본 연구는 기후변화(상승된 CO2 농도와 온도)가 낙엽성 주요 우점종 중 상수리나무, 굴참나무 및 졸참나무의 생육 및 생태적 지위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 지구온난화처리구 조건을 유지시켜 생육시킨 후 그 결과를 상호 비교하였다. 대조구는 대기 중의 CO2 농도를 그대로 반영하였고, 온난화처리구는 대조구보다 CO2 농도는 약 1.6배, 온도는 2.2℃ 상승시켰다. 참나무 3종의 생육반응 결과, 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 온난화처리구에서 수분이 나 영양소 환경보다 광 환경에서 생육반응의 차이가 컸고, 낮은 광 환경에서 더욱 크게 반응하였다. 졸참나무는 광, 수분 및 영양소 환경에서 생육반응의 차이가 크지 않았다. 생태적 지위폭 결과, 상수리나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리 구의 광 구배에서 넓어졌고, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서는 좁 아졌다. 굴참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서 좁아졌다. 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온난 화처리구의 광 구배에서 넓어졌고 수분과 영양소 구배에서 는 좁아졌다. 생태적 지위 중복역 계산결과, 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광 구배에서 넓어 졌고, 수분과 영양소 구배에서는 좁아졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광 환경에 대한 경쟁이 심해지고, 수분과 영양소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해질 것으로 판단된다. 상수리나무와 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리의 광, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서 좁아졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광, 수분 및 영양 소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해질 것으로 판단된다. 굴참나무 와 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광과 수분 구배 에서 좁아졌고, 영양소 구배에서 넓어졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광과 수분 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해지고, 영양소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 심해질 것으로 판단된다. PCA 분석에 의하면, 대조구와 비교하여 온난화처리구에서 상수리나무 와 굴참나무가 더욱 가까이 배열하였고, 졸참나무는 상수리 나무와 굴참나무로부터 멀리 배열하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 지구온난화가 진행되면 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 유사 한 생태적 지위를 가지고 있어 경쟁이 더욱 심해질 것이며, 졸참나무는 지구온난화가 진행되어도 상수리나무 및 굴참 나무와는 경쟁이 심하지 않을 것으로 판단된다.

Insects reflect climate change dramatically because insects are poikilotherm and have huge biodiversity. Also, the prediction of insect distribution is very significant due to the position of this group giving diverse ecological services including their extraordinary economic importance. Accurate modeling of geographic distributions of insect species is crucial to various applications in ecology and conservation. The best performing techniques often require some parameter tuning, which may be prohibitively time-consuming to do separately for each species, or unreliable for small or biased data sets. The purpose of this study is to introduce and compare several models to predict insect distribution under climate change in Korea. This work would be helpful to researchers or decision makers by giving practical advice, for example, kinds of input/output data, applicability to GIS, to select appropriate model to predict insect distribution.

Model systems, if applied appropriately, give useful and rapid predictions of the potential distribution and population dynamics of the target species. Insect populations are poikilothermal animal and readily applied to model systems in several ways. Classical insect population models are focused on management purposes, for example, prediction of first occurrence period after cold weather season. Insect populations are distributed neither uniformly nor at random, or they are aggregated in patches, or they form gradients of other kinds of spatial structures which are closely related to their natural resources. Thus, developing insect population models should be considered not only with their physiological development and/or occurrence but also with their spatial distributions including their hosts. In this study, we discuss spatial distribution model of insect population with their host in order to future climate change scenario in Korea.

The variability and temporal trends of the annual and seasonal minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours, and runoff were analyzed for 5 major rivers in Korea from 1960 to 2010. A simple regression and non-parametric methods (Mann-Kendall test and Sen's estimator) were used in this study. The analysis results show that the minimum temperature (Tmin) had a higher increasing trend than the maximum temperature (Tmax), and the average temperature increased by about 0.03˚C yr.-1. The relative humidity and wind speed decreased by 0.02% yr-1 and 0.01m s-1yr-1, respectively. With the exception of the Han River basin, the regression analysis and Mann-Kendall and Sen results failed to detect trends for the runoff and rainfall over the study period. Rapid land use changes were linked to the increase in the runoff in the Han River basin. The sensitivity of the evapotranspiration and ultimately the runoff to the meteorological variables was in the order of relative humidity > sunshine duration > wind speed > Tmax > Tmin. Future studies should investigate the interaction of the variables analyzed herein, and their relative contributions to the runoff trends.

