본 연구는 선교적 교회론 태동에 있어서 에큐메니칼과 복음주의 선교신학 안에 나타난 교회와 선교에 대한 선교신학 논쟁에 관한 연구이다. 두 진영이 갖고 있는 신학적인 입장과 차이들은 교회와 선교에 대한 서로 다른 진술들을 내놓았을 뿐만 아니라 선교에서의 교회 위치와 삶의 자리를 각각 달리 해석하는 결과를 가져왔다. 선교에 대한 교회 역할에 있어 에큐메니칼 입장은 사회 참여와 변혁적 삶에 보다 치중하는 신학을 강조했다면, 복음주의 입장은 복음 전도와 영혼구원, 교회 개척에 보다 치중하는 신학을 강조했다. 그럼에도 불구하고 두 진영의 인식론적 변화들은 화해를 모색하는 방향 전환이 이루어졌다. 선교에 있어서 교회의 삶의 자리는 복음 전도와 사회 참여가 동시에 이루어지는 것임을 새롭게 인식했다. 무엇보다 두 진영의 지속적인 협력 모색은 통전적 선교를 추구하는 방향으로 나아갔다, 또한 상호간의 선교신학 보완을 위해 화해를 모색하게 되었다.

세계화와 산업화가 이 세상을 축소시킴에 따라 기독교를 포함한 종교의 지형도 역시 변하고 있다. 이 변화는 현대인들이 이제 일상생활 속에서 타종교인들을 이전보다 훨씬 더 빈번하게 만날 수 있게 만들었다. 그래서 이제 종교에 관한 연구는 단순히 목회자나 선교사와 같은 기독교 전문가만의 영역이 아닌, 교회에 출석하는 일반 교인들에게도 중요한 영역이 되었다. 종교에 대한 연구의 기초 연구로서 복음주의 종교 신학은 지금까지 주로 구원론적 혹은 기독론적 관점에서 논의 되어 왔다. 그러나 일단의 현대 기독교 종교 신학자들은 이렇게 종교 신학의 과제를 구원론과 기독론에만 국한시키는 것은 종교 신학을 너무 편협한 학문 영역으로 환원시키는 것이라고 생각하게 되었고, 그들은 종교 신학 연구의 범위를 넓히기 위한 시도를 하게 되었는데, 특별히 성령론적 접근법이 새로운 방법론으로 등장 하게 되었다. 지금까지의 연구를 보았을 때, 성령론적 종교 신학은 창의적이 고 연구의 가치가 있음은 확실하다. 하지만, 이 방법론은 여전히 더 깊은 많은 연구를 필요로 한다. 이것은 미래의 복음주의 종교 신학의 과제다.

20세기에 들어서서 선교는 시대적 배경으로 사회참여와 봉사를 주로 할 수밖에 없는 조건들이 형성되었다. 이것이 선교의 본질적 과제로 본 복음전도보다도 선교현장의 우선적인 사회봉사사역에 집중 하게 되는 에큐메니컬 선교를 탄생하게 되는 근거가 되었다. 에큐메니 컬 선교진영은 1961년을 시작으로 조직화 되었다. 에큐메니컬 선교는 사회봉사로 전문화, 그리고 특화되었다. 복음주의 선교는 복음전도에 집중하게 되었다. 양 진영은 통전적 선교로 갈등이 봉합되고 관계발전을 이루었다. 복음주의의 통전적 선교는 복음전도를 선교의 본질적 과제로 선언해야 한다. 이것이 선교다. 양 진영의 갈등문제는 선교신학으로 방향을 잡고, 실무차원에서는 공동위원회를 구성하여 대안을 찾아야 한다. 위원회에서 문제가 될 때마다 선교현장의 과제를 함께 평가하며, 그 대안을 만들어 가는 것이 필요하다. 더욱 중요한 것은 예수그리스도의 복음을 전하는 본질적인 선교적 과제를 확보하는 것이다. 어린아이 목욕을 시키다 물을 버린다는 것이 아이까지 버리는 실수가 없어야 한다. 통전적 선교가 복음주의 선교가 되려면 로잔의 복음전도의 본질적 과제를 사회봉사와 구별하는 평가가 있어야 한다.

