펩타이드형 독소인 마이크로시스틴(microcystins, MCs) 과 노둘라린(nodularin, NOD)은 남조류라고도 알려진 시 아노박테리아에 의해 생성되는 2차 대사산물로, 독소에 오 염된 물, 토양 및 비료를 사용함으로써 농산물 내에 축적 되고 이를 사람이 섭취함으로써 건강상 위해가 발생할 수 있다. 최근 MCs과 NOD의 농산물 내 오염에 대한 관심 이 대두되며 국내외에서 여러 분석법을 기반으로 농산물 내 오염 수준을 조사하고 있다. 하지만 아직까지 수행된 연구가 많지 않으며, 특히 펩타이드형 독소 중 MCs의 분 석 연구에 치중되어 있거나 오염 취약 지역에서 재배한 농산물이 주로 오염도 조사에 사용되는 등 연구에 한계가 있으므로 MCs과 NOD의 관리를 위해서는 보다 많은 체 계적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 체 계적인 모니터링 및 안전관리의 기반을 마련하기 위해 MCs 및 NOD의 이화학적 특성, 독성, 분석법, 오염사례 및 관리현황에 대해 기술하였다.

Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) is a core feature of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are commonly referred to as drones. In emerging smart logistics, drones are expected to play an increasingly important role as mobile platforms. Therefore, research on last-mile delivery using drones is on the rise. There is a growing trend toward providing drone delivery services, particularly among retailers that handle small and lightweight items. However, there is still a lack of research on a structural definition of the VTOL drone flight model for multi-point delivery service. This paper describes a VTOL drone flight route structure for a multi-drone delivery service using rotary-wing type VTOL drones. First, we briefly explore the factors to be considered when providing drone delivery services. Second, a VTOL drone flight route model is introduced using the idea of the nested graph. Based on the proposed model, we describe various time-related attributes for delivery services using drones and present corresponding calculation methods. Additionally, as an application of the drone route model and the time attributes, we comprehensively describe a simple example of the multi-drone delivery for first-come-first-served (FCFS) services.

Due to the complexity of urban area, the city vehicle routing problem has been a difficult problem. The problem has involved factors such as parking availability, road conditions, and traffic congestion, all of which increase transportation costs and delivery times. To resolve this problem, one effective solution can be the use of parcel lockers located near customer sites, where products are stored for customers to pick up. When a vehicle delivers products to a designated parcel locker, customers in the vicinity must pick up their products from that locker. Recently, identifying optimal locations for these parcel lockers has become an important research issue. This paper addresses the parcel locker location problem within the context of urban traffic congestion. By considering dynamic environmental factors, we propose a Markov decision process model to tackle the city vehicle routing problem. To ensure more real situations, we have used optimal paths for distances between two nodes. Numerical results demonstrate the viability of our model and solution strategy.

This study focuses on the path planning algorithm for large-scale autonomous delivery using drones and robots in urban environments. When generating delivery routes in urban environments, it is essential that avoid obstacles such as buildings, parking lots, or any other obstacles that could cause property damage. A commonly used method for obstacle avoidance is the grid-based A* algorithm. However, in large-scale urban environments, it is not feasible to set the resolution of the grid too high. If the grid cells are not sufficiently small during path planning, inefficient paths might be generated when avoiding obstacles, and smaller obstacles might be overlooked. To solve these issues, this study proposes a method that initially creates a low-resolution wide-area grid and then progressively reduces the grid cell size in areas containing registered obstacles to maintain real-time efficiency in generating paths. To implement this, obstacles in the operational area must first be registered on the map. When obstacle information is updated, the cells containing obstacles are processed as a primary subdivision, and cells closer to the obstacles are processed as a secondary subdivision. This approach is validated in a simulation environment and compared with the previous research according to the computing time and the path distance.

This paper presents a path planning optimization model for the engineering units to install obstacles in the shortest time during wartime. In a rapidly changing battlefield environment, engineering units operate various engineering obstacles to fix, bypass, and delay enemy maneuvers, and the success of the operation lies in efficiently planning the obstacle installation path in the shortest time. Existing studies have not reflected the existence of obstacle material storage that should be visited precedence before installing obstacles, and there is a problem that does not fit the reality of the operation in which the installation is continuously carried out on a regional basis. By presenting a Mixed Integrer Programming optimization model reflecting various constraints suitable for the battlefield environment, this study attempted to promote the efficient mission performance of the engineering unit during wartime.