Global climate change has become a major issue which affects the humanity and nature around the world. Caused primarily by human actions of unabated greenhouse gas emission and deforestation, the destructive effects of climate change have become more frequent and intense during the past decades. As climate change is a global problem, addressing its causes and consequences also requires global responses. While climate change is caused by people from various parts of the world, its impacts disproportionately affect people in coastal regions and islands around the world, and marginalized poor communities in developing countries. Everyone in the planet has a role in addressing climate change, but governments, non governmental organizations (NGOs,), and corporations have broader roles and responsibilities. Due to their mission alignments to protect the environment and conserve nature, environmental NGOs play several vital roles in the fightagainst climate change. Environmental NGOs and international NGOs are in a unique position to respond, and to facilitate the involvement of other sectors in mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change. This article discusses some of the roles and responsibilities of NGOs in addressing climate change.

Scientific evidence indicates that a significant human contribution towards the world’s climate change. Human lifestyles and behavior need changing to reach the goal of environmental sustainability. Previous studies indicate that fear or threat appeals in advertising campaigns can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, behavioral changes. The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of viewing different degrees of fear appeals of climate change on an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. In addition, the possible factors influencing an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior may vary after viewing narratives of different degrees of fear-inspiring climate change are also examined. A total of 217 undergraduate students were assigned to one of the experimental conditions: no fear appeal, low-fear appeal, and high-fear appeal. The fear manipulation check results are consistent with the prominent hypothesis of the drive theory model, an inverted-U-shaped response pattern to increasing levels of fear. The results of ANOVA tests indicate that the participants who view the no-fear appeal text will have more intention of engaging in pro-environmental behavior than their counterparts, those who view the high-fear appeal text. The results of multiple regression equation analysis reveal that an individual’s moral obligations play an important determinant of his/her intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior across both conditions. But in the high-fear appeal condition, an individual’s perception of collective efficacy also plays an important determinant. Practical implications for pro-environmental behaviors are also provided.

Recently, peach orchards Plautia stali, Halyomorpha halys, Apolygus spinolae, etc. several species of stink bugs continually damaged. This study using a aggregation pheromone were Riptortus clavatus forecasting investigated at cheongdo, Gyeongsan, Youngchun, etc. gyeongbuk province. As a result, emergence time and population density differences, respectively. The population density of R. pedestris the first time that occur was in mid-April in 2011 and 2012. In March 2013, under the influence of high temperatures in the first occur early April after a temporary increase in the first occur, due to low temperature occur in the early or mid May. Stink bugs leaf damage late April until mid-May increased, while the decrease rainy season increased again in the early August. fruit is severe damaged from mid-May to mid-June and early or mid August. Time period pesticide applications to examine the control effect of stink bugs from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. separated by four kinds of insecticides treatment. when spray insecticides 7 a.m. the control effect was higher in the treatment group. These results suggest that, stink bugs of the peach fruit through the feeding area, young fruit stage Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni and maturation stage Monilia fruticola secondary increased a cause of disease damage.

Rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker is a significant rice insect pest. A newly hatched larva bores a hole into the rice stem and feeding inside. The damage results in drying and white heads of rice. Climate change will affect pest and its host population dynamics variously. In this study, the degree of asynchrony between emergence of rice stem borer and rice transplanting was examined by their phenology models. Also, correlation was examined between winter mortalities of the rice stem borer and relative humidity categorized by daily minimum temperature in 12 sites throughout the country from 1992 to 2013. The degree of asynchrony appears to be increased in future climate condition. And we found a negative correlation between winter mortality and the relative humidity. Winter mortality will be decreased in the future because of increasing winter minimum temperature and snowfall. We hypothesize that the stem borer may increasingly harbor in alternative hosts such as reed in its first generation and move to rice in the second generation. Currently the simulation study is being conducted to verify this hypothesis.

