노후 건축물은 불충분한 전단성능으로 인해 위험성이 증가하고 있다. 특히, 콘크리트 보의 전단 성능은 구조물의 붕괴를 지 연시키는 것에 있어 중요하다. 이를 개선하기 위해 본 연구는 철근콘크리트보의 전단보강 기법을 제안하고 성능을 실험적으로 평가하 였다. 이를 위해 기존 니켈-티타늄계 형상기억합금보다 경제성이 우수한 철계 형상기억합금(Fe SMA)을 선정하였다. 불충분한 내부 횡 방향 철근이 반영된 세 개의 콘크리트 보를 제작하였고 무보강, 100mm 간격, 200mm 간격의 보강 간격을 적용하였다. 정적가력시험 결과, 보강된 시험체가 강성 증진에 효과적인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히, 200mm 간격의 보강은 콘크리트 보의 연성적인 휨거동도 이끌어 내었다.

The structure and magnetic properties of composite powders prepared by ball milling a mixture of Fe2O3 ‧ (0.4-1.0)Fe were investigated. Hysteresis loops and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves are used to characterize the materials and to examine the effect of the solid state reaction induced by ball milling. The results showed that a solid state reaction in Fe2O3 ‧ (0.4-1.0)Fe clearly proceeds after only 1 h of ball milling. The system is characterized by a positive reaction heat of +2.23 kcal/mole. The diffraction lines related to Fe2O3 and Fe disappeared after 1 h of ball milling and, instead, diffraction lines of the intermediate phase of Fe3O4 plus FeO formed. The magnetization and coercivity of the Fe2O3 ‧ 0.8Fe powders were changed by the solid state reaction process of Fe2O3 by Fe during ball milling. The coercivity of the Fe2O3 ‧ 0.8Fe powders increased with increasing milling time and reached a maximum value of 340 Oe after 5 h of ball milling. This indicates the grain size of Fe3O4 was clearly reduced during ball milling. The magnetic properties of the annealed powders depend on the amount of magnetic Fe and Fe3O4 phases.

Nano-oxide dispersion–strengthened (ODS) superalloys have attracted attention because of their outstanding mechanical reinforcement mechanism. Dispersed oxides increase the material’s strength by preventing grain growth and recrystallization, as well as increasing creep resistance. In this research, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was applied to synthesize an ODS alloy. It is useful to coat conformal thin films even on complex matrix shapes, such as nanorods or powders. We coated an Nb-Si–based superalloy with TiO2 thin film by using rotary-reactor type thermal ALD. TiO2 was grown by controlling the deposition recipe, reactor temperature, N2 flow rate, and rotor speed. We could confirm the formation of uniform TiO2 film on the surface of the superalloy. This process was successfully applied to the synthesis of an ODS alloy, which could be a new field of ALD applications.

As the demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles is increasing, it is important to recover valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogen reduction of NCM-based lithium-ion battery cathode materials were investigated. As the gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure increased, the weight loss rate increased significantly from the beginning of the reaction due to the reduction of NiO and CoO by hydrogen. At 700 °C and hydrogen partial pressure above 0.5 atm, Ni and Li2O were produced by hydrogen reduction. From the reduction product and Li recovery rate, the hydrogen reduction of NCM-based cathode materials was significantly affected by hydrogen partial pressure. The Li compounds recovered from the solution after water leaching of the reduction products were LiOH, LiOH·H2O, and Li2CO3, with about 0.02 wt% Al as an impurity.

건축물은 사용자의 부주의, 전기적, 기계적 요인 등에 의해 화재가 발생할 수 있고, 화재 발생 시 각 재료의 특성에 따라 강성 및 강도가 감소하여 구조 성능이 저하될 수 있다. 이러한 상황에서 적절 한 성능 복구가 되지 않으면 후에 지진 등의 큰 하중이 가해질 때 건축물 붕괴 등 치명적인 피해가 발생할 수 있다. 현재 내화성능을 높이는 방법으로 내화피복을 사용하는 등 수동적인 방법에 머물러 있으며, 꾸준한 유지관리 등이 필요하다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 변형 후 열을 가하면 원래의 형상으로 돌아가는 성질을 가진 형상기억합금을 사용하여 콘크리트 보를 보강하고, 화재 시, 화재 후에 프리스 트레스트 콘크리트와 유사한 방식으로 콘크리트에 압축응력을 발생시켜 구조 성능을 향상시킬 수 있 는지 ANSYS 구조해석 프로그램을 통해 그 효과를 확인해보고자 한다.

