Remarkable progress has recently been made in embryo transfer technology, resulting in the birth of IVF and nuclear transfer offsprings in swine. However, further progress of the technology to (I) make a safe, effective and economic estrual-cycle synchronization compound, (2) regulate each step of sperm capacitation (3) induce monospermic fertilization, (4) in vitro grow and mature oocytes, (5) fertilize the oocytes efficently, (6) culture the oocytes to the blastocyst stage in defined media, (7) produce multiply copies of embryos with superior genetic merit, (8) preselect the sex of these superior offsprings, and (9) preserve embryos by freezing and storage in liquid nitrogen is required before this promising technology is applied routinely to swine for practical use.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of implementing a Liquid Manure Circulation System (LMCS) on the environmental improvement of swine farms. Bacterial counts at different circulation phases of the LMCS were measured. Air in the swine facility and the liquid manure in each step of LMCS were sampled and gaseous composition detected in swine farms both with and without LMCS to compare the environmental conditions in either case. There were no differences in the total bacteria count at any circulation phase in the LMCS. Escherichia coli were detected at a very low abundance only at the outlet of the slurry pit (1.5×102CFU/㎖). Salmonella were not detected at any phase. The LMCS clearly affected the odor strength of the swine farm and improved the air quality in the swine facility. On-site odor strength - inside, at the exhaust, and at the border of the swine facility - were clearly lowered in farms applying LMCS. Furthermore, the levels of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide were improved in swine facilities applying LMCS.

Bioremediation has been recognized as a suitable alternative to conventional methods of removing contaminants, and it uses fungi, bacteria and microalgae. In contrast to other organisms, microalgae are unique in that they have the ability to perform photosynthesis like plants and to utilize organic/inorganic carbon substrates, in a process called phytoremediation. Microalgae can populate a reaction site rapidly and enhance the bioremediation efficiency. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris was used to evaluate the removal potentials of the nutrients (N and P) and heavy metals (Cu and Zn) from swine wastewater. The optimum growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris and the removal potentials of N, P, Cu, and Zn from synthetic wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. Based on the results, the applicability of this microalga to on-site wastewater treatment was examined. Optimal growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris were established to be 28℃, a pH of 7, and light and dark cycles of 14:10 h. As the concentrations of the nutrients were increased, the efficiencies of N and P removal efficiencies by Chlorella vulgaris were decreased in the single and binary mixed treatments of the nutrients, respectively. Further, the efficiencies of Cu and Zn removal also decreased as the heavy metals concentrations added were increased, both in the single and binary mixed treatments. In addition, the efficiency of Cu removal was higher than that of Zn removal. Our results indicate that Chlorella vulgaris could be used in treatment plants for the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from swine wastewater.

본 연구는 HACCP 제도를 적용하고 있는 소규모, 중규모, 대규모 양돈농장의 HACCP 제도 적용 전과 후의 폐사율을 비교분석하기 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 전국에 산재한 60개의 양돈농장(소규모, 중규모, 대규모 양돈농장 각각 20개)을 선별하였다. 선별된 양돈농장의 평균 사육두수는 소규모 1,429.72두, 중규모 양돈농장은 3,392.95두 그리고 대규모 양돈농장은 1,034.60두로 조사되었다. 폐사 원인 구분은 호흡기로 인한 폐사, 설사로 인한 폐사, 유산 및 사산으로 인한 폐사, 사고로 인한 폐사 그리고 기타 폐사로 구분하여 분류하였다. 소규모 농장의 평균 폐사두수는 HACCP 적용 전 373.25두로 조사되었으나 HACCP 적용 후에는 334.49두로 통계적 유의성 없이 감소하였다. 중규모 농장은 HACCP 적용 전에 평균 615.09두가 폐사하였으나 HACCP 적용 후에는 558.09두로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한 대규모 양돈농장도 HACCP 적용 전에는 평균 폐사두수가 887.17두에서 HACCP 적용 후에는 696.56두로 21.60%가 감소한 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 결과는 HACCP 제도 중 선행요건프로그램에 해당되는 농장방역, 소독, 사육환경관리, 체계적인 시설 및 위생관리, 질병관리 등으로 인하여 나타나는 효과인 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the purpose, effectiveness and problems of HACCP system implementation for small, medium and large scale of swine farms implementing HACCP. Small and medium scale swine farms stated that the primary purpose of HACCP implementation was to receive government funding, but large scale swine farm was answered to improve the farm's competitiveness. In the case of small farms, the effect of HACCP implementation responded to systematic farm management as the top priority, while mid-scale and large-scale swine farms were said to improve farm sanitation. In addition, the biggest problems caused by the implementation of HACCP were the difficulty of improving the consciousness of the employees (small farm) and the records management (medium scale, large farm) by HACCP implementation. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to adjust the number of HACCP evaluation items of pig farm and HACCP education for employees.