Based on climate change scenario, local distribution of insect pest population should be changed in near future as well as their host. Even though well defined insect geographical distribution model is developed and projected its potential establishment in Korea under climate change scenario, it has defectiveness without geographical matching of its host. SADIE (spatial analysis with distance indices) allows improved interpretation of the spatial associations between two populations within a given sampling area because it is designed for data that are distributed in discrete areas with relatively well-defined boundaries, and measures the extent of clustering with subsequent testing for spatial patterns in relationships among sample locations. In this study, we calculated and analyzed the spatial association between the Ecoclimatic Index (EI) of light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, using CLIMEX, and projected farm land suitability of apple trees for the possibility of shift and matching geographical location of insect-host relationship under climate change scenario in Korea.

최근 WMO는 온실가스 배출량 시나리오(SRES)를 대신하여 대표농도경로(RCP)를 바탕으로 새로운 기후변화 시나리오를 생산하였으며 기상연구소는 RCP 시나리오를 바탕으로 한반도의 새로운 기후변화 시나리오를 생산하였다. 본 연구에서는 과거 관측값을 바탕으로 평년(1981-2010)의 애멸구의 우화시기와 세대수를 추정하였으며, RCP 8.5 시나리오를 바탕으로 2020년대(2015-2024), 2050년대(2045-2054)와 2090년대(2085-2094) 애멸구의 우화시기와 세대수를 예측하였다. 평년 애멸구 월동 1세대수의 우화일인 176.0±0.97일과 비교하여 2050년대에서는 13.2±0.18일(162.8±0.91일), 2090년대에는 32.1±0.61일(143.9±1.08일) 앞당겨질 것을 예측되었다. 그리고 애멸구의 연간 세대수는 2050년대에서는 현재보다 2.0±0.02세대, 2090년대에는 5.2±0.06세대 증가할 것으로 예측되었다.

The present study was performed reviewing references determine the infection status of Korean freshwater fishes and relation with climate change of Korean peninsula. The most common infections of Korean freshwater fishes are flatworms (trematodes) and spiny-headed worms (acanthocephalans). Total 61 species of Korean freshwater fishes for infectious disease has been reviewed. Among them, 44 species of freshwater fish belong to Cyprinidae and 17 species for Cobitidae, Siluridae, Bagridae, Amblycipitidae, Synbranchidae, Centropomidae, Odontobutidae, Belontiidae, and Channidae. The Korean freshwater fishes had total 35 kinds of parasite pathogenic organisms (Acanthocephala opsariichthydis, Centrocestus sp., Cyathocotyle sp., Diplostomum orientale, Diplostomum sp., Echinochasmus sp., Echinostoma sp., Genarchopsis sp., Holostephanus metorchis, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus sp., Metorchis taiwanensis, Neoplagioporus zacconis, Palliolisentis chinanensis, Palliolisentis chunjuensis, Prosorhpynchus sp., Centrocestus armatus, Clonorchis sinensis, Holostephanus nipponicus, Metorchis orientalis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Pseudexorchis major, Exorchis oviformis, Trachelobdella sinensis, Metagonimus miyata, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, Clinostomum complanatum, Centrocestus asadai, Metagonimus yokogawai, Echinostoma cinetorchis, Echinochasmus japonicus, Diplozoon nipponicum, Metagonimus takahashii, Carassotrema koreanum, and Echinostoma hortense). Maximum infections belonged to Pseudorasbora parva as Cyprinidae had 19 kinds of parasite organisms, including Centrocestus armatus, Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum complanatum, Clonorchis sinensis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Echinochasmus japonicus, Exorchis oviformis, Holostephanus metorchis, Holostephanus nipponicus, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus yokogawai, Metorchis orientalis, Metorchis taiwanensis, Pseudexorchis major, Cyathocotyle sp., Diplostomum sp., Echinochasmus sp., Metagonimus sp. and Prosorhpynchus sp. Human foodborne trematode infections are an important public health concern in Korea. In the future, under the climatic extremes on Korean peninsula such as floods, drought and temperature variability, in particular, the susceptibility of freshwater fishes to infection will be decreased.