본 연구에서는 용접 여부에 따른 세 가지 유형의 철계-형상기억합금(Fe-Shape Memory Alloys, Fe-SMA)의 고주기 피로 거동에 대한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구를 위해 사용된 Fe-SMA은 스위스 EMPA에서 개발된 Fe-SMA으로, Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-1(V,C)의 화학적 조성을 가진다. 용접 여부 및 열처리 여부를 변수로 한 비용접, 용접, 열처리된 용접 시편이 ASTM E606/E606M 표 준에 따라 제작되었다. Fe-SMA의 재료적 특성을 평가하기 위해 직접 인장 실험 및 회복 실험이 수 행되었으며, 용접된 Fe-SMA의 피로 거동 평가를 위해 응력 진폭에 따른 피로 시험이 수행되었다. 피 로 시험은 최대 응력 수준을 Fe-SMA 극한 인장강도의 약 70%인 700MPa에서부터 100MPa씩 감소 시키며, 200MPa의 응력 범위까지 수행되었으며, 응력비(R)는 0으로 설정되었다. 피로 한계는 ASTM E1823-13에 따라 하중 반복 횟수 200만 회를 기준으로 하여 각 시편의 피로 한계를 확인하였다.

형상기억합금(Shape Memory Alloy, SMA)은 소성변형이 일어나도 냉각 및 가열을 통해 기존 형상 으로 돌아갈 수 있는 형상기억효과(Shape Memory Effect, SME)를 가진 재료이다. 이를 통해 사전에 인장 변형된 SMA를 구속 후 가열하면 SME에 의해 원래 형태로 돌아가려 하지만, 변형이 구속되어 회복 응력이라 하는 압축 응력이 발생한다. 따라서 사전 변형된 SMA를 구조물에 적용하게 되면 셀프 -프리스트레싱을 도입할 수 있다. 그중 철을 기반으로 제작된 Fe-SMA는 다른 SMA에 비해 높은 경 제성을 가져 건설 재료로써 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 이에 Fe-SMA를 철근콘크리트(Reinforced Concrete, RC) 구조물에 적용한 많은 연구가 진행되었으며, 구조성능이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 Fe-SMA가 사용된 RC 구조물의 피로 실험에 관한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Fe-SMA 바를 인장재로 사용한 RC 보의 피로 성능을 평가하였고 하중 유형(정적, 피로)과 피로 응력 범위를 변수로 고려해 고주기 피로 실험을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 피로 강도, 피로 수명 및 거동을 확 인하였으며, Fe-SMA 바를 인장재로 사용한 RC 보의 피로강도는 최대하중의 40%~60% 사이에 있을 것으로 예측되었다.

The aerospace and power generation industries have an increasing demand for high-temperature, highstrength materials. However, conventional materials typically lack sufficient fracture toughness and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. This study aims to enhance the high-temperature properties of Nb-Si-Ti alloys through ball milling. To analyze the effects of milling time, the progression of alloying is evaluated on the basis of XRD patterns and the microstructure of alloy powders. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is employed to produce compacts, with thermodynamic modeling assisting in predicting phase fractions and sintering temperature ranges. The changes in the microstructure and variation in the mechanical properties due to the adjustment of the sintering temperature provide insights into the influence of Nb solid solution, Nb5Si3, and crystallite size within the compacts. By investigating the changes in the mechanical properties through strengthening mechanisms, such as precipitation strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and crystallite refinement, this study aims to verify the applicability of Nb-Si-Ti alloys in advanced material systems.

The current study investigates the seismic performance of shear-dominant RC columns retrofitted with iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe SMA). Three RC columns with insufficient transverse reinforcement were designed and fabricated for lateral cyclic loading tests. Before testing, two specimens were externally confined with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and self-prestressed Fe SMA strips. The test results showed that both CFRP and Fe SMA performed well in preventing severe shear failure exhibited by the unretrofitted control specimen. Furthermore, the two retrofitted specimens showed ductile flexural responses up to the drift ratios of ±8%. In terms of damage control, however, the Fe SMA confinement was superior to CFRP confinement in that the spalling of concrete was much less and that the rupture of confinement did not occur.

This study reports an experimental and analytical exploration of concrete columns laterally confined with Fe-based shape-memory alloy (Fe-SMA) spirals. For performing experiments, Fe-SMA rebars with a 4% prestrain and diameter of 10 mm were fabricated and concrete columns with internal Fe-SMA spiral reinforcement were constructed with a diameter of 200 mm and height of 600 mm. An acrylic bar with an attached strain gauge was embedded in the center of the specimen to measure local strains. Experimental variables encompassed the Fe-SMA spiral reinforcement, spacing, and activation temperature. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted after applying active confinement to the concrete columns through electrical-resistance heating. Notably, as the Fe-SMA spiral spacing decreased, the local failure zone length and compressive fracture energy of the prepared specimens increased. Additionally, a model incorporating compressive fracture energy was proposed to predict the stress–strain behavior of the. This model, accounting for active and passive confinement effects, demonstrated accurate predictions for the experimental results of this study as well as for previously reported results.