본 연구는 양돈농장에 HACCP 제도 도입이 폐사두수에 미치는 영향과 HACCP 제도 적 용 목적 및 장․단점을 분석하기 위한 목적으로 실시하였다. HACCP 제도 적용 전․후에 따 른 돼지의 폐사두수 변화는 HACCP 제도 적용 전 호흡기와 설사로 인한 폐사두수가 각각 288.30두와 122.90두로 나타났으나 HACCP 적용 후에는 각각 261.60두와 101.10두로 감소하 는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 유․사산, 사고사 및 기타 폐사두수는 HACCP 적용 전에 각각 91.08두, 18.22두, 108.10두로 나타났으나 HACCP 적용 후에는 85.91두, 16.37두, 108.60두로 조사되었다. 따라서 총 폐사두수는 HACCP 적용 전 628.70두에서 HACCP 적용 후 573.60두 로 감소하였다. 양돈농장의 HACCP 적용 목적 중 1순위와 2순위는 각각 농장의 경쟁력 향 상(26.92%)와 위생적이고 안전한 돼지생산(23.43%)인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 HACCP 적용 에 따른 가장 큰 장점으로는 농장의 위생관리 수준 향상(20.90%)이었으며, 단점은 HACCP 기록(23.10%)으로 조사되었다.

대량의 유기물을 함유하는 가축 분뇨는 최근 대규모화된 가축 사육에 의하여 그 발생량이 늘어나고 있다. 가축 분뇨를 자원화하거나 에너지화하는 연구가 현재 활발히 진행되고 있지만, 악취문제는 쉽게 해결이 되지 않아 주변 민가와의 분쟁이 심각한 상황이다. 특히 가축분뇨의 발생량 중 40%를 차지하는 돼지의 분뇨는 수분함 유량이 90%나 되어 미부숙된 분뇨로 퇴비화할 경우 대기 중으로 휘산되기 쉬어 악취 발생에 취약하다. 돼지분뇨 악취의 대표 물질 중의 하나인 암모니아는 배출 규제 농도로 저감되어도 실제 주변 민가는 악취로 인한 고통을 호소한다. 돼지분뇨의 악취는 온도와 습도에 상당한 영향을 받기 때문에 본 연구에서는 이러한 돼지 분뇨의 악취를 효율적으로 억제하기 위하여 온도와 습도를 제어하여 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. Lab-Scale 실험을 위해 항온항습기(HB-105SG, 500×500×600(W×D×H)mm)를 제작하여 돈분뇨 슬러리 시료 25ml를 이용하여 1시간 동안 악취를 발생시켰다. 샘플링은 다양한 온도와 다양한 습도에서 발생되는 가스시료를 진공감압박스와 흡인펌프를 이용하여 1분에 3L의 유량으로 1L Tedlar bag에 포집하였고, 포집된 가스는 현장에서 암모니아 검지관(Kitagawa/Japan)을 이용하여 즉석에서 악취를 측정하였다. 검지관의 측정농도 범위는 0.2-20ppm과 1-200ppm으로 100ml의 가스시료를 채취하여 암모니아의 농도를 측정하였다. 사육 시설 내 겨울철의 평균 기온으로 가정하여 온도는 10℃-20℃, 습도는 50%-80%의 온·습도로 설정하였다. 실험 결과, 10℃의 온도에서 습도가 50%일 때 암모니아 농도가 4.8ppm이였는데 습도 80%로 증가 시 7.5ppm으로 56.3% 증가하였고, 20℃의 온도에서는 습도가 50%일 때 11.15ppm에서 80%일 때 13.7ppm으로 22.9% 증가하였다. 습도를 기준으로 보았을 때에, 습도 50%에서 온도가 10℃에서 20℃로 상승할 때 4.8ppm에서 11.15ppm으로 132% 증가하였다. 10℃에서 20℃영역에서는 습도의 증가가 암모니아 발생에 미치는 영향이 동일한 습도조건에서 온도의 상승에 의한 발생보다 더 큰 발생요인으로 보여 진다.