Temperature is one of important factors to determine insect phenology. Based on the bioclimatic law, the relationship between climate change and ecosystem change was studied from 2008 to 2013 in HECRI by monitoring the spring emergence patterns of three Papilionidae species (Papilio xuthus, P. machaon, and Sericinus montela). The overwintering pupae were set on the wood plate and adult emergence were monitored and recorded in every morning. The first spring emergence of P. xuthus, P. machaon and S. montela in 2013 were Apr 19th, May 1st and Apr 22th, respectively. And peak time of three species were May 7th, May 11th and May 9th, respectively. Study on temperature-dependent development was conducted to investigate the temperature effect on adult emergence of overwintering S. montela pupae at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) with photoperiod 10:14(L:D). The low temperature threshold of female, male and both sexes combined were 12.39, 12.16, and 12.37°C, respectively. Developmental period of overwintering pupae to adults decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30°C. Thermal constant of female, male and both sexes combined were 220.26, 192.31, and 200.18DD, respectively. The relationship between thermal constant and cumulative adult emergence was predicted by temperature-dependent development. Estimate through 7 times on the highest temperature was equal and results were distinctively divided into two pattern(2008～2010 and 2011～2013). The relationship between observed and estimated values was presented by linear regression (r2=0.97)

With over 7 billion people on the planet, agriculture faces immense pressure to meet global demands for food. One third of consumed food relies on insect pollination with by far, the predominate pollinator being the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Although future challenges facing agriculture will come from multiple domains, one of the immediate challenges is honey bee decline. Stress associated with transportation, pesticide exposure nutritional limitations, various diseases and pests have all been recognized as potential factors in honey bee decline. With the prospect of future global changes in climate, honey bees will also face changes in forage availability and overwintering potential. At the level of the individual colony, research has shown that honey bee health is directly correlated to genetic diversity. Increased colony diversity is associated with lower disease intensity, increased disease resistance, greater workforce productivity and thermoregulation stability. Genetic diversity at the population level serves as the raw material for selective breeding in agriculturally important plants and animals, including the honey bee. Honey bees are not native to Korea, however, and importation and founder events associated with the establishment of honey bees represent a series of genetic bottlenecks that limits the diversity of introduced honey bee populations. Fortunately, Apis mellifera consists of around 28 recognized subspecies within its native range, each with specific adaptations to climatic selective pressures endemic to its own location. Climate change is expected to be bring a high degree of uncertainty in the future to climate expression in various locations. Fortunately, the honey bee has a wide breadth of diversity contained within various subspecies and careful importation and evaluation of specific stocks may be highly useful as we enter climate uncertainty in the future. With the recognition that agro-ecosystems are highly interconnected and multifaceted, one of the greatest challenges facing agriculture is preserving and improving honey bee health.