The current study aims to find ways to build missional congregations. Some times ago, the missional ecclesiology became one of the prevalent and influential theology. As Korean churches have faced rapid declination, church leaders has found its solution in missional ecclesiology. Yet, the advocates of missional ecclesiology have often been criticized for its idealistic approaches and loose connection with the actual life of local churches. Therefore, in this study, the writer suggests the missional congregation as the alternative approach for the missional ecclesiology. The writer convinces that the missional congregation theory becomes the practical expression and relevant application of missional ecclesiology. The concern for missional congregation has been initiated mainly by evangelicals church leaders. However, traditionally, evangelicals has been argued for clear distinction between mission structure and church structure as Ralph Winter suggested in 1974. As ecumenical theologians challenged the view, the first attempt to connect the close relations between mission structure and the church structure was indirectly expressed on the Manila Menifesto in 1989. In 1991, Charles Van Engen, an evangelical theologian, published a book titled God's Missionary People that became an important major voice that argued the missionary dimension of the local church. From the middle of 1990s, in North America, Gospel and Our Culture Network(GOCN) had been a major channel to spread the concept of the missional ecclesiology. In 2004, the Pataya Forum of Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization had been tackled with this issue and developed the idea of missional congregation. The forum suggested various elements of missional congregation. This development had been coincided with the movement of shifting from theory centered missional ecclesiolgy to ministry centered missional congregation theory within the GOCN movement. Concluding, this study has highlighted some important characteristics of missional congregations based on the analysis of Pataya Forum. They are as follows: 1) the missional congregation advocates incarnational approaches; 2) the missional congregation values the relationship with nonbelievers within the society; 3) the missional congregation relays on the Holy Spirit and emphasizes the prayers; 4) the missional congregation values diversity of the culture, therefore, do not support certain cultural structure over other kinds; 5) the missional congregation is active in evangelism and diligent in developing strategies; 6) the missional congregation values nonhierarchical leadership; 7) and the missional congregation promotes partnership between mission organization and local churches.

The Protestant mission of the 19C showed a great deal of expansion in missionary works, which was enough to be called 'the Great century'. The Evangelical revival movement expanded toward Europe beginning from England and thus the interests of Christian missions in foreign ones formed a lot of mission societies. With this background, the London conference in 1888 turned out to be 'the great Centenary conference' as the first significant international gathering. There were discussions on missionary union, comity and the unity of church relating to division and competition caused by individual mission works of different mission organizations and were the urgent and strong suggestion of a permanent committee to mediate between different positions of the mission societies. English evangelical missionaries highly developed the idea of 'God's providence' shown in the hands of God working through the contemporary events. The same tendency of Providentialism was seen in the thoughts and theological emphasis of the London conference, 1888. They believed that God called the United Kingdom to preach the gospel in the same way that God raised the nations and kingdoms to execute compassion and judgement in the Old Testament and that they should obey the call. Although in broader perspective, the understanding of the divine providence can be seen as biblical like the missionaries viewed the imperialism of the times. However in reality it can be said that the idea was distorted by the mechanical understanding of enlightenment and by the national pride inspired by the English national power. But possibly it is a wrong and biased idea of our generation to seek only errors of Providentialism with the aim of criticising the Christian imperialism of the ancestors and ignoring their biblical assurance and strong faith of God's work through the history in broader meaning. The main four conferences discussed in this paper could fall into different categories as follows; Edinburgh, 1910 belongs to the 19C mission paradigm like the London conference, 1888, judging from its characters and tendencies, even though it was held in 20C; Edinburgh, 1910 belongs to the transition period from the 19C to the 20C, which has become the contact point of the modern and contemporary mission and at the same time, the new starting point of the contemporary ecumenical mission; Jerusalem and Tambaram belong to 20C mission paradigm. While the 19C mission put too much emphasis on personal interests and less on social ones, the 20C mission raised social interests and responsibilities of the gospel. Discussions of unity and comity were commenced in London 1888 to resolve the conflicts and competitive spirits caused by missionary works centered around the denominational mission societies in the 19C. Ecumenicalism and the emphasis on social gospel grew rapidly in the 20C mission, which began in Edinburgh 1910. During the 19C mission was the ecclesiastical mission, the ecumenical mission in the early 20C weakened the missionary role of the church. On the other hand, the evangelical viewpoint analyzed that the church was emphasized and its social responsibility ignored in the English mission conferences in the 19C. And thus all the concerns and debates of each missionary conference were the results of efforts to exercise the appropriate mission for each era. The movements and theologies trying to correct the errors of the previous missionary works and to renew the strained parts, resolved the problems or compensate the defects and at the same time, weakened the other strengths. In this sense, it is important to study the history of mission. Furthermore, it is not a favorable state to criticize the directions and ideas of each mission conference without any examination or to accept them without any criticism, whether from the evangelical or ecumenical viewpoint.