With the increasing attention to environmental pollution caused by particulate matter globally, the automotive industry has also become increasingly interested in particulate matter, especially particulate matter generated by automobile brake systems. Here, we designed a coating composition and analyzed its mechanical properties to reduce particulate matter generated by brake systems during braking of vehicles. We designed a composition to check the mechanical properties change by adding Cr3C2 and YSZ to the WC-Ni-Cr composite composition. Based on the designed composition, coating samples were manufactured, and the coating properties were analyzed by Vickers hardness and ball-on-disk tests. As a result of the experiments, we found that the hardness and friction coefficient of the coating increased as the amount of Cr3C2 added decreased. Furthermore, we found that the hardness of the coating layer decreased when YSZ was added at 20vol%, but the friction coefficient was higher than the composition with Cr3C2 addition.

Infrared radiation (IR) refers to the region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum where wavelengths range from about 700 nm to 1 mm. Any object with a temperature above absolute zero (0 K) radiates in the infrared region, and a material that transmits radiant energy in the range of 0.74 to 1.4 um is referred to as a near-infrared optical material. Germanatebased glass is attracting attention as a glass material for infrared optical lenses because of its simple manufacturing process. With the recent development of the glass molding press (GMP) process, thermal imaging cameras using oxide-based infrared lenses can be easily mass-produced, expanding their uses. To improve the mechanical and optical properties of commercial materials consisting of ternary systems, germanate-based heavy metal oxide glasses were prepared using a melt-cooling method. The fabricated samples were evaluated for thermal, structural, and optical properties using DSC, XRD, and XRF, respectively. To derive a composition with high glass stability for lens applications, ZnO and Sb2O3 were substituted at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mol%. The glass with 1 mol% added Sb2O3 was confirmed to have the optimal conditions, with an optical transmittance of 80 % or more, a glass transition temperature of 660 °C, a refractive index of 1.810, and a Vickers hardness of 558. The possibility of its application as an alternative infrared lens material to existing commercial materials capable of GMP processing was confirmed.

In this study, changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast and extruded Al-2Li-1Ce alloy materials were investigated as the Mg content was varied. The density decreased to 2.485, 2.46 and 2.435 g/cm3 when the Mg content in the Al-2Li-1Ce alloy was increased to 2, 4 and 6 wt%, respectively. Intermetallic compounds of Al11Ce3 were observed in all alloys, while the β-phase of Al3Mg2 was observed in alloys containing 6 wt% of Mg. In the extruded material, with increasing Mg content the average grain size decreased to 84.8, 71.6 and 36.2 μm, and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries (greater than 15°) increased to 82.8 %, 88.6 %, and 91.8 %, respectively. This occurred because the increased Mg content promotes dynamic recrystallization during hot extrusion. Tensile test results showed that as the Mg content increased, both the yield strength and tensile strength increased. The yield strength reached 86.1, 107.3, and 186.4 MPa, and the tensile strength reached 215.2, 285, and 360.5 MPa, respectively. However, it is worth noting that the ductility decreased to 27.78 %, 25.65 %, and 20.72 % as the Mg content increased. This reduction in ductility is attributed to the strengthening effect resulting from the increased amount of dissolved Mg, and grain refinement due to dynamic recrystallization.

BNKT Ceramics, one of the representative Pb free based piezoelectric ceramics, constitutes a perovskite(ABO3) structure. At this time, the perovskite structure (ABO3) is in the form where the corners of the octahedrons are connected, and in the unit cell, two ions, A and B, are cations, A ion is located at the body center, B ion is located at each corner, and an anion O is located at the center of each side. Since Bi, Na, and K sources constituting the A site are highly volatile at a sintering temperature of 1100℃ or higher, it is difficult to maintain uniformity of the composition. In order to solve this problem, there should be suppression of volatilization of the A site material or additional compensation of the volatilized. In this study, the basic composition of BNKT Ceramics was set to Bi0.5(Na0.78K0.22)0.5TiO3 (= BNKT), and volatile site (Bi, Na, and K sources) were coated in the form of a shell to compensate additionally for the A site ions. In addition, the physical and electrical properties of BNKT and its coated with shell additives(= @BNK) were compared and analyzed, respectively. As a result of analyzing the crystal structure through XRD, both BNKT(Core) and @BNK(Shell) had perovskite phases, and the crystallinity was almost similar. Although the Curie temperature of the two sintered bodies was almost the same (TC = 290 ~ 300 ℃), it was confirmed that the d33 (piezoelectric coefficient) and Pr (residual polarization) values were different. The experimental results indicated that the additional compensation for a shell additive causes the coarsening, resulting in a decrease in sintering density and Pr(remanent polarization). However, coating shell additives to compensate for A site ion is an effective way to suppress volatilization. Based on these experimental results, it would be the biggest advantage to develop an eco-friendly material (Lead-free) that replaced lead (Pb), which is harmful to the human body. This lead-free piezoelectric material can be applied to a biomedical device or products(ex. earphones (hearing aids), heart rate monitors, ultrasonic vibrators, etc.) and skin beauty improvement products (mask packs for whitening and wrinkle improvement).