Impacts of climate change IPPC report (2007) predicts that by the end of 21 st century there will be an expected climate change. Evidences include increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level, and that most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in greenhouse gas conditions. Other global manifestations of climate change are the natural hazards that are becoming more frequent and more intense such as more floods, more droughts, more intense storms, typhoons and more heatwaves. Since the 1970’s, more intense and longer drought have been observed over wider areas, particularly in the tropics. Frequency of heavy rains has also increased over most land areas. In the Philippines, analysis of the observed climatic data showed that there has been an increased in annual mean temperature by 0.57 o C. In terms of maximum and minimum temperatures, the increases have been 0.35 and 0.94 o C. Results of analysis of trends of tropical cyclone occurrence showed that an average of 20 tropical cyclones per year, that there still no indication of increase in the frequency, but with slight increase in the number of tropical cyclones with maximum sustained winds of greater than 150kph. The analysis of trends of extreme daily temperatures and extreme daily rainfall indicate significant increase in number of hot days but decrease of cool nights, and those of rainfall (extreme rainfall intensity and frequency) are not clear, both in magnitude and direction. The findingson the analysis of future climates showed that all areas of the Philippines will get warmer especially in the summer months. Annual mean temperatures (average of maximum and minimum temperatures) in all areas in the country are expected to rise by 0.9 o C in 2020 by 1.8 to 2.2 o C in 2050. In terms of seasonal rainfall change, generally, there is a substantial spatial difference in the projected changes in rainfall in 2020 and 2050 in most parts of the Philippines, with reduction in rainfall in most provinces during the summer season making the usually dry season drier. During the southwest monsoon season, larger increases in rainfall is expected in provinces in Luzon (0.9% to 63%) and Visayas (2% to 22%) but generally decreasing trends in most of the provinces in Mindanao in 2050. However, projections for extreme events in 2020 and 2050 showed that hot temperatures (indicated by the number of days with maximum temperature exceeding 35 o C) will continue to become more frequent, number of dry days will increase in all parts of the country and heavy daily rainfall events will also continue to increase in number in Luzon and Visayas. Climate change effects on rice Increase in temperature may lead to yield reduction as caused by heat stress, decreased sink formation, shortened growing period, and increase maintenance respiration. Given the 10% yield reduction for every 1 o C increase in temperature, an estimated 1.5 M M/t of rice harvest will be lost. Since the Philippines is considered to be vulnerable to extreme meteorological events like typhoons, floods and droughts, it was estimated that approximately 84% of the about 2.32 M hectares of rice land will be affected by climate change. Climate change effect on insect pests and natural enemies Temperature is very important factor influencing insect behavior, distribution, development, survival and reproduction (Bale et. al., 2002). In Japan, it has been estimated that with a 2 o C temperature increase insects might experience one to five additional life cycles per season (Yamamura and Kiritani 1998). Moreover, climate change may affect the population dynamics of arthropods that will lead to change in the species composition of ecosystem, pests’ migration and change in the geographic distribution of pests. Naturally occurring biological control is expected to become a more important control tactic in the future although, warming might also have a negative effect on some natural enemies such as hymenopterans and small predators. Furthermore, there are attempts to correlate relative humidity with insect development and survival. A study showed that the population of Nilaparvata lugens reached high levels when plants of the Peta variety were transplanted close together, probably because of the high relative humidity created in the insect’s habitat (IRRI, 1973). A more detailed study was conducted in the IRRI phytotron and results showed that that N. lugens had high survival in 50-60% relative humidity as compared to 80% relative humidity (IRRI, 1976). Work in the Philippines showed that more insect pests were observed in wet season as compared to dry season (Calora and Ferino, 1968; Hsieh, 1972; Ferino, 1968; Alam, 1971). Hence, if there will be more frequent and severe climate extremes like more rainfall and flooding, some pests may become more serious. On the other hand, a long drought followed by rainfall may cause outbreak of locust, armyworms, and leaffolders. Adaptation to adverse impacts of climate change In the Philippines, rice varieties for adverse environments are available such as submergence and drought-tolerant varieties. The use of aerobic rice production system maybe useful in the future especially if there will be limited water supply since in this technology, the water use is only half of that of lowland rice systems. In rice insect pest management, understanding the impact of climate change to rice plant, insects pests and their natural enemies is very important in preparing for and adapting management strategies against pests that may become established due to changes in the environment. It is also necessary to assess pest problems in vulnerable areas affected by climate change. The applications of agro-meteorological information using modern information communication tools may provide timely provision of weather and climate information for farmers use.

최근 기후변화와 농업환경변화로 돌발 병해충잡초의 발생량이 증가하여 55종 에 이르며 기압골형성, 기류변화 등으로 애멸구 등 새로운 이동성 해충의 출현이 증 가하고 있는 실정이다. 평균기온 상승으로 아열대성 병해충의 발생량도 증가하고 있으며 산림의 식생이 변화하여 산림해충이 과수원 등으로 이동하여 작물을 가해 하는 빈도가 증가하고 있다. 한편으로는 경제 규모가 커짐에 따라 우리나라도 국가 간 농산물 교역이 활발해짐에 따라 외래 병해충 잡초의 유입량이 증가하고 있어 2013년도까지 322종의 병해충 잡초가 해외에서 국내로 유입된 실정이다. 농산물 검역건수를 살펴볼 때, 2000년대 30만건 정도였던 농산물 검역건수가 2012년도에 는 약 420만건으로 증가하였고 이에따라 수입농산물에서 발견되는 병해충수도 2000년도에 6,233건에서 2012년도에는 9,824건으로 가파르게 증가하고 있는 실 정이다. 한편 현재까지 발견된 약제저항성 병해충잡초 종수는 70여건에 이르고 있 다. 이에 농촌진흥청에서는 기후변화와 사회경제적 변화에 맞추어 새로운 변해충 관리 전략을 수립하게 되었고 그 대표적인 것이 국가농작물병해충 관리시스템 (NCPMS; http://ncpms.rda.go.kr)과 동북아국가간이동병해충예찰기구(ARMIVS; http://www.amivs.org/amivs/)이다. 이들 두 개의 기구를 통해 국내적으로는 돌발 병해충이나 국가관리병해충에 조기대응하는 시스템을 상시가동하고 있으며, 동 아시아적으로는 국가간의 이동성병해충 발발 상황을 수시로 모니터링하여 국내 병해충 관리에 응용하고 있는 실정이다.

