affected to inhibit gene regulations involved in photosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport and lipid biosynthesis metabolism. While, many genes associated with cysteine synthesis metabolism considerably up regulated in both As-treated plants. Additionally, we found the potential As tolerance-related genes involved in abiotic stress-responsive mechanism and RNA-protein synthesis for protein degradation and modification. To further analyzes the genetic variations of As-responsive genes, the DNA polymorphic DEGs associated with oxidoreductase significantly distributed in ATT more than in WT.

In rice, the stage of the meiosis in the pollen is sensitive stage resulted in the pollen sterility to reduce yield. Dianxi4 is a cold tolerant line. To monitoring the proteome expression patterns in the pollen of Dianxi4 under the cold stress, shotgun proteomic analysis was conducted to the anther of Dianxi4. The rice plant was grown in the peedy rice field then in the 10 DBH(days before heading), one individual rice plant was moved in the growth chamber under the condition of12℃/RH70%(12h day/12h night). Also the plant used as control was moved in the growth chamber unde the condition of 28℃/RH70%(12h day/12h night). after 4 days treatment, the plant were moved in a greenhouse. The treated rice anther were collected in the one day before heading. From the shotgun proteomic analysis, total of 3,855 non-redundant proteins were identified. Among them, 2,360 proteins were reproducibly identified through the treatment and replications. By the T-test, 1,181 differentially expressed proteins were detected. Through the GO analysis, proteins related in gene expression, cellular process, cellular biosynthetic process were enriched.

Crops are exposed to various environmental stresses. These have been affecting the growth of crops, resulting in the severe loss of agronomic production in many countries. Therefore, development of new varieties of resistant crops is required to assure the desired productivity of crops in stress conditions. In this study, a putatively stress-related gene BrTSR53 was isolated from Brassica rapa. The BrTSR53 is 481 bp long and contains ORF region of 234 bp. The expression of BrTSR53 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. After 3 hr, the highest quantities of mRNA were revealed in cold and salt stress treatments. In drought stress treatments, there was the highest expression after 36 hr. Therefore, it was confirmed that the ORF in BrTSR53 should be a gene that confer increased resistance to B. rapa growing in different stress conditions. The ORF region of BrTSR53 gene was cloned into an expression vector, pYES-DEST52, and a new protein with molecular weight of 13 kDa was detected by western blot analysis. Also, stress tolerance tests showed that BrTSR53-ORF transgenic yeast exhibited increased resistance to the salt stresses compared with the control. In conclusion, the present data predicts that novel ORF in BrTSR53 can serve as an important genetic resource for abiotic stress resistance.

The detrimental effect of high salinity on crop production is a serious problem. However, the number of genes with known functions relating to salinity tolerance is very limited in rice. To effectively address this limitation, selection of useful candidate genes and identification of major regulatory factors through global approaches are necessary. To this end, we used three data series of affymetrix array data produced with salt-treated samples from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and identified 653 rice genes commonly differentially expressed under three salt-stress conditions. While evaluating the quality of selected candidate genes for salt-stress responses, Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that responses to salt and water stresses of biological process category are highly overrepresented in salt-stress conditions. In addition, the major salt stress-responsive metabolism process and regulatory gene modules are classified through MapMan analysis, and detailed elements for further studies are suggested. Based on this, we proposed a salt stress-responsive signaling pathway in rice. The functional analysis of the main signal transduction and transcription regulation factors identified in this pathway will shed light on a novel regulatory metabolism process that can be manipulated to develop crops with enhanced salinity tolerance.

UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE; EC 5.1.3.2) is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the interconverts UDP-D-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-Dgalactose (UDP-Gal). Five members of the Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) UDP-glucose 4-epimerase gene family, designated BrUGE1 to BrUGE5, have been cloned and characterized. Quantitative PCR shows that the BrUGE1and BrUGE4 mRNA are most abundant among other BrUGE genes, accounting for more than 55% of total BrUGE transcripts in most of the tissues examined. All genes showed organ specific expression pattern, two of which (BrUGE1 and 4) actively responded after Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum infection, while four genes (BrUGE-1, -3, -4 and -5)were shown to respond considerably against salt, drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. To better understand the function of the UGE gene, we constructed a recombinant pART vector carrying the BrUGE1 gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and nos terminator and transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We then investigated BrUGE1 overexpressing rice lines at the physiological and molecular levels under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Bioassay of T3 progeny lines of the transgenic plants in Yoshida solution containing 120 mM Nacl for 2 weeks, confirmed that the BrUGE1 enhances salt tolerance to transgenic rice plants. Also T3 progeny lines of the transgenic plants, when exposed to infection caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae, showed tolerance to bacterial blight. These results showed that BrUGE1 can be used as potential genetic resource for engineering Brassica with multiple stress resistance.