태풍은 지구 시스템 내 상호작용을 일으키는 대표적인 해양-대기 현상으로 최근 들어 기후변화로 인해 점점 더 강력해지는 추세이다. 2022 개정 과학과 교육과정은 미래 사회 시민으로서의 디지털 소양 함양을 위하여 첨단 과학기술을 활용한 교수-학습 활동의 중요성에 대해 강조하고 있다. 따라서 교과서 삽화의 시공간적 한계점을 해결하고 지 구과학 분야에서 다루는 전지구적 규모의 빅데이터를 활용한 효과적인 수업자료의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 PDIE (준비, 개발, 실행, 평가) 모형의 절차에 따라 천리안 위성 2A호 영상 자료를 활용하여 태풍의 경로를 시각화하는 탐구활동 자료를 개발하였다. 준비 단계에서는 2015 및 2022 개정 교육과정과 현행 교과서의 탐구활동 내용을 분석하 였다. 개발 단계에서는 관측 데이터를 수집, 처리, 시각화, 분석할 수 있는 일련의 과정들로 탐구활동을 구성하였으며, 간단한 조작만으로도 결과를 도출할 수 있는 GUI (Graphic User Interface) 기반 시각화 프로그램을 제작하였다. 실행 및 평가 단계에서는 학생들을 대상으로 수업을 진행하였으며 코드를 활용한 수업과 GUI 프로그램 활용 수업을 각각 실시하여 각 활동의 특징을 비교하고 학교 현장에서의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 수업자료는 전문 적인 프로그래밍 지식이 없어도 GUI 기반으로 실제 관측 데이터를 활용한 탐구활동에 활용될 수 있으며, 이를 통해 학 생들의 지구과학 분야의 이해도와 디지털 소양 함양에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 경로당을 이용하는 노인들을 대상으로 ICT기반 치매예방 통합프로그램을 적용하여 활력, 치매두려움 및 치매예방행위에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 시도되었다. 프로그램 구성은 주 2회, 6주, 회기당 30분 분량으로 총 12회차이며 단일군 전후 실험설계이다. 자료분석은 기술통계, Paired t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient를 이용하였다. ICT기반 치매예방 통합프로그램은 경로당 노인의 활력과 치매예방행위를 증가시키고, 치매두려움은 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 ICT기반 치매예방 통합프로그램을 경로당 이용노인의 치매예방를 위해 실무현장에서 활용할 것을 권장한다.

As technologies have been more quickly developed in this 4th Industry Revolution era, their application to defense industry has been also growing. With these much advanced technologies, we attempt to use Manned-Unmanned Teaming systems in various military operations. In this study, we consider the Location-Routing Problem for reconnaissance surveillance missions of the maritime manned-unmanned surface vehicles. As a solution technique, the two-phase method is presented. In the first location phase, the p-median problem is solved to determine which nodes are used as the seeds for the manned vehicles using Lagrangian relaxation with the subgradient method. In the second routing phase, using the results obtained from the location phase, the Vehicle Routing Problems are solved to determine the search routes of the unmanned vehicles by applying the Location Based Heuristic. For three network data sets, computational experiments are conducted to show the performance of the proposed two-phase method.

This research investigated the immunoenhancing effect through the intracellular MAPKs and NF-B signaling pathways in macrophages activated by crude polysaccharides (YBP) of barley sprouts. YBP extracted from barley sprouts is composed of xylose (25.8%), arabinose (24.1%), galactose (23.4%), and galacturonic acid (11.7%). YBP did not affect the cytotoxicity and showed superior secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- by RAW264.7 cells. Also, YBP dose dependently increased IL-6, TNF-, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA gene expression. In the western blot, YBP strongly induced the phosphorylation of the p38, JNK, ERK, and IB pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. In the anti-pattern recognition receptor (anti-PRRs) assay, the effect of YBP on NO secretion strongly decreased toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and Dectin1 antibodies, whereas IL-6 and TNF- secretion by YBP mainly decreased SR and CD14. Therefore, we concluded that YBPinduced NO, IL-6, and TNF- were secreted via the MAPKs, while NF-B pathways through TLR4, Dectin1, SR, and CD14 receptors existed in a macrophage surface and were involved in the immunoenhancing effect.

This study examines the persistent decline of the motorcycle industry despite governmental interventions, using the perspective of path dependency. Drawing from W. B. Arthur's concept of 'Lock-in by insignificant historical events', the research delves into the lock-in phenomena within the industry's life cycle. We identified path dependency lock-in categories: contingency, historicity, and technological lock-in. The industry's licensing production method during its embryonic phase led to limited technological capabilities, establishing a technological path dependency. During the currency crisis and in alignment with China's open-door policy, the industry chose to import cheaper components, opting for economies of scale over technological innovation, intensifying the lock-in. Furthermore, the classification of motorcycle as a free industry before the currency crisis resulted in a lack of governmental support. This neglect has continued, with even modern electric motorcycle facing regulation. In conclusion, to overcome this entrenched path dependency and lock-in, significant governmental policy restructuring is essential.