기후변화에 따른 생물종의 적합한 서식환경 변화는 생물 종의 지리적 분포변화를 초래하고 이는 생물다양성의 감소 로 이어질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라에서 멸종위기 종으로 지정된 나비류 중 붉은점모시나비(Parnassius bremeri), 쌍꼬리부전나비(Cigaritis takanonis), 왕은점표 범나비(Argynnis nerippe)를 대상으로 기후변화에 따른 분 포변화를 평가하고자 한다. 이를 위해 최근 생태적 지위 개 념을 기반으로 생물종 분포연구에 널리 활용되고 있는 MAXENT의 종분포모형에 기후변화 시나리오자료를 변환 한 19개 생물기후학적 변수를 적용하였다. 기후변화에 따라 2050년대에 쌍꼬리부전나비의 잠재서식지역은 증가하고, 붉은점모시나비와 왕은점표범나비의 잠재서식지역은 감소 하는 것으로 예측되었다. 생물기후학적 변수와 생태적 지위 를 기반으로 한 생물종분포모델은 정확도가 0.7~0.8로 멸종 위기종 나비의 기후변화에 따른 분포특성을 고찰하는 유용 한 방법으로 적용될 수 있다. 전반적으로 미래기후변화에 따라 멸종위기종 나비의 서식환경은 기후의 평균적인 특성 보다 극한적인 기후특성과 변동에 의해 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 우리나라의 멸종위기종인 나 비류가 서식하는 환경에 미치는 기후변화의 영향을 평가하 는 기초자료로 활용가능하리라 기대된다.

Recent changes in the global climate environment have resulted in a wide variety of climaterelated disasters, including floods, tidal waves, forest fires, droughts, etc. In addition, global warming raises the risk of food poisoning, which may increase the spread of infectious diseases and alter their structure. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to provide accurate and persuasive information to consumers so that they can be fully informed of climate change and alter their behavior accordingly. Therefore, the intention of this study was to develop posters and contents for image production related to climate change and food safety. The posters are focused on consumers with headings such as 『Climate Change Threatening Food Safety』,『Earth getting warmer, your dining table is at risk』, 『Warning signs ahead for the globe』, and more. Five poster drafts were selected initially, and a survey was carried out amongst 1,087 people regarding their preferences, with the most preferred design chosen. The images related to climate change and food safety defined climate change, how it relates to food safety, the risks it poses to the food industry, and lastly, how the public can respond in the future. Therefore, to further communicate the importance of food safety to consumers, the development, education, and promotion of these contents should be performed to provide safety information to consumers in the future.

Recent climate change, which is mostly ascribed to anthropogenic activities, is believed to be a major factor leading to biodiversity decreases and ecosystem service deteriorations. I have reviewed recent studies on climate change effects for many ecological processes involved with plants, in order to improve our understanding of the nature of ecological complexity. Plants in general have better growth and productivity under high levels of CO2, although the long term effects of such CO2 fertilizers are still controversial. Over the last 30 years, the Earth has been greening, particularly at higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, perhaps due to a relaxation of climatic constraints. Human appropriation of net primary productivity (NPP), which corresponds up to 1/3 of global NPP, is ultimately responsible for climate change and biodiversity decreases. Climate change causes phenological variations in plants, especially in regards to spring flowering and fall leaf coloring. Many plants migrate polewards and towards higher altitudes to seek more appropriate climates. On the other hand, tree mortality and population declines have recently been reported in many continents. Landscape disturbance not only hinders the plant migration, but also makes it difficult to predict the plants’ potential habitats. Plant and animal population declines, as well as local extinctions, are largely due to the disruption of species interactions through temporal mismatching. Temperature and CO2 increase rates in Korea are higher than global means. The degree of landscape disturbances is also relatively high. Furthermore, long-term data on individual species responses and species interactions are lacking or quite limited in Korea. This review emphasizes the complex nature of species responses to climate change at both global and local scales. In order to keep pace with the direction and speed of climate change, it is urgently necessary to observe and analyze the patterns of phenology, migration, and trophic interactions of plants and animals in Korea’s landscape.