The TIFY family is composed of a plant-specific group of genes with diversity of functions. This family represents four subfamily of proteins viz. ZML, TIFY, PPD and JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins. TIFY proteins especially, JAZ proteins have been reported to perform different biological processes, such as developmental and stresses and hormone responses in Arabidopsis and rice. However, there is no information about this family genes in Brassicaceae. This study identifies 36 TIFY genes in Brassica rapa, an economically important crop species from this family. An extensive in silico analysis through phylogenetic grouping, protein motif organization and intron-exon distribution also confirmed 4 subfamilies of BrTIFY proteins. Out of 35 BrTIFY genes, we identified 21 under JAZ subfamily besides 7 TIFY, 6 ZML and 2 PPD. An extensive expression profiling of 21 BrTIFY JAZs both in tissues and organs of B. rapa revealed differential expression patterns. Almost all the BrTIFY JAZs predominantly expressed in leaves and flower buds. Besides, in a flower stage specific expression analysis we observed 14 BrTIFY JAZs with constitutive expression patterns. This indicates BrTIFY proteins have a strong involvement in the development of B. rapa flowers. Our protein interaction study also reveals the strong association of these proteins with the fertility and defense processes of B. rapa. To elucidate the stress responsiveness of BrTIFY genes, we analyzed the low temperature-treated whole-genome microarray data set and found almost all the BrTIFY JAZs were having variable transcript abundance in two contrasting inbred lines of B. rapa. Subsequently, all 21 BrTIFY JAZs were validated in response to cold stress in the same two lines via qPCR, where 9 genes were found to show up- regulation. And, a high and differential qPCR expression pattern of all the BrTIFY JAZs was also recorded against JA. Additionally, BrTIFY JAZs were tested against salt, drought, Fusarium, ABA and SA treatments and a considerable number of genes were found to be induced. The extensive annotation and transcriptome profiling reported in this study will be useful for understanding the involvement of TIFY genes in stress resistance and different developmental functions, which ultimately provides the basis for functional characterization and exploitation of the candidate genes for genetic engineering of B. rapa.

본 연구에서는 초박층 교면포장으로 폴리설파이드 에폭시 폴리머 콘크리트 포장을 선정하여, 에폭시 아스팔트 포장, SFRC 포장과의 비교 분석을 통해 폴리머 콘크리트 포장이 강바닥판의 피로응력범위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 분석하였다. 강바닥판의 피로응력범위를 산정하기 위해 Abaqus를 사용한 유한요소해석을 사용하여 비교평가하였으며, 용접부에 교축방향 및 교축직각방향의 다축응력이 발생하는 점을 감안하여 Signed Von-Mises 응력을 도입하여 피로 검토에 활용하였다. 강바닥판의 피로응력범위를 산정하기 위해 Abaqus를 사용한유한요소해석을 사용하여 포장 재료 및 두께에 따라 비교평가하였으며, 용접부에 교축방향 및 교축직각방향의 다축응력이 발생하는 점을 감안하여 Signed Von-Mises 응력을 도입하여 피로 검토에 활용하였다.

Plant bZIP transcription factors play crucial roles in biological processes. In this study, 136 putative bZIP transcription members were identified in Brassica rapa. The bZIP family can be divided into nine groups according to the specific amino acid rich domain in Brassica rapa. To screen the cold stress responsive BrbZIP genes, we evaluated whether the transcription patterns of the BrbZIP genes were enhanced by cold treatment in the inbred lines, Chiifu and Kenshin, by microarray data analysis and qRT-PCR. The expression level of six genes increased significantly in Kenshin, but these genes were unchanged in Chiffu. Additionally, homo- and hetero-dimerization test between selected bZIP proteins indicated the Bra020735 is a key regulator in cold response. These findings suggest that the six genes that encoded proteins containing N-rich regions might be involved in cold stress response. These results presented herein provide valuable information regarding the molecular basis of the bZIP transcription factors and their potential function in regulation growth and development, particularly in cold stress response.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one of the most economically important cucurbitaceous crop over the world. Screening of proper reference genes was needed to reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and it is bausic step of many researches including gene expression analysis. However, the reference genes on watermelon has not yet been reported systematically. Therefore, eight candidates of reference genes were selected with reference to Arabidopsis or cucumber papers. They are β-Actin, elongation factor 1-α, glyceraldehy-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, leunig, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein1, ubiquitin-conjugating eznyme E2, and 18S ribosomal RNA. The expression levels of genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR under biotic stress (Colletotrichum orbiculare treatment), plant hormone treatment (100 μM ABA), and abiotic stresses such as drought, cold (4℃), salt (250 mM NaCl) stresses. We founded appropriate reference genes which did not induce or reduce gene expression levels under broad spectrum of stresses by qRT-PCR analysis. These results may provide proper information for the use of appropriate reference genes for gene expression studies in watermelon qRT-PCR analysis.