The objective of this RDA-ARS cooperative study is to develop a biochar odor removal system to reduce swine odor from deep-pit swine farm. This study is divided into two phases: The first phase determines the swine odor removal potential of biochar made from various feedstocks and thermal processing conditions using a laboratory-scale biochar sorption column system. The second phase determines the effectiveness of a pilot-scale biochar swine odor removal system. It consists of designing and fabrication of a prototype, and installation of the prototype in a selected Korean swine farm. The effectiveness of the on-farm, pilot-scale biochar odor removal prototype will be determined by comparing influent and effluent odorant concentrations. Pine, oak, solid-separated swine manure, coconut shell, and poultry litter were selected as biomass feedstocks for producing biochar. Pellets of these biomass feedstocks were pyrolyzed at 350℃ and 500℃ using a Lindburg electric box furnace equipped with a gas tight retort. Some of these were also partially activated with steam at 700℃. In addition, Korean swine manure compost and imported coconut shell char were steam activated using a commercial rotary kiln system in Korea. All biochar samples were analyzed for their elemental compositions, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash contents, size, density, and surface area. Selected odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were pre-concentrated using preconditioned stainless steel sorbent tubes filled with Tenax TA® sorbent. The odorants captured by the sorbent tubes were then analyzed using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. For the laboratory sorption experiments, fresh manure samples from finishing swine farms with flushed (North Carolina) and deep-pit (Kentucky) manure management systems were collected from commercial swine farms in the U.S.

가축분뇨를 포함한 유기성폐기물의 직매립과 해양배출이 전면 금지되면서 바이오가스화는 유기성폐기물을 신재생에너지원으로 활용할 수 있는 대안으로 각광받고 있다. 가축분뇨의 국내 발생량은 2012년을 기준으로 173,052 m³/day 정도 발생하고 있으며, 전국 양돈장에서 발생되는 돈분뇨의 89.3%는 자원화(퇴비, 액비화), 9.7%는 위탁 처리하고 있다. 또한 국내에서 가축분뇨를 유기성폐기물로 활용하는 바이오가스화 시설은 평균 9.6 m³/ton의 바이오가스를 생산하고 있다. 이에 비하여 음식물류폐기물은 109.7 m³/ton, 음식물류폐기물 폐수(음폐수)는 40.9 m³/ton으로 가축분뇨가 현저히 적은 가스발생량을 보이고 있어 바이오가스화 효율 기준을 만족시키지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 돈분뇨의 발생원인 양돈장에 대한 유기물 성상분석 및 바이오가스 발생량을 산정하므로써 실제 바이오가스화시 발생될 수 있는 잠재적인 메탄수율을 도출하고자 한다. 현재 운영 중인 양돈장에서 사육되는 돼지의 생애주기별, 농가 구조 및 분뇨 수거 방식을 고려한 샘플링을 실시하였다. 총 7곳의 농가를 대상으로 현장조사를 수행하여 기본적인 이화학적 성상인 삼성분(수분, 가연분, 회분), 영양성분(탄수화물, 단백질, 지방), 원소분석(C, H, N, S), 질소(총질소, 암모니아성 질소) 등을 분석하여 농가에서 발생되는 돈분뇨의 잠재적인 메탄수율을 산정하였다.

It is projected that swine manure solids can be used for heating agricultural facilities. Therefore, this study focused on the possibilities of using swine manure as a solid fuel instead of composting it. Moisture content, ash content, volatile content, calorific value, TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), and elements in the swine manure were determined. After dehydrating the manure completely in a drying oven, its calorific value and ash content were measured. They appeared to be 3,517 kcal/kg and 16.6%, respectively, which satisfies the standard value of livestock solid fuel: heating value of 3,000 kcal/kg or above and ash content of 30% or below. Based on this result, it is concluded that using swine manure solids as a solid fuel is possible. Furthermore, when the chemical elements of C, H, O, N, S, Cl, etc. in the manure were analyzed, there was 33.75 ~ 45.98% of carbon and 31.55 ~ 41.20% of oxygen, which indicates that most of the manure was composed of combustible materials. However, there were cases where the percentage of water content in the manure exceeded 70%, implying that costs for dehydration would become expensive because it needs to be lowered to 20% in order to be used for energy source. Therefore, in order to use the swine manure as an energy source, minimizing the manure’s percentage of water content at the farm without any outside financial input is the biggest task to be solved.