PURPOSES : This study aims to examine actual cases of providing detour information in accidental situations such as traffic accidents and road construction through a VMS installed on national highways in metropolitan areas with alternative routes, as well as cases of simultaneously providing travel time information on parallel paths such as national and regular highways. For each case, we analyzed whether the provision of VMS traffic information leads to route changes and substantial effects. METHODS : To analyze traffic changes on the main and detour roads based on the detour information provided on traffic accidents in actual cases, the traffic volume and speed on the accident day were compared with those on the same days and at the same time of the day (regular days) based on the VDS data of the main and detour roads. Cases providing more detour information on road construction were investigated by examining three time periods: one week from construction initiation and one week before and after the construction period (regular days). The traffic volume and speed on the main road were compared based on the VDS data, and those on the detour road were compared based on data made available by private entities. Regarding the cases of simultaneously providing drivers with comparative information on travel time over parallel sections of national and regular highways, traffic situation changes in highways were analyzed in the following special traffic control periods (New Year's Day, NY Day), during which congestion is expected due to heavy traffic: before and after the provision of comparative information for 2015 New Year's Day and 2016 NY Day. RESULTS : The detour rate related to route changes based on the detour information for traffic accidents was 35%. On the detour route, the traffic volume increases as traffic from the main road is absorbed. However, the average travel speeds did not differ significantly. When further detour information regarding a road construction project was provided, the detour rate from the main road was 21%. The travel speeds were similar, except on the first day of construction. Almost no changes were observed in the first section of the detour. The speed slightly decreased in the second section but did not significantly hinder the traffic flow. When comparative traffic time information on parallel routes (national highways and expressways) was provided, the traffic volume increased to some extent after the report was provided for every case. However, the data frequency rate in the 5-min unit, which was still under the congestion speed standard (40 km/h), decreased. This indicates that traffic congestion was significantly relieved. CONCLUSIONS : Previous studies on detour rates or route changes based on VMS traffic information have focused on VMS instruments on expressways. Although their estimates were based on simulated situations, this study used actual VMS installed on national highways. In addition, this study utilizes the existing case records of national highway ITS centers, covering traffic situation monitoring, measures for accidental situations, etc., in regular times or special traffic control periods, as well as statistical data, including ITS real-time traffic information. The analysis results of this study accurately represent situations on actual roads and can be utilized to analyze future ITS operation and installation project effects.

본 연구에서는 경로당 기능 활성화를 위하여 서울시 소재 3,400여 개의 경로당 운영을 지원하는 경로당프로그램 관리자 를 대상으로 진행하던 표적집단면접(FGI)을 코로나19로 중단하 고, 개방형 질문지를 이메일로 주고받으며 얻은 질적 자료와 영역별 핵심 최우선 순위의 내용을 양적 자료로 재분류하고 병 행하여 분석하였다. 서울시 경로당프로그램 관리자 총 71명 중 68명이 참여한 본 연구의 질문지 구성은 질문 대상자에 대한 근무기간, 교육수준 등과 경로당 운영에 있어서 개선할 사항, 경로당 이용노인의 선호 프로그램, 경로당을 이용하는 주된 이 유, 경로당 활성화에 필요한 사항, 베이비부머 등 연소노인 유 입을 위한 필요조건 등 5개 영역별로 개방형 질문을 하였다. 연구결과, 경로당을 이용하는 주된 이유는 “점심을 동년배 친 구들과 이야기 나누며 함께 할 수 있어서”이며, 경로당 운영에 있어서 개선사항은 “공과금 내고 나면 점심식사 반찬값 부족… 집에서 반찬 가져오기도” 등 운영비 부족을 가장 많이 서술하 였다. 또 경로당 이용노인이 가장 선호하는 프로그램은 “노래교 실, 놀이화투, 건강안마” 등으로 나타났다. 매일 방문하고 싶은 경로당이 되기 위한 요건과 베이비부머 등 연소노인들이 이용 할 수 있는 필요 요인에 대한 서술은 모두 “프로그램실·식당 설치…낙후된 시설 리모델링해야” 등 시설 확장과 다양한 여가 복지프로그램이나 세대통합 프로그램 활성화를 최우선으로 서 술하였다. 이에 경로당이 지역사회의 통합돌봄 공간으로 점심 과 취미여가활동을 하는 낮시간대 가족공동체로 자리할 수 있 는 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다.