The purpose of this study was to establish a system for plant fluorescence image acquisition and to verify the possibility of plant fluorescence image analysis as a non-destructive method to screen the salt tolerance of soybean (Glycine max). Two-weeks-old seedlings of soybean at the V1 growth stage were treated with 0, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl for salt stress and plant fluorescence images were taken by CCD camera (EOS-600D, Canon, Japan) equipped with band pass filter (XNiteBPB, LPD LLC, USA) at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 second after blue light exposure at 1 day after treatment. Red color intensity was extracted using MatLab 8.1 (The MathWorks Inc., USA) for estimation of plant fluorescence intensity. Red color intensity of soybean image decreased 0 (F0-10) to 240 (F240-250) second after blue light exposure irrespective of NaCl concentration, while F0-10/F240-250 decreased with NaCl concentration, resulting in significant relationship with plant fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and salt stress intensity. Therefore, our results suggest that our plant fluorescence image acquisition and analysis methods can be a part of high-throughput screening system for salt tolerance of soybean varieties

This study investigated the effect of various buried depth(0.8m, 1.0m, 1.2m) on the stress distribution of gas pipe. Numerical analysis and field tests were carried out with API 5L steel gas pipes. From the results, it can be suggested that field test results including compaction energy can represent the stress distribution of gas pipe more precisely.

스트레스 리본 교량(Stress Ribbon Bridge)이란 현수된 케이블에 최소 휨강성을 제공하기 위한 철근 콘크리트 상판 또는 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 상판을 케이블에 현수 형태로 설치하는 교량을 말한다. 스트레스리본 교량은 지간장에 비해 매우 얇은 두께의 상판과 최소 휨강성으로 인해 낮은 대역의 고유 주파수 성분을 가지고 있다. 이러한 낮은 고유주파수 대역으로 인해 보도 하중에 의한 공진의 위험성이 있으며, 또한 진동에 의한 케이블 수평력의 변동 등 구조적 악영향이 발생 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 케이블의 수평력과 새그량을 주요 변수로 하여 고유진동 해석을 수행하였으며 이를 바탕으로 스트레스 리본 교량의 거동 특성을 분석하였다.

국내 공항 콘크리트 포장은 FAA 150/5320-6D에서 제시하는 설계법에 따라 설계대상항공기로 등가 환산된 교통량을 설계에 반영해 왔으나, 2006년에 개정된 FAA 150/5320-6E에서는 운항이 예상되는 모든 항공기의 연평균 이륙횟수를 설계에 반영하고 있다. 개정된 설계 기준에 따라 다양한 종류의 기어형상을 반영하는 것이 실제 교통량을 반영할 수 있으므로 더 합리적인 설계 방법이라 할 수 있다.<br> 본 연구에서는 Duals in Tandem(2D) 기어형상의 교통하중을 환산하기 위한 응력회귀식을 개발하였으며, 선행연구(김연태, 2013)인 Double Duals in Tandem(2D/2D2) 기어의 응력 회귀 모형 개발 절차에 따라 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 환경하중에 의한 응력 영향을 반영하기 위해 기존에 개발된 ‘지역별 슬래브 두께에 따른 등가선형 온도차이(홍동성, 2012)’를 사용하여 국내 기후특성을 반영하였다. 우선, 응력 회귀식 모형을 산출하기 위해 공항포장 설계에 필요한 각각의 설계인자들의 민감도 분석을 실시하였고, 영향력이 큰 주요 인자들의 설계 적용 범위를 정의 한 후, 선별된 설계 변수들을 유한요소 해석 프로그램(FEAFAA)에 적용하여 다양한 경우에서 유한요소해석(FEM)을 실시하였다. 또한, 해석결과인 최대인장응력을 종속변수로 적용하고, 해석에 적용한 설계인자들을 독립변수로 적용하여 다중회귀분석(SPSS)을 실시한 결과, 교통 및 환경하중에 의해 발생되는 최대인장응력 회귀식을 산출할 수 있었다. 개발된 회귀식은 각각 교통하중에 의한 응력회귀식, 환경하중과 교통하중을 동시에 고려한 응력회귀식이며, 입력변수로는 줄눈간격, 슬래브두께, 복합지지력계수, 등가선형온도차이, 교통하중이 있다. 또한, 회귀식 검증을 위해, 각각의 회귀식 변수를 변화시키며 유한요소해석 결과와 비교 분석을 실시하였다.