The application of animal manure on farm fields is one of the most economical ways. However, the continuous application of manure in paddy fields might change soil properties influencing the growth of rice plant. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the changes in selected chemical and biological properties of soils and rice production as affected by the applications of two different fertilizer sources, which were the consecutive applications of liquid swine manure (LSM) and chemical fertilizer (CF), during the three experimental years, from 2012 to 2014. Application amount of LSM was based on 100% of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation rate for rice cultivation estimated by soil testing. Plant height and tiller number in rice at the first year of liquid swine manure manure plot were lower than those of chemical fertilizer plot. Height and tillers of rice in liquid swine manure plot were higher than those of rice in chemical fertilizer plot after consecutive application for 3 years. Rice yield In the first year of application was decreased by 7% than that of chemical fertilizer, but the yield of rice in the third year of application in LM 100% plot was increased by 8% compared to the chemical fertilizer. Toyo-taste value of milled rice in LM 100% was decreased by increasing of protein contents and decreasing rate of perfect grain. The K and Zn contents in the soil were increased in the plots of consecutive LSM application. The results implied that the liquid manure may neither decrease the yield of rice and nor increase soil properties except K and Zn in the soil, and decrease rice quality.

사람 피부 조직에서의 방사선 장해를 연구하는 방법은 실험동물에게 직접적으로 방사선을 노출하여 연구를 수행하게 된다. 이러한 연구방법은 방사선을 실험동물에게 노출시킨 후에 방사선에 의해 손상된 장해조직의 세포를 획득하여 분 석을 하게한다. 이것은 시간적으로나 경제적으로도 많은 손실을 수반하게 된다. 이번 연구는 돼지의 피부를 사람의 피 부로 가정하여 실험하였다. 돼지피부의 두께를 정하여 돼지피부를 통과한 후 피하조직 밑에서 세포가 직접적으로 받을 수 있는 방사선량을 얻어내어 수식화 하였다. 이번연구의 결과에 따르면 피부조직의 방사선 노출 후 피하조직 밑에서 발생되는 방사선량을 유추해낼 수 있다. 더 나아가 동물실험이 아닌 세포만을 가지고도 방사선에 의한 생체장해분석을 할 수 있는 데 효과적으로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

This study assessed the fertilizing value of struvite deposit recovered from swine wastewater in cultivating Chinese cabbage. Struvite deposit was compared with commercial fertilizers: complex, organic and compost to evaluate the fertilizing effect of struvite deposit. Laboratory pot test obviously presented that the struvite deposit more facilitated the growth of Chinese cabbage than organic and compost fertilizers even though complex fertilizer was the most effective in growing Chinese cabbage. It was revealed that the growth rate of Chinese cabbage was simultaneously controlled by phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Also, the nutrients such as nitrogen (N), P, K, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were abundantly observed in the vegetable tissue of struvite pot. Specifically, P was the most abundant component in the vegetable tissue of struvite pot. Meanwhile, the utilization of struvite as a fertilizer led to the lower accumulation of chromium (Cr6+) than other pots, except for compost fertilizer pots, and no detection of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) in the Chinese cabbage. The experimental results proved that the optimum struvite dosage for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage was 2.0 g struvite/kg soil. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that the struvite deposits recovered from swine wastewater were effective as a multi-nutrient fertilizer for Chinese cabbage cultivation.

This study was carried out to prepare for the basic data to properly treat the swine manure targeting 19 pig farms in Daejung-eup in Jeju Island. Swine breeding facility can be classified largely as scraper piggery, slurry piggery and recirculating piggery based on their types. Generation flux source unit and generated source unit for each swine breeding facility have been calculated. The average generated flux source unit for the scrapper piggery was 4.57 L/d, for the slurry piggery 3.27 L/d, and for the recirculating type 2.57 L/d. The generation source units for the scraper piggery were 37,796.3 mg/L of BOD5, 25,853.0 mg/L of CODMn, 39,843.8 mg/L of SS, 28,390.5 mg/L of T-N, and 890.1 mg/L of T-P; for the slurry piggery 45,974.2 mg/L of BOD5, 29,582.4 mg/L of CODMn, 69,190.6 mg/L of SS, 29,210.4 mg/L of T-N, and 1,370.6 mg/ L of T-P; and for the recirculating piggery 32,953.9 mg/L of BOD5, 21,698.4 mg/L of CODMn, 46,816.5 mg/L of SS, 19,464.3 mg/L of T-N, and 979.2 mg/L of T-P. In summary, the average generation flux source unit of the swine manure from 19 pig farms of Daejung-eup in Jeju Island was 3.47 L/d, and the average generation source unit of the manure was 38,908.1 mg/L of BOD5, 25,711.3 mg/L of CODMn, 51,950.3 mg/L of SS, 25,688.4 mg/L of T-N, and 1,080.0 mg/L